NM (Unit 4) Notes
NM (Unit 4) Notes
Part-A (2Marks)
In single step methods, the solution at any point xi 1 is obtained using the solution at only the
previous point xi .
Where is a function of the arguments xi 1 , xi , yi 1 , yi h and depends on the right hand side f(x, y) of the
given differential equation. This function is called the increment function
h h2
Taylor’s Series is y1 y0 y '0 y ''0 ......
1! 2!
Solution:
h2
y1 y0 hy '0 y '' .....
2!
y0 1 and h 0.1
y' x y y '0 1
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y ''' y '' y '0 2
(0.1)2 (0.1)3
y1 1 (0.1)(1) (2) (2) 1.2053
2! 3!
Solution:
k1 hf ( xn , yn )
1 1
k2 hf xn h, yn k1
2 2
1 1
k3 hf xn h, yn k2
2 2
k4 hf xn h, yn k4
1
y (k1 2k2 2k3 k4 )
6
y ( x h) y ( x) y
dy
5. Derive Picard’s Formula for solving f ( x, y ) subject to y( x0 ) y0
dx
by successive approximation.
Solution:
dy
Now f ( x, y ) … (1)
dx
dy f ( x, y ) dx
x … (2)
Integrating , y f ( x, y) dx c
x0
y0 f ( x, y) dx c ... (3)
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y y0 f ( x, y ) dx
x
x0
y y0 f ( x, y ) dx
x
x0
x
y (n)
y0 f ( x, y ( n1) )dx
x0
1
yn 1 yn h f ( xn , yn ) f ( xn h, yn hf ( xn , yn ))
2
7. What is the difference between Euler’s method and Improved Euler’s Method.
Solution:
The difference between Euler’s method and Improved Euler’s method is that in the
Improved Euler’s Method we take the average of the slopes at
yn1 yn hf ( xn , yn )
Here y ' x y. so f ( x, y ) x y
Take h 0.1
by taking n 0, y1 y0 hf ( x0 , y0 )
1 .1( x0 , y0 ) 1 .1(0 1)
1.1
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dy
10. Using Euler’s Method find y (1.25) IF x 2 y 2 , y (1) 1 TAKING h 0.25
dx
Given: f ( x, y ) x 2 y 2 , x0 1; y0 1; h 0.25; x1 1.25
Solution:
11. State the special advantage of Runge Kutta method over Taylor series method.
Solution:
Runge-Kutta methods do not require prior calculation of higher derivatives of y ( x), as the
Taylor method does. Since the differential equations using in the applications are often
complicated, the calculation of derivatives may be difficult.
Also the Runge Kutta method involves the computation of f ( x, y ) at various positions, instead
of derivatives and this function occurs in the given equation.
12. Write the merits and demerits of the Taylor method of solution.
Solution:
The method gives a straight forward adaptation of classic to develop the solution as an infinite
series. It is a powerful single step method if we are able to find the successive derivatives easily. If f (x.y)
involves some complicated algebraic structures then the calculation of higher derivatives becomes tedious
and the method fails.This is the major drawback of this method. However the method will be very useful
for finding the starting values for powerful methods like Runge - Kutta method, Milne’s method etc.
( x x0 ) ( x x0 ) 2 ( x x0 )3
1. y ( x) y0 y '0 y ''0 y '''0 ...
1! 2! 3!
x x0 h (or) h x x0
h h2 h3
2. y1 y ( x1 ) y0 y '0 y ''0 y '''0 ...
1! 2! 3!
h h2 h3
3. y2 y ( x2 ) y1 y '1 y ''1 y '''1 ...
1! 2! 3!
Problems:
dy
1. Solve x y given y (1) 0 and find y (1.1), y (1.2) by Taylors series method.
dx
Solution:
x0 1, y0 0 x1 1.1, x2 1.2
h 0.1 Find y1 , y2
dy
x y
dx
y' x y y '0 x0 y0 1 0 1
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h h2 h3 h4
\ y1 y ( x1 ) y0 y '0 y0 '' y0 ''' y0 'v .....
1! 2! 3! 4!
y1 y(1.1) 0.11034
To find y (1.2) x2 1.2
h h2 h3 h4 v
\ y2 y ( x2 ) y1 y1 ' y1 '' y1 ''' y1 ' .....
1! 2! 3! 4!
y2 y(1.2) 0.2428
2. Using Taylors series find correct to 4 decimal places the value of y (0.1) given
dy
x 2 y 2 and y (0) 1 .
dx
Solution:
x0 0, y0 1 x1 0.1
h x1 x0 0.1 0 0.1
dy
x2 y 2
dx
y ' x2 y 2 y '0 x0 2 y0 2 0 1 1
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y ''' 2 2 yy '' 2 y'2 y0 ''' 2 2 y0 y0 '' 2 y 0'2 2 2(2) 2(1) 8
h h2 h3 h4
\ y1 y ( x1 ) y0 y '0 y0 '' y0 ''' y0 'v .....
1! 2! 3! 4!
y1 y(0.1) 1.11145
3. Solve by Taylors series method to find an approximate value of y at x = 0.1, 0.2 for the
dy
differential equation 2 y 3e x , y (0) 0 .
dx
Solution:
x0 0, y0 0 x1 0.1, x2 0.2
Find y1 , y2
h x1 x0 0.1 0 0.1
dy
3e x 2 y
dx
y ' 3e x 2 y y '0 3e x0 2 y0 3 0 3
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h h2 h3 h4
\ y1 y ( x1 ) y0 y '0 y0 '' y0 ''' y0 'v .....
1! 2! 3! 4!
y1 y(0.1) 0.3487
To find y (0.2) x2 0.2
h h2 h3 h4 v
\ y2 y ( x2 ) y1 y1 ' y1 '' y1 ''' y1 ' .....
1! 2! 3! 4!
y2 y(0.2) 0.8112
4. Solve by Taylors series method to find the approximate value of y at x = 0.2 for the
dy
differential equation 1 2 xy given that y (0) 0 .
dx
Solution:
x0 0, y0 0 x1 0.1, x2 0.2
Find y1 , y2
h x1 x0 0.1 0 0.1
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dy
1 2 xy
dx
h h2 h3
y1 y ( x1 ) y0 y '0 y0 '' y0 ''' ....
1! 2! 3!
y1 y(0.1) 0.09933
To find y (0.2) x2 0.2
h h2 h3
y2 y ( x2 ) y1 y1 ' y1 '' y1 ''' .....
1! 2! 3!
y ''' 2 xy '' y ' y' y0 ''' 2 x1 y1 '' 2 y1 ' 2 (0.1)(0.3946868) 0.980133 3.84159
0.1 (0.1) 2 (0.1)3
y2 y (0.2) 0.09933 (0.9801334) (0.39469) (3.84159
1 2 6
y2 y(0.2) 0.1954
Exercises
dy
1. Using Taylors series find correct to 4 decimal places the value of y (0.1) given 1 y2
dx
and where x = 0 and y = 0 find y (0.2), y (0.4).
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dy
2. Using Taylors series find y (0.1), y (0.2), y (0.3) given x y 2 and y (0) 1 .
dx
3. Using Taylors series find correct to 4 decimal places the value of y (0.2), y (0.4) given
dy
xy 2 1 and y (0) 1 .
dx
PICARD’S METHOD
x
y (n)
y0 f ( x, y ( n1) )dx
x0
1. Solve y ' y x , y (0) 1 by Picard’s method up to the third approximation hence find
2
y (0.1), y (0.2).
Solution:
Here y (0) 1
x0 0, y0 1
y ' y x2
f ( x, y) y x 2
x
y y0 f ( x, y)dx
x0
x
y 1 ( y x 2 )dx
0
x
y (1) y0 f ( x, y0 )dx
x0
f ( x, y 0 ) y0 x 2
x
y (1) y0 ( y0 x 2 )dx
0
x
y (1) 1 (1 x 2 )dx {Therefore x0 0, y0 1 }
0
x
x3
1 x
3 0
x3
y (1) 1 x ...(1)
3
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x
y (2)
y0 f ( x, y (1) )dx
x0
x
1 ( y (1) x 2 )dx
0
x
x3
y (2)
1 (1 x x 2 )dx
0
3
x 2 x 4 x3
y (2) 1 x ...(2)
2 12 3
x
y (3) y0 f ( x, y (2) )dx
x0
x
1 ( y (2) x 2 )dx
0
x
x 2 x 4 x3
1 (1 x x 2 )dx
0
2 12 3
x 2 x3 x5 x 4 x3
y (3) 1 x
2 6 60 12 3
x 2 x3 x 4 x5
y ( x) y (3) 1 x ...(3)
2 6 12 60
To find y (0.1), y (0.2)
Sub y (0.1) in (3)
(0.1)2 (0.1)3 (0.1) 4 (0.1)5
y (0.1) 1 0.1
2 6 12 60
1 0.1 0.005 0.0002 0 0
y (0.1) 1.1048
Sub y (0.2) in (3)
(0.2)2 (0.2)3 (0.2) 4 (0.2)5
y(0.2) 1 0.2
2 6 12 60
1 0.2 0.02 0.0013 0.0001 0
y (0.2) 1.2186
2. Solve y ' y e x , y (0) 0 by using Picard’s method.
Solution:
Here y (0) 0
x0 0, y0 0
y ' ex y
f ( x, y) e x y
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x
y y0 f ( x, y)dx
x0
x
y 0 (e x y )dx
0
To find y (1)
x
y (1) y0 f ( x, y0 )dx
x0
f ( x, y0 ) e x y0
x
y (1) y0 (e x y0 )dx
0
x
y (1) e x dx {Therefore y0 0 }
0
x
e x
0
y (1)
e 1 x
To find y (2)
x
y (2) y0 f ( x, y (1) )dx
x0
x
0 (e x y (1) )dx {Therefore y (1) e x 1 }
0
x
y (2) 0 (e x e x 1)dx
0
x
y (2) dx x 0 x
x
To find y (3)
x
y (3) y0 f ( x, y (2) )dx
x0
x
0 (e x y (2) ) dx {Therefore y (2) x }
0
x
(e x x)dx
0
x
x2 x2
y (3)
e x 1 e x 1
2 0 2
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To find y (4)
x
y (4) y0 f ( x, y (3) )dx
x0
x
x2
0 (e y )dx x (3)
{Therefore y (3)
e 1 }
x
0
2
x
x2
(e x e x 1)dx
0
2
x
x3 x3
y (4)
x x
6 0 6
To find y (5)
x
y (5)
y0 f ( x, y (4) )dx
x0
x
x3
0 (e x y (4) ) dx {Therefore y (4) x}
0 6
x
x3
(e x)dx
x
0
6
x
x x4 x2 x4 x2
y (5)
e e 1
x
24 2 0 24 2
x4 x2
Therefore, the approximate value of y ( x) e x 1
24 2
dy
3. Solve x y , given y (0) 1 .obtain the value of y (0.1), y (0.2) using Picard’s method.
dx
Solution:
Here y (0) 1
x0 0, y0 1
y' x y
f ( x, y) x y
x
y y0 f ( x, y)dx
x0
x
y 1 ( x y )dx
0
x
y (1)
y0 f ( x, y0 )dx
x0
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f ( x, y0 ) x y0
x
y (1) y0 ( x y0 )dx
0
x
y (1) 1 ( x 1)dx {Therefore x0 0, y0 1 }
0
x
x 2
x2
1 x 1 x
2 0 2
x2
y (1) 1 x ...(1)
2
x
y (2) y0 f ( x, y (1) )dx
x0
x
x2
1 ( x y )dx (1)
Therefore y (1) 1 x
0 2
x
x2
y (2) 1 ( x 1 x )dx
0
2
x
2 x 2 x3 x3
y (2)
1 x 1 x x 2 ...(2)
2 6 0 6
x
y (3) y0 f ( x, y (2) )dx
x0
x
x3
1 ( x y (2) )dx Therefore y (2) 1 x x 2
0 6
x
x3
1 x 1 x x 2 dx
0
6
x3 x 4
y (3) 1 x x 2
3 24
x3 x 4
y ( x) 1 x x
2
...(3)
3 24
To find y (0.1), y (0.2)
Sub y (0.1) in (3)
(0.1)3 (0.1) 4
y (0.1) 1 0.1 (0.1) 2
3 24
1 0.1 0.01 0.0003333 0.0000041
y (0.1) 1.1103374
Sub y (0.2) in (3)
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(0.2)3 (0.2) 4
y (0.2) 1 0.2 (0.2) 2
3 24
y (0.2) 1.242733
Exercises
dy
1. Solve x 2 y 2 , given y (0) 0 using Picard’s method.
dx
dy
2. Solve x y 2 1 , given y (0) 1 using Picard’s method.
dx
3. Solve y ' 1 y 2 , given y (0) 0 using Picard’s method also find y (0.2) and y (0.4).
EULER’S METHOD
yn1 yn h f ( xn , yn ).
h h h
yn 1 yn f ( xn , y n f ( xn , yn ) . d
2 2 2
PROBLEMS:
dy
1. Using Euler’s method Solve y ' x y , given y (0) 1 .obtain the value
dx
y (0.2), y (1.0).
Solution:
Here
y (0) 1 x0 0, y0 1
y' x y f ( x, y) y x 2
x1 0.2, x2 0.4, x3 0.6, x4 0.8, x5 1.0
h 0.1
Euler’s method
yn1 yn h f ( xn , yn )
Put n = 0
y1 y0 h f ( x0 , y0 )
1 0.2( x0 y0 )
1 0.2(1 0)
y1 y(0.2) 1.2 , x1 0.2
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Put n = 1
y2 y1 h f ( x1 , y1 )
1.2 0.2( x1 y1 )
1.2 0.2(0.2 1.2)
y2 y(0.4) 1.48 , x2 0.4
Put n = 2
y3 y2 h f ( x2 , y2 )
1.48 0.2( x2 y2 )
1.48 0.2(0.4 1.48)
y3 y(0.6) 1.856 , x3 0.6
Put n = 3
y4 y3 h f ( x3 , y3 )
1.856 0.2( x3 y3 )
1.856 0.2(0.6 1.856)
y4 y(0.8) 2.3472 , x4 0.8
Put n = 4
y5 y4 h f ( x4 , y4 )
2.3472 0.2( x4 y4 )
2.3472 0.2(0.8 2.3472)
y5 y(1.0) 2.9766 , x5 1.0
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