SYSTEM DESIGN

Introduction
Software design is the process of the planning a new system of one to
the replace or complete on existing system. During this stage the analyst
works with the user to develop a physical model of the system during the
data base design. Thus the logical model developed during analysis is
converted to physical model in design phase.

Design specification
Software design is a process through which requirements are
translated into representations software. software design is concluded in two
steps .
Preliminary design is concern with the information of requirements
into a data and software architecture. Details design focuses on refinement to
the architectural representation that lead to details data structure and
algorithmic representation for software different desires are :
Interface design ,data design ,architectural design, procedural design.
Interface design establishes the layout and information mechanisms, for
human machine interaction.
Data Design
Data design is the first off three design activities that are conducted
during software engineering. The impact of data structure on program
structure and procedural complexity causes data design to have a profound
influence on software quality.
The primary objective of architectural design is to development a
modular program structure and represents the control relationships between
Modules . architecture design melds program structure ,data structure
,defining interfaces that enable data to flow through the program . procedural
design occurs after data and program structure has been established. The
procedural specification required to define algorithmic details would be
started in natural language as English .
Data Base Design
Data pertaining to proposed system is voluminous that careful design
of the data base must proceed before the storing the data in the data base .
Data base management system provides flexibility in the storage and
retrieval of data bad production of information . The DBMS is a bridge
between the application program, which determines what data are needed
and how they are processed , and the operating system of the computer ,
which is responsible for placing the data on magnetic storage devices. A
schema defines the data base and a sub schema defines the portion of the
data base that a specific program will use .
Data Model
The organization of the data is represented by a data model and
identifies the logical organization of the data. In a model of real world
similar things are usually grouped into classes of object called object types.
A data model is pattern according to which data are logically
organized. It consists of the named logically unites of data and express the
relationship among the data as determined by the interpretation of the model
of real world .
The relational data model is formal model for representing
relationship among attributes of an entity set and the association between
entity sets.
In the relational data model all attribute relationship and all
association are represented as relations. There is no destination even at the
model level , between the different kinds are relations. Syntactically all the
relations are the same. The data model does not produce the introduction of
additional semantic information to distinguish different relations according
to their properties of models namely .

• Network model
• Hierarchical data model
• Relational data model
Relational data model
Relational data model is formal model for representing relationship
among attributes of an entity set and association between entity sets .
In the relational data model all the attributes relationship and all
associations are represented as relations. There is no distinction even at the
model level , between the different kinds or relations . Syntactically all the
relations are the same. The data model does not produce the introduction of
additional information to distinguish different relations according to their
properties.
Informational flow model
The overall function of the system is represented as single information
transform, noted as bubble in the figure. One or more input shown as a
labeled errors, originate form external entities, represented as boxes. The
input drives the transform to produce output information that is passed to
other external entity.
Normalization
Normalization theory is built around the concept normal forms. A
relation is said to be in particular normal form if it satisfies a certain
specified set of constraints.
First normal form
A relation R in first normal form if and only iff all underlining
domains contains atomic values only.
Second normal form
A relation R said to in second normal form if and only iff it is in first
normal form and every non key attribute is fully dependent on the primary
key.
Third normal form
A relation R said to in third normal form if and only iff it is in second
normal form and every non key attribute is non transitively depend on the
primal key.
Hierarchy chart
In computer programming ,programmers often develop the software
as a collection of independent but interacting modules and these are
represented in hierarchy charts. The hierarchy charts shows the relationship
between the modules.
Hierarchy & Input process Output chart
HIPO chart is another used method for developing system software.
An acronym for hierarchical input process output.
The assumption on which HIPO is based is that it is easy to lose track
of the intended function of a system or component in large system. This is
one reason why it is difficult to compare existing systems against their
original specification.
From the user view, single function can often extended across several
modules. The concern of the analysist then is understanding , describing and
documenting the modules and their interaction in a way that provides
sufficient detail but that does not lose sight of larger picture.