ChE 202

Advanced Transport Phenomena

Lecturer: Zhiping Lai
Office: R4218, Al-Jazri Building
Phone: 808-2408
E-mail: [email protected]
Time: Mon and Thu 1:00—2:30 PM
Room: Room 4223, Building 9
Today’s Objective
 Introduction

 Transport of Mass, Heat and Momentum

 Diffusion and Convection

 Constitution equations

 Conservation equations

 Modeling transport processes

2
Textbooks and Reference Books
Textbook
o Analysis of Transport Phenomena, WM Deen, Oxford
University Press, 1998.
o Transport Phenomena, 2nd Ed., Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot,
Wiley, 2007.
Reference books
o An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Transport
Phenomena, G. Hauke, Springer, 2008.
o Diffusion, Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems, 3rd Ed., EL
Cussler, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
o Transport Phenomena in Biological systems, Truskey G.A;
Yuan F.; Katz D.F., 2nd Ed., Pearson, 2010.

3
Class Evaluation
 In-class performance (20%)
 Exam 1 (close-book, 20%)
 Exam 2 (close-book, 20%)
 Projects (20%)
 Final Exam (close-book, 20%)

4
What is Transport ?
Transport Transport
Phenomena
Phenomena
Chemical
Environmental

Electrical Medical

6
Governing Equations for Transport

Newton’s Law
𝑑𝑢
𝐹=𝑚
𝑑𝑡
Solid

Group Discussion

(1) What is the difference between

solid and fluid objects?

(2) How to deal with fluid systems?

Fluid

7
Governing Equations for Transport

Newton’s Law
𝑑𝑢
𝐹=𝑚
𝑑𝑡
Solid

Conservation equations

Constitutive equations
Fluid

8
Objects of Transport

What transport objects will be considered?

Hint: the quantity must be conservative.

9
Objective
 Understand the basic principles of the transport processes
of the following three quantities
Mass (, i, Ci) Concentration profile

Energy (H, CpT) Temperature profile

Momentum (u) Velocity profile

 Understand the similarity among the three transport

processes
o They are often coupled with each other
o The governing equations are similar. A clear analogy can
be developed among the three processes
10
Transport Flux of Mass

Transport flux in moles

𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴 ∙ 𝑢𝐴 2
A 𝑚 𝑠

Transport flux in mass

1 𝑑𝐵 𝑘𝑔
𝑁=
𝐴 𝑑𝑡 𝑛𝐴 = 𝜌𝐴 ∙ 𝑢𝐴
𝑚2 𝑠

11
Group Discussion

In microscopic scale, molecules have different velocities, in

this case how to calculate the transport flux?

12
Transport Flux

𝐶∙𝑢
Convection
Transport flux 𝑢 𝑢 A (Bulk motion)
(macroscopic motion)

A
𝐶 ∙ (𝑢 − 𝑢)
Diffusion
A
1 𝑑𝐵 (Relative motion)
𝑁= (Microscopic motion)
𝐴 𝑑𝑡

Net Transport flux = Convection + Diffusion

13
Diffusion Flux
If the bulk velocity is zero, then there is no convection, only
diffusion. The transport flux in this case is called diffusion flux.
1 dM V dC
mass: J= =
A dt A dt

1 dH Cp dT
heat: q= =
A dt A dt

1 d(mu) V du 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
momentum: = = =
A dt A dt 𝐴
Momentum flux is a stress
What is the SI unit for each flux?

14
Driving Force for Diffusion

15
What is The Driving Force for Diffusion

Heat transfer

t1 t2 t3
t1＞ t2 ＞ t3

When temperature is not uniform, heat will transfer from high

temperature to low temperature, T
Driving force for Heat Transfer: T
Driving force for Mass Transfer: C

16
Momentum Transfer

Momentum = Mass  Velocity

u1
u2
Momentum transfer

When the flow rates of adjacent fluids are different,

momentum will transfer from high velocity to low velocity.

The driving force for momentum transfer is u

17
Constitutive Equations
What is the relationship between the diffusion fluxes and
driving forces?

Mass flux J C
Constitutive
Heat flux q T
Equations
Momentum flux  u

Constitutive equations are to establish a relationship between

the Diffusion Flux and the Driving Force.

Diffusion flux  driving force

𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 =
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
18
linearity
 F = ma Newton’s first law

 U = IR Ohm’s law

 PV = nRT Gas law

F=-Kx Hooke’s law

In Transport:
 𝐽 = −𝐷∇𝐶 Fick’s law
 𝑞 = −k∇𝑇 Fourier’s law
 𝜏 = −𝜇∇𝑈 Newton’s law of viscosity

19
Conservation Equations
Mass (total mass and component mass), Energy, and Momentum are all
conservation quantities.

Accumulation = in – out + Production

Rate of Net Rate of Rate of

Accumulation = Transport into + Production
within a control a Control within a Control
volume volume Volume

Rate of Net Rate of Net Rate of Rate of

Accumulation = Convective + Diffusive + Production
within a Transport into Transport into a within a
control a Control Control Volume Control
volume volume Volume

20
Governing Equations
Constitutive equations
+
Conservation equatons

=
Governing equations for transport

(1) Conservation of total Mass 𝛻 ⋅ 𝑈 = 0

𝜕𝑈 1
(2) Conversion of Momentum + 𝑈 ⋅ 𝛻𝑈 = − 𝛻𝑝𝑑 + 𝜈𝛻 2 𝑈
𝜕𝑡 𝜌
𝜕𝐶𝐴
(3) Conservation of species mass + 𝑈 ⋅ 𝛻𝐶𝐴 = 𝐷𝐴 𝛻 2 𝐶𝐴 + 𝑅𝐴
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑇 𝐻𝑉
(4) Conservation of Energy + 𝑈 ⋅ 𝛻𝑇 = 𝛼𝛻 2 𝑇 +
𝜕𝑡 𝜌𝐶𝑝

2nd order non-linear differential equations

21
Excise
 How many boundary condition(s) is(are) required to solve
a 2nd order differential equation?
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
(e) 4

 For time-depend differential equations, what other conditions

are required besides the boundary conditions?

 Are you able to solve second-order differential equations? How?

22
Modeling Transport Processes

Step 1: Develop governing equations for a specific process

Step 2: Identify boundary and initial conditions

Step 3: Simplify the governing equations

Step 4: Equation solving to obtain concentration, temperature

and velocity profiles

Step 5: Find transport fluxes of mass, heat and momentum

23
Syllabus
 Constitutive equations

 Derivation of conservation equations of mass, energy and momentum

 Scaling and approximation for equation simplification

 Revisiting of ordinary and partial differential equation solution methods

 Analytical solutions for conduction and diffusion processes,

Separation of variables, Finite Fourier Transform (FFT), etc.

 Laminar flow at low Reynolds number

 Laminar flow at high Reynolds number, boundary layer theory

 Forced convection in laminar flow

 Dimension analysis and analogies

24
 ChE 202: Class Schedule 2019 Fall
Week Topics Lecture notes Homework
AUG 26-01 Introduction 1
SEP 02-08 Vector, matrix and ODEs 2
SEP 09-15 Constitutive equations 3 HW1
SEP 16-22 Conservation equations 4
SEP 23-29 Exam 1 on Sep. 26 (20%) HW2
SEP 30-06 Applications 5
OCT 07-13 Applications 5 HW3
OCT 14-20 Scalling and Normallization 6
OCT 21-27 Boundary layer theory 7 HW4
OCT 28-03 Exam 2 on Oct. 31 (20%)
NOV 04-10 Forced mass and heat transport 8 HW5
NOV 11-17 Conduction and diffusion 9
NOV 18-24 Dimension analysis 10 HW6
NOV 25-01 Analogies 10 HW7
DEC 02-08 Project presentation (20%), Deadline of project submission: Dec. 2
DEC 09-15 Final Exam (20%)
25
Project Topics

26
Project Topics

27
Project Topics
Project Topics
Homework Reading
(1) Read the Appendix of Deen’s book Page 551 – 581.

(2) Read a mathematic text book to refresh yourself with

Solution Methods for Common ODEs and PDEs

Recommend: Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Erwin

Kreyszig, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

30
Question to Think
1. What is scalar, vector, and tensor?
2. How many component(s) for a scalar, vector, and tensor?
3. The Gibbs notation and the Cartesian tensor notation
4. What is line vector and column vector?
5. How to do dot product, cross product, and dyadic product in matrix form?
6. The gradient operator 
7. How to calculate U when U is a scalar and a vector?
8. The Laplacian operator 
9. Calculate U where U is a vector.
10. What is Divergence? How to calculate div U where U is a vector?
11. What is material derivative?
12. What is Gauss Divergence Theorem
13. What is Leibniz Formulas for differentiating integrals
14. What is Cartesian, Cylinder and Spherical coordinates, and what are the
relationship between them?
15. What is scale factors for cylinder and spherical coordinates?
16. How to convert different operators from Cartesian coordinate to other
coordinates?
Differential Equations
How to solve a differential equation with the following general form
(1) First order ODE: 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
(2) Separable ODEs: 𝑔 𝑦 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥)
(3) Bernoulli equation: 𝑦 ′ + 𝑝 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥)
(4) Second order ODE with constant coefficient: 𝑦" + 𝑎𝑦′ + 𝑏 = 0
(5) Euler-Cauchy Equation: 𝑥 2 𝑦" + 𝑎𝑥𝑦′ + 𝑏𝑦 = 0
(6) Non-homogeneous equations: 𝑦" + 𝑎𝑦′ + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 𝑦
(7) Separable variables: = 𝑐2 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥