UNIT 1 SPORTS AND FITNESS

WARM UP
Possible answer(s):
1. Student’s own answers. 2. I think the fittest athletes are the ones who work out all of their muscle groups and
train for endurance, such as runners and swimmers.

READING 1A THE WORLD’S GAME

Before You Read
A. 1. T; 2. F (Britain); 3. T; 4. T
B. Possible answer(s): camaraderie, international appeal, promise of wealth, simplicity, keeping children out of
trouble
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. b; 2. c; 3. b; 4. a (line 10); 5. d
B. 1. e; 2. b; 3. a; 4. C
Reading Skill
A. a, b
B. 1. d; 2. e; 3. b; 4. c; 5. a
C. 1. F (Brazil has); 2. T; 3. T; 4. F (two players)
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s): Soccer clubs now have fans all over the world. Many soccer players come from poor families.
It’s a simple game. Anyone can play it. It unifies people.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. established; 2. victory; 3. defeated; 4. competitors; 5. passion; 6. responsible
B. 1. a; 2. b; 3. b; 4. a
C. 1. uniform; 2. unite; 3. unique; 4. universal

READING 1B WHAT MAKES AN OLYMPIC CHAMPION?

Before You Read
A. 1. athletes; 2. competition; Olympics; 3. Medals
B. Possible answer(s): strength, determination, endurance, money, talent
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. b; 2. a (Para C); 3. c (Para C); 4. d; 5. b (Para G)
B. Marathon runners: b, f; Gymnasts: c, d; Both: a, e
Reading Skill
A. 1. number (180 cm or taller); 2. place (Kenya, Ethiopia, Morocco); 3. name (oxygen); 4. person (Greg Louganis);
5. place (the Olympic Training Center in the United States)
B. 1. T; 2. T; 3. F (She’s won several marathons.); 4. F (They take less than three seconds.)
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s): diet: athletes that eat a lot of protein might build more muscles; education: athletes who train
and study might have more balanced lives. Perhaps this may help them to improve their performance; family:
athletes with a close family might get more support and help; gender roles: male athletes might have more
opportunities than female athletes in some sports; religion: some religions might focus more on a healthy lifestyle
by not drinking alcohol or participating in certain activities.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. elite; 2. required; 3. enhanced; 4. differentiated; 5. adjustments; 6. psychological
B. 1. champion; 2. generate; 3. genetic; 4. adjust; 5. automatic
C. 1. anthropology; 2. biology; 3. Geology
VIDEO SPORT CLIMBING
Before You Watch
A. 1. d; 2. a; 3. b; 4. c
While You Watch
A. b, c
B. 1. a; 2. c; 3. b
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): I think people enjoy extreme sports because it’s challenging and they like taking risks.
The main challenge is the cost of expensive equipment such as parachutes and harnesses. The reward is
the feeling of exhilaration, as though you’re on top of the world!
 Possible answer(s): I think a rock climber needs to be brave, strong-willed, determined, and very energetic
because some rocks are very steep and high. A rock climber can’t give up in the middle of a climb.
UNIT 2 SKIN DEEP
WARM UP
Possible answer(s):
1. I think long, thick hair and gold jewelry are beautiful.
2. I think the expression means that a person can look beautiful on the outside but their personality might not be
very nice.

READING 2A WHAT IS BEAUTY?

Before You Read
A. Possible answer(s): I think good-looking people have easier lives than other people because they are more
confident, which leads to them getting better jobs and making more money.
B. Possible answer(s): 1. I don’t think people around the world have similar ideas about beauty because different
cultural groups have their own individual and unique features. 2. I think society influences how we perceive beauty
because fashion magazines and popular culture set the standard for what is considered beautiful.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. a; 2. c (Para A); 3. d; 4. b; 5. b (Para F)
B. 1. E; 2. D; 3. C; 4. B; 5. F; 6. A
Reading Skill
A. 1. nails; 2. wigs; 3. three; 4. Billions; 5. Six
B. Possible answer(s): The writer supports the claims by giving expert opinions (Victor Johnston at New Mexico
State University …) and examples (the women in Western magazines are thin, but native people in southeast Peru
prefer a larger shape).
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): I think the expression means option ‘‘a,’’ because every person sees things differently.
The ‘‘eye of the beholder’’ means the eye of the person who is looking, and everybody sees things in a
different way.
 Possible answer(s): One example is that I really like short hair, and so when Allison cut her long hair short, I
thought it looked great. But Maria thought it looked awful. We all have our own opinions about what is
beautiful.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. conform; 2. notion; 3. devoted; 4. consumers; 5. associated with
B. 1. uniform; 2. genders; 3. features; 4. subjective; 5. desire
C. 1. uniform; 2. conform; 3. transformed; 4. formatted

READING 2B SKIN: THE BODY’S CANVAS

Before You Read
A. Possible answer(s): tattooing, painting, piercing, scarring
B. Possible answer(s): People think tattoos make them look more beautiful; In some cultures, tattoos are part of a
ritual.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. b; 2. b (Para C); 3. a (Para D); 4. a; 5. c (Para F)
B. 1. 1.9 square meters (Para A); 2. any one of the following: extremes of temperature / damaging sunlight /
harmful chemicals / dangerous infections; 3. Chris Rainier (Para G)
Reading Skill
A. 1. a; 2. a; 3. b
B. Possible answer(s): Paragraph D: negative connotations of tattooing; Paragraph E: reasons for scarring;
Paragraph F: nonpermanent markings
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): wear particular styles of clothes; wear heavy makeup; wear jewelry; grow their
fingernails; change their hairstyle; get piercings; shave their eyebrows
 I’ve expressed my identity by dyeing my hair different colors------sometimes red, green, or blue.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. crucial; 2. protective; 3. permanent; 5. fade; 6. sector
B. 1. b; 2. b; 3. b; 4. b; 5. a
C. 1. damage; 2. address; 3. resident; 4. basis

VIDEO THE BEAUTY OF UGLY FOOD

Before You Watch
A. 1. appearance; 2. fruit and vegetables; 3. customers; 4. refuse; 5. mark on it
B. Possible answer(s): I like to buy round oranges and long thin carrots. I don’t think I would be happy to buy fruit
or vegetables that look wrong!
While You Watch
A. a
B. 1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. b
Critical Thinking
Applying:
 Possible answer(s): I think I would shop at a store that only sells imperfect produce because the cost is
probably cheaper and the fruit won’t go to waste.
 Maybe ‘‘ugly food’’ could be donated to people who can’t afford to buy fresh fruit and vegetables.
UNIT 3 ANIMALS IN DANGER
WARM UP
Possible answer(s):
1. some big cats, pandas, wolves, some whales, and elephants
2. Habitats become changed by human activity or by environmental factors.

READING 3A RACING TO RESCUE KOALAS

Before You Read
A. 1. tree leaves; 2. in their mother’s pouch; 3. 80,000
B. Possible answer(s): they might be losing their natural habitats to development; humans might be polluting their
environment.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. d; 2. b (Para C); 3. b (Para E); 4. c (Para G); 5. c (Para K)
B. 1. b; 2. e; 3. d; 4. a; 5. c
Reading Skill
A. 1. a; 2. c; 3. a; 4. c; 5. c
B. Possible answer(s): The word discover has the prefix dis-, which means ‘‘not.’’ Discover must mean ‘‘not cover,’’
or to find something out.
Critical Thinking
loss of eucalyptus trees and disease
Possible answer(s): I think it might be easier to solve the problem of disease by giving more koalas treatment. Also,
there might be a vaccination that female koalas could be given before they show signs of the illness. / I think it
would be easier to improve the koalas’ environment by reducing speed limits on streets and creating more green
areas for koalas to live in. Perhaps then they will become healthier and less prone to disease.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. extinction; 2. tend to; 3. suburbs; 4. capture; 5. threatens; 6. primary
B. 1. b; 2. b; 3. b; 4. a
C. 1. appearance; 2. exercise; 3. condition; 4. contact

READING 3B TRACKING THE SNOW LEOPARD

Before You Read
A. 1. Possible answer(s): It might be difficult to find food, and the weather gets very cold high up in the
mountains. 2. Possible answer(s): I think the snow leopard has adapted to the cold by growing a thick coat, and it
can see well at night to hunt nocturnal animals.
B. the number of snow leopards left in the wild (Para D); methods of protecting snow leopards (Para G);
disagreements between snow leopards and herders (Para E)
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. d; 2. a; 3. d (Para D); 4. d (Para G); 5. c
B. 1. a; 2. b; 3. b; 4. a; 5. b
Reading Skill
A/B. Possible answer(s):
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s):
 The main purpose is to encourage people not to kill snow leopards by providing financial incentives.
 Himalayan Homestays gives herders the tools to educate others about their culture and learn more about
their environment. They also build fences around their property to keep the snow leopards out. SLE buys
products that the herders make.
 I think Himalayan Homestays might be more effective because the herders learn why it’s important to
protect the snow leopards, and they have the opportunity to meet foreigners who might have different
opinions than they do.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. officially; 2. drag; 3. reverse; 4. enforce; 5. landscape; 6. status
B. 1. financially; 2. disagreement; 3. Extra money; 4. different from
C. 1. conflict; 2. signal; 3. contact; 4. capture

VIDEO PROTECTING PANDAS

Before You Watch
A. 1. to process food in the stomach; 2. A substance found in some food (such as meat or fish); 3. food that one
regularly eats; 4. To trust in or depend on
B. 1. T; 2. T; 3. F (they are no longer endangered); 4. F (an increase of 17 percent over the past decade)
While You Watch
A. See Before You Watch B.
B. 1. a; 2. c; 3. b
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s): A giant panda and a koala are similar because they both eat plants. Koalas are losing their
eucalyptus trees and pandas are losing their bamboo due to habitat loss caused by human activity. Their habitats
are very different though: Pandas travel on land and koalas mostly live in trees. Also the intervention is different for
each animal. The koalas are being monitored in the wild and looked after if they are found to be injured. Giant
pandas are being breed in captivity to try to boost the numbers of pandas in the wild.
UNIT 4 VIOLENT EARTH
WARM UP
Possible answer(s):
1. Natural disasters include extreme weather such as tornadoes, floods, hurricanes/ typhoons, as well as seismic
events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.
2. Yes, in Mexico, there are volcanoes and earthquakes.

READING 4A SACRED SUMMITS

Before You Read
A. 1. erupted; 2. active; 3. sacred; 4. ash
B. religious beliefs, why scientists are concerned, threats to locals
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. c; 2. c (Para D); 3. b; 4. a (Para F); 5. c (Para E and I)
B. 1. F; 2. H; 3. F; 4. G; 5. I; 6. G
Reading Skill
A. Possible answer(s): More people today are living near active volcanoes than ever before. The Decade Volcano
Project helps set up ‘‘defenses’’ against a volcanic eruption. In 1992, they diverted a flow of lava from Mount Etna,
Sicily which was threatening a nearby town.
B. Possible answer(s): Although volcanoes can cause great destruction, many people live near them. Scientists are
continuing to look for ways they can predict these devastating eruptions before they happen.
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): People risk their lives to live near active volcanoes because the soil is very fertile and
they can grow healthy fruits and vegetables. Also, I think it would be very difficult to move away from your
home when a volcano hasn’t been active in centuries.
 Possible answer(s): I think local authorities should work with scientists and innovative organizations to build
volcano defenses and find ways to predict eruptions so people can evacuate.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. ancestors; 2. disastrous; 3. summit; 4. dawn
B. 1. witness; 2. displaced; 3. expands; 4. destructive; 5. monitored
C. 1. expanded; 2. exports; 3. exceeds; 4. explosion

READING 4B IS PREDICTION POSSIBLE?

Before You Read
A. 1. T; 2. F (west coasts); 3. T
B. The author is generally optimistic that scientists may be able to predict earthquakes in the future.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. c; 2. d; 3. b; 4. d (Para F); 5. a
B. a, c, e
Reading Skill
A. 1, 3
B. 1. d; 2. f; 3. c; 4. a; 5. e; 6. b
C. P-wave = yellow vertical arrow; S-wave = red wavy arrow; surface wave = red horizontal arrows
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s): I think the safest place to be in an earthquake is under a very heavy structure that cannot move,
or inside a very strong building frame, such as underneath a doorway on a lower level, away from any glass.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. schedule, random; 2. track, massive; 3. zone
B. 1. laboratory; 2. detect; 3. data; 4. precise
C. 1. on; 2. busy; 3. behind
VIDEO EARTHQUAKES 101
Before You Watch
A. 1. shallow; 2. magnitude; 3. devastating; 4. rattled
B. Possible answer(s): The Earth’s crust sits on top of tectonic plates, which move. As the plates push together,
they can slip or fall beneath one another. This is what causes an earthquake------and the movement of the Earth
sends shockwaves through the rock.
While You Watch
A. how earthquakes happen; how earthquakes are measured; examples of strong earthquakes
B. 1. b; 2. b; 3. a
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s): I would prioritize ensuring that new buildings are earthquake-proof because that seems like a
realistic way to help save lives now. Engineers have already designed proven methods, so I would want to use that
technology in my city.
UNIT 5 ISLANDS AND BEACHES
WARM UP
Possible answer(s):
1. The natural landscape of beaches has a positive effect on our health and wellbeing.
2. The Canary Islands are off the west coast of Africa and are volcanic; Jamaica is in the Caribbean and is the
birthplace of reggae; the Seychelles are in the Indian Ocean, and snorkeling is very popular there.

READING 5A LAND OF FIRE AND ICE

Before You Read
A. 1. attraction; 2. lively; 3. impressive
B. 1. 340,000; 2. 100,000; 3. 22; 4. more than 1.3 million
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. d; 2. c (Para D); 3. a; 4. c (Para I); 5. b (Para I)
B. 1. NG; 2. F (a huge lake of bright blue sea water); 3. T; 4. NG; 5. T; 6. F (usually above freezing); 7. F (Most of
the inner part is uninhabited and relatively inaccessible.); 8. NG
Reading Skill
A. 1. Greenland; 2. Reykjavík; 3. Atlantic
B. Starting with the label pointing to Reykjavík in a clockwise circle: d, b, c, a, e, f
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): I think the most interesting activity would be caving. I’d love to go to a glacier,
especially one just above an active volcano! I am not scared of small spaces and like to hike and do
adventurous activities, so caving would be my first choice. I’m not very interested in art and like to have an
active vacation, so I’d choose caving, viewing the mid-Atlantic fault, seeing a large waterfall, and visiting a
black-sand beach.
 Possible answer(s): I would spend Day 1 in Reykjavík and visit museums and look at art. On Day 2, I would
see the mid-Atlantic fault and waterfalls, then continue on to Vík. On Day 3, I would go caving.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. spectacular; 2. architectural; 3. tension; 4. awarded; 5. converted; 6. literally
B. a. cures; b. monster; c. naturally; d. migrate
C. breathtaking, impressive, stunning

READING 5B THE PERFECT BEACH

Before You Read
A. 1. c; 2. f; 3. b; 4. d; 5. a; 6. e
B. Possible answer(s): 1. a travel writer looking for ‘‘the perfect beach’’; 2. My perfect beach would be isolated.
There would be lush, green cliffs leading down to the blue green water. There would be a lot of marine life and
the sun would be shining.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. c; 2. d; 3. d (Para G and H); 4. b (Para G); 5. b
B. 1. Maceió; 2. Prainha; 3. Praia do Leão; 4. Copacabana; 5. Jericoacoara
Reading Skill
A. 1. c; 2. b; 3. a; 4. f; 5. e
B. 2. The beach I’m searching for needs to be a little wilder. 3. It hasn’t been spoiled by tourists. 4. a fisherman’s
beach; 5. more than a dozen beautiful beaches
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s):
 It was beautiful and looked perfect.
 The phrase too perfect is used to describe a negative point of view. The word too means excessive, or more
than necessary. Stewart is looking for something more unusual that is wild in the sense of being more
remote and distinctive.
 There is a park near my house that I think is too perfect. It has manicured trees and bushes and the paths
are paved in straight lines. I would prefer wildflowers and a more natural-looking rocky path.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. isolated; 2. ultimate; 3. eager; 4. destination
B. 1. prohibited; 2. state; 3. balance; 4. spoiled; 5. ranked; 6. magnificent
C. 1. of shock; 2. of mind; 3. of emergency; 4. of repair

VIDEO HA LONG BAY

Before You Watch
A. 1. a rich green color like the jewel; 2. a narrow section of sea between two pieces of land; 3. without any
people living there
While You Watch
A. a, b, d
B. 1. T; 2. F (Most remain uninhabited.); 3. F (A dragon flew down from heaven to protect them.); 4. T; 5. NG
Critical Thinking
 Students’ own answers
 Possible answer(s): There is a beautiful national park in my country with some important wildlife habitats.
There are a variety of birds, insects, and mammals that are native to the area, and many of them are
endangered. I think this national park should be included on UNESCO’s Natural Heritage list because the
wildlife needs protection.
UNIT 6 GLOBAL ADDICTIONS
WARM UP
Possible answer(s):
1. People can become addicted to drugs, foods, and computers.
2. I think it’s okay to be addicted to things that are healthy for you, such as exercise. Some people I know spend
hours at the gym each day and they are in great shape.

READING 6A THE WORLD’S FAVORITE DRUG

Before You Read
A. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. e; 5. g; 6. d; 7. h; 8. f
B. Possible answer(s): I don’t think caffeine in moderation is bad for you, but too much of it might make you jittery
and nervous.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. c; 2. d; 3. b (Para C); 4. a; 5. a
B. 1. b, c; 2. d, e; 3. a, f
Reading Skill
A. 1. ease; 2. illnesses; 3. reaction; 4. sleep; 5. drug; 6. sad; 7. pressure
B. Possible answer(s): 1. I think it’s a good idea if you consume caffeine in moderation. / I don’t think it is a good
idea because although caffeine’s behavioral effects might be mild they are still there, and I would rather eat
healthily and exercise regularly rather than rely on a stimulant. 2. I agree with the writer, I think it’s good to drink
coffee or tea------the benefits outweigh the negatives. / I disagree with the writer. I think the negatives outweigh the
positives as regular loss of sleep can affect your health.
Critical Thinking
 C; b. C; c. C; d. P; e. P; f. P / C
 Possible answer(s): I think chocolate is generally negative, but I would like to find out more about its health
benefits. I would also like to know how much sugar it has.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. abusing; 2. reaction; 3. Furthermore; 4. exhibit
B. 1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. a; 5. b; 6. a
C. Possible answer(s): moreover, also, additionally, what’s more

READING 6B ADDICTED TO DISTRACTION

Before You Read
A. Possible answer(s): I spend about: 30 minutes reading articles; two hours chatting with friends; one hour
posting on social media; two hours watching videos; three hours playing video games.
B. Possible answer(s): Some positive effects of using digital technology are that you don’t need to be stuck in an
office all day because you can work from home or when you’re out and about; you can always get in touch with
people; Some negative effects are that you’re always ‘‘connected’’ and so it’s more difficult to take a break from
work; you can easily become addicted to your device.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. a; 2. d; 3. c; 4. c (Para F); 5. a
B. 1. Chiba University; 2. 15; 3. city centers; 4. blood; 5. forests; 6. 16; 7. (stress) hormone; 8. blood pressure; 9.
relaxes; 10. evolved
Reading Skill
A. To add information: moreover; To contrast ideas: yet; To show another similar idea: likewise; To
emphasize a point: above all; To show a consequence: therefore; To make a conclusion: in short
B. Possible answer(s) (from passage): 1. In fact, Indeed; Consequently, As a result, Therefore; 2. In addition,
Furthermore, Moreover
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): Someone who lives in the city could go to a quiet building, such as a library, and read a
book to relax, or they could go to a coffee shop with friends.
 Possible answer(s): A fitness app could be used to help reduce stress by helping motivate people to
exercise.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. concentration; 2. Consequently; 3. surroundings; 4. therapies
B. 1. in turn; 2. visual; 3. focus; 4. excessive; 5. switch; 6. constantly
C. 1. vision; 2. revise; 3. invisible; 4. visualize

VIDEO WORLD OF CAFFEINE

Before You Watch
Before You Watch
A. 1. d ; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b
B. Possible answer(s): I usually drink two cups of coffee a day and eat chocolate once every three days. I sometimes
have a cup of tea or cola, but I never have energy drinks.
While You Watch
A. 1. b, c; 2. a, b
B. c, b, a, d
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s): Some pros of gathering in coffee and tea establishments are that people can socialize and
communicate about current events. They also contribute to the local economy by keeping the shop owners in
business. Some cons might be that people may drink too much caffeine and may spend too much time away from
their families. Students may not devote enough time to studying.
UNIT 7 ENERGY SOLUTIONS
WARM UP
Possible answer(s):
1. Using fossil fuels, getting energy from solar power, water power, wind power; 2. I think solar and wind power
are becoming more common, but people also use fossil fuels.

READING 7A POWERING THE PLANET

Before You Read
A. Possible answer(s): 1. Advantages: it’s clean, renewable energy; Disadvantages: you need to receive a lot of
sunlight, solar panels don’t always look nice; 2. Possible answer(s): wind power, wave power
B. Solar: India; Wind: England; Nuclear: France, China, India, Japan
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. a; 2. c (Para D); 3. b (Para G and H); 4. a (Para K); 5. a
B. 1. c, d; 2. f; 3. a, e
Reading Skill
A. 1. nuclear energy; 2. solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy; 3. solar energy, wind energy
B. 1. solar energy, wind energy; 2. Nuclear energy; 3. solar energy, nuclear energy
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): I think solar energy has the most significant advantages because people can have their
own solar panels and the energy is clean and readily available, especially if you live in a sunny climate; I
think nuclear has the most significant disadvantages because of its safety record.
 Possible answer(s): I think the disadvantages of wind energy are the easiest to solve because people need
to understand that we have to find an alternative to fossil fuels so they will have to accept wind farms on
the landscape. Maybe the design of the wind turbines can be changed to better fit into the landscape.
 Possible answer(s): I think solar power is the best option to replace fossil fuels because if every home has
solar panels, the energy from the sun can be collected in great quantities and shared throughout
communities.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. eliminate; 2. substitute; 3. equivalent; 4. utilize
B. 1. b; 2. b; 3. a; 4. a; 5. a; 6. a
C. climb ↑; decline ↓; dive ↓; drop ↓; increase ↑; reduction ↓

READING 7B CITY OF THE FUTURE?

Before You Read
A. 1. ecological footprint; 2. take action; 3. metropolis
B. Possible answer(s): A modern city like Dubai could find alternative ways to produce energy, such as solar power.
There is a lot of sunlight in the Middle East so that might be a good choice.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. d; 2. c; 3. a; 4. b; 5. a
B. 1. c; 2. f; 3. g; 4. b; 5. d; 6. a
Reading Skill
A. Positive words: carbon-rich, vital, abundant, inexpensive; Negative words: dirty, dangerous, grave risks, deadly
diseases, recklessly, toxic, polluting, foolhardy, irresponsible; Possible answer(s): I think the author’s tone is
negative because there are many more negative words. The author thinks coal is dangerous to human health and
that it should be replaced now.
B. Possible answer(s): I think the author’s tone is positive because he or she has given examples of good things
Dubai is doing to reduce its emissions.
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): Dubai has invested in solar energy, green buildings, and public transportation. All new
buildings must meet strict energy regulations and use solar panels.
 Possible answer(s): My country gives a discount to people who have solar panels on their roofs, and
provides tax incentives to people who buy energy-efficient appliances and cars that use less gasoline.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. sustainable; 2. residents; 3. emissions; 4. efficiency; 5. wealthy; 6. unrealistic
B. 1. cooling; 2. comprehensive; 3. distributed; 4. unrealistic; 5. regulation; 6. efficiency; 7. emissions;
8. sustainable
C. ecology; emit; distribution; efficient; sustain; residential

VIDEO WAVE POWER

Before You Watch
A. Upper left: 1; Middle: 2; Right: 4; Bottom left: 3
B. 1. pipes; 2. pumps; 3. turbines; 4. tides
While You Watch
A. 1
B. 1. sea snake; 2. high pressure; 3. Weather conditions; 4. Scotland; 5. Portugal
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s):
 Although tides are predictable in any one location, the weather is not, so the equipment needs to be very
sturdy to withstand ocean storms. In some places, it could interfere with navigation or fishing.
 I think it depends on the location of the place, its weather, and the attitudes of local people toward new
sources of energy.
UNIT 8 EPIC ENGINEERING
WARM UP
Possible answer(s):
1. The Three Gorges Dam, the International Space Station, the Large Hadron Collider, Dubai’s Palm Islands;
2. Students’ answers will vary.

READING 8A CHINA’S GRAND CANAL

Before You Read
A. 1. 1368---1855; 2. it was used to transport everything from food to wood to textiles; 3. Beijing in the north and
Hangzhou in the south; 4. 1,770 kilometers
B. Possible answer(s): I think the canal has been important because it helped move people, goods, and ideas from
one part of China to another.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. b (Para B); 2. d (Para D); 3. b; 4. d; 5. c
B. c, f, b, e, a, d
Reading Skill
A. 1. best-known; 2. waterway; 3. trademarks; 4. lifeline
B. 1. well-known; 2. man-made; 3. Without; 4. lifetime; 5. day trip; 6. highlight
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): Each city was special because the traditional cultures were different, which made the
buildings unique.
 Possible answer(s): Today, the cities all look exactly the same.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. proposals; 2. acquired; 3. monument; 4. renovation; 5. transported
B. 1. b; 2. a; 3. a; 4. b; 5. a
C. 1. innovate; 2. renovated; 3. novelty

READING 8B HIGHWAY OF DREAMS

Before You Read
A. 1. Possible answer(s): The highway would provide easier and more affordable transportation for people and
goods. 2. Possible answer(s): The pristine environment in the Amazon will be threatened.
B. Paragraphs E and F address the advantages for the Peruvians. Paragraphs G and H address the disadvantages for
the environmentalists.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. a; 2. b (Para C); 3. b; 4. c (Para G); 5. a
B. 1. faster; 2. live; 3. jobs; 4. biodiversity; 5. pristine; 6. farming
Reading Skill
A. 1. No; 2. Yes; 3. Yes; 4. No; 5. Yes
B. 1. Possible answer(s): I think Mary feels negative about the old highway because she says that it was a long and
uncomfortable journey. She couldn’t wait for the new highway to be built. 2. I think the author feels neutral about
the new highway right now because the passage is organized into the positive and negative aspects of the
highway. The writer ends the passage saying that only time will tell if it will bring good or bad changes.
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): The Grand Canal and the Transoceanic Highway are similar because they were both
built to help people transport goods and travel more easily across vast distances.
 Possible answer(s): I think the Transoceanic Highway will be as successful as the Grand Canal because it
serves as a way to transport people and goods across difficult terrain. Now that the highway is open,
people will not want to go back to being as isolated as they were before.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. enormous; 2. border; 3. impact; 4. practical; 5. ruining
B. 1. dense; 2. occurs; 3. partially; 4. accessible; 5. illustrates
C. 1. network; 2. fog; 3. layers; 4. crowds
VIDEO BUILDING A RAIN FOREST
Before You Watch
A. 1. dome; 2. aquarium; 3. canopy; 4. tunnel; 5. ramp
While You Watch
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a
Critical Thinking
Applying Ideas: Possible answer(s): There are several famous soccer players that come from my city, so I would
create a sports museum. The building would be shaped like a soccer ball and there would be turf inside for visitors
to use. I would invite the famous players to come on opening day, which would draw a big crowd.
UNIT 9 HIGH-TECH SOLUTIONS
WARM UP
Possible answer(s):
1. smartphones, GPS, Wi-Fi, tablets, digital cameras, hybrid cars
2. My smartphone is helpful to me because I can stay connected wherever I am.

READING 9A THE POWER OF VIRTUAL REALITY

Before You Read
A. Possible answer(s): It could be used to treat medical conditions like poor eyesight; people could experience
different places and different cultures.
B. Possible answer(s): Athletes could do drills with a virtual ‘‘trainer’’; People could have virtual meetings where
they’re all sitting in the same room; Organizations could create educational material where people virtually visit
endangered places.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. c; 2. a (Para B); 3. c (Para H and I); 4. a; 5. b
B. 1. by doing / embodied cognition; 2. Reducing reaction times; 3. eye contact; 4. scientists; 5. it’s a tool
Reading Skill
A. 1. b, f; 2. a; 3. c, d
B. 1. Possible answer(s): Teachers could use VR in the classroom to give their students a more enriching experience.
For example, students could go ‘‘back in time’’ and ‘‘walk around’’ an ancient town with other people from that
time period. In architecture, architects could let their clients see their designs through VR to help the client visualize
what it would look like in real life. 2. Possible answer(s): the shrinking Amazonian Rain Forest; endangered wildlife
habitats: VR could allow people to experience firsthand the logging and see how vulnerable the wildlife is.
Critical Thinking
 The interviewer mentions creating violent video games.
 Possible answer(s): People might get addicted to VR and think that it’s reality. That could lead to a decrease
in social interaction and an increase in health problems, including depression.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. treat; 2. passive; 3. get to; 4. actual; 5. going over
B. 1. b; 2. a; 3. a; 4. b
C. 1. downpour; 2. downside; 3. downturn; 4. downsize

READING 9B HIGH-FLYING HELPERS

Before You Read
A. Possible answer(s): They can get to hard-to-reach places such as oceans and mountain tops; drones could be
used to look for people in danger; they could survey damage done by wildfires or hurricanes; they could deliver
medicine and clothing.
B. surveying natural disasters; delivering medicines; locating threats to wildlife
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. c; 2. d (Para B); 3. a (Para C); 4. b (Para D); 5. b
B. 1. blood and vaccines; 2. 30 minutes; 3. weapons; 4. uploading drone footage
Reading Skill
A. 1. medical supplies, life-saving supplies/medicine, blood, health clinics, healthcare products/service, medicine,
vaccines, treatable illnesses; 2. hard-to-reach, remote; 3. Thanks to; 4. aid
B. 1. c; 2. c; 3. c; 4. b; 5. d
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s): Drones could be used to drop supplies to remote locations; for example, they could be used to
deliver vaccines and medical testing kits to remote islands. They could be used to monitor wildlife populations in
remote locations. They could be used to map remote areas and help locate areas of deforestation.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. packages; 2. assess; 3. affordable; 4. ambitious; 5. rapidly
B. 1. help; 2. succeed; 3. in detail; 4. enough; 5. armed; 6. health
C. 1. receive; 2. depend on; 3. suspend; 4. appealed for
VIDEO DRONE DELIVERY
Before You Watch
A. 1. startup; 2. head start; 3. autonomously; 4. Over-the-counter; 5. at a premium
B. Possible answer(s): lightweight, small packages like clothing
While You Watch
A. 6, 2, 7, 1, 3, 4, 5
B. 1. F (They are the first to get U.S. government approval.); 2. NG; 3. T; 4. T; 5. F (They are powered by batteries.)
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s): If drone deliveries become common, it might cause a safety issue with other planes flying in the
area, and a drone could crash and hurt many people on the ground. Also, it will put delivery people out of
business. However, it could be a quick and easy way to receive a package.
UNIT 10 ALL IN THE MIND
WARM UP
Possible answer(s):
1. I think I have a good memory. I remember riding in a car as a child with my dad on a windy country road with
the windows open.
2. I think chimps are very intelligent because they can understand commands and find ways to solve problems.

READING 10A WHAT’S ON YOUR MIND?

Before You Read
A. Possible answer(s): remember complicated facts; solve complex problems; speak multiple languages; feel a
range of emotions
B. ability to store memories
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. c; 2. a (Para C and D); 3. c (Para F); 4. d (Para I); 5. a (Para J)
B. 1. hippocampus; 2. amygdala; 3. temporal lobe; 4. prefrontal cortex
Reading Skill
A. 1. a; 2. c; 3. b; 4. d
B. 1. Self-awareness; 2. human; 3. two; 4. identity; 5. Long-term; 6. responses; 7. reverse; 8. meditation
Critical Thinking
 (Para H) The smell of freshly cut grass, for example, will generate happy feelings in someone who spent
enjoyable childhood summers in the countryside, but not in someone who was forced to work long hours
on a farm.
 Possible answer(s): I feel happy when I hear seagulls because it reminds me of my childhood at the beach. I
also like the smell of rain on hot earth because that reminds me of how we would wait excitedly for the
rain to come in the middle of the summer.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. perspective; 2. transform; 3. vast; 4. reinforce
B. 1. flexible; 2. structure; 3. functions; 4. welfare; 5. conscious; 6. emotions
C. 1. number; 2. areas; 3. majority; 4. network; 5. assortment

READING 10B INSIDE ANIMAL MINDS

Before You Read
A. Possible answer(s): I think animals can be called intelligent, especially when they understand commands and use
tools to solve problems. A common definition of intelligence is ‘‘a highly developed ability to think logically, to
understand the world around you, and to learn things quickly.’’
B. 1. and 2. gray parrot (words, imitation, counting, zero concept), sheep and elephants (face recognition),
chimpanzees (making and using tools), octopuses (emotions), dog (linking vocabulary to photographs)
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. b; 2. b; 3. c (Para D); 4. a; 5. a (Para E)
B. 1. No; 2. Yes; 3. Yes; 4. No; 5. Yes
Reading Skill
A. 1. actions = behaviors; 2. basic = elementary; 3. communicate = talk; 4. create = invent; 5. exhibit = show
B. (general term first, then specific examples) 1. abilities, recognize faces; 2. primates, humans and apes; 3.
species, humans; 4. forms of intelligence, creativity and language
Critical Thinking
 The five skills that show an animal has intelligence are: a good memory, an understanding of symbols, self
awareness, understanding of others’ motives, and creativity. (Para C)
 Possible answer(s): I think Alex the parrot is very intelligent based on these five skills. He used his voice to
imitate words which shows he had a good memory. He had an understanding of the abstract concept of
zero, which shows an understanding of symbols. His ability to understand language and changing
relationships shows self-awareness, as well as the ability to understand others’ motives.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. mastered; 2. primitive; 3. dismiss; 4. acknowledges
B. 1. possess; 2. imitate; 3. pronounce; 4. motive; 5. abstract; 6. theory
C. 1. announced; 2. denounce; 3. pronounce

VIDEO BRAIN POWER

Before You Watch
A. 1. consists of; 2. to control the speed or performance of something; 3. related to touch, sight, hearing, etc.; 4.
an action that sends a message; 5. to bring different parts together so they work well
B. Possible answer(s): The brain regulates body temperature, swallowing, heart rate, blood flow, balance, and
muscle movement.
While You Watch
A. a. diencephalon; b. cerebellum; c. brain stem; d. cerebrum
B. 1. F (three-quarters); 2. T; 3. F (three parts); 4. T
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s): I think cognition research is important because by understanding our brain and how we use it,
we can find ways to treat medical conditions. When we understand how the brain is meant to function, it is more
likely we can find ways to simulate that process when things are not functioning as they should.
UNIT 11 VISUAL PIONEERS
WARM UP
Possible answer(s):
1. Leonardo da Vinci was a great artist as his paintings are still admired hundreds of years after his death.
2. You can represent the world visually through sculptures, photography, or even art forms such as theater.

READING 11A VAN GOGH’S WORLD

Before You Read
A. 1. Dutch; 2. 1853; 3. 26; 4. yellow sunflowers
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. c (Para B); 2. b; 3. b; 4. a; 5. d
B. 1, 4, 6, 3, 2, 5
Reading Skill
A. 1. Instead, his father thought he should take a ‘‘sensible’’ job------something like a salesclerk or carpenter.
2. ... receiving financial help from his brother Theo. 4. Following an argument with fellow artist Paul Gauguin, van
Gogh took a razor and cut off his own earlobe. 5. Following his release from the hospital in May 1890, ... he ...
shot himself ... What caused him to take his own life ... mental illness ... ? 6. In the spring of 1889, he was sent to
a mental hospital ... But during his periods of calm, he was able to complete more than a hundred masterpieces,
including the classic Starry Night.
B. 1. He realized he was meant to be a painter, and he got financial help from his brother. 2. People there didn’t
appreciate his work. 3. his argument with Gauguin
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): Lack of financial success: until his death, he wasn’t able to sell a single painting; Mental
illness: his mental health started to decline, he could not eat or sleep, he heard strange sounds and
thought people wanted to hurt him; his illness inhibited his creativity; Loneliness: days passed and he spoke
to no one.
 Possible answer(s): I think the most important factor was probably mental illness, because extreme
depression leaves a person feeling hopeless.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. innovative; 2. appreciated; 3. wandering; 4. resisted; 5. classic
B. 1. original; 2. well again; 3. reason; 4. aware; 5. buy; 6. great
C. 1. sensible; 2. sensation; 3. senseless; 4. sensitive

READING 11B SEEING THE LIGHT

Before You Read
A. Possible answer(s): I think Operarios is a political statement about the diversity of an urban landscape. It’s
important for all people to have jobs and feel valued in the society.
B. Possible answer(s): I think the work of Tarsila do Amaral is important because it looks very different from other
paintings of that time. The work of Vivian Maier shows real people doing real things in photographs, which might
not have been popular at the time but is now considered to be an important work of visual storytelling.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. b; 2. d (Para C); 3. b (Para D); 4. c; 5. a (Para J)
B. 1. c; 2. d; 3. g; 4. h; 5. f; 6. b
Reading Skill
A. 1. works, artwork; 2. celebrated, appreciated; 3. distinctly, uniquely
B. 1. regular, everyday, normal; 2. remarkable; 3. show; 4. hidden in darkness
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): Maybe they are afraid of rejection and criticism; they might feel that they are creating
something for themselves only.
 Possible answer(s): Pros: the artist’s family feels proud and they get money, the artist’s hometown becomes
famous; Cons: the artist doesn’t get the recognition they deserve in their lifetime; the subject of the work
may be disappointed not to have his or her image shown and possibly made famous.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. urban; 2. selection; 3. settled; 4. reflects; 5. immigrant
B. 1. b; 2. b; 3. a; 4. a; 5. a
C. 1. innate; 2. nations; 3. native; 4. natural

VIDEO THE GENIUS OF PICASSO

Before You Watch
A. 1. someone with exceptional ability; 2. to go beyond the limits; 3. to change something so that it appears to be
new; 4. to resist or oppose
B. a strong drive or passion to succeed
While You Watch
A. See answer to Before You Watch B.
B. 1. a; 2. a; 3. b
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): I think van Gogh was the most talented because he had to overcome so many obstacles
that forced him to be more determined and engrossed in his work when he was well enough. He had a
different way of seeing the world, and expressed that through his use of color and technique.
 Possible answer(s): I think there are so many people who have a lot of artistic talent that are not great
artists now but might become famous in the future through social media. It’s not easy to become famous,
though!
UNIT 12 FAR OUT
WARM UP
Possible answer(s):
1. People explore space because they want to know more about what’s beyond our planet. They might be looking
for things in space that might help cure disease or give inspiration for new inventions on Earth. Also, I think
exploration is a basic human trait.
2. I think walking on the moon was a huge achievement in space exploration, which then led to efforts to go
further. We now have photographs of faraway planets and have even sent rovers to Mars.

READING 12A DEFYING GRAVITY

Before You Read
A. 1. Possible answer(s): I think the station is used as a laboratory to research and test what happens when people
live in space. 2. Possible answer(s): I think the best part of working at the ISS is being a part of such important
research. I think the biggest challenges would be living in such a small space without gravity, missing your family,
and worrying about all the things that might go wrong.
B. possible dangers of spacewalking, how astronauts prepare for a spacewalk, one astronaut’s experience in space
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. d (Para C); 2. c (Para D); 3. c (Para D); 4. b; 5. a (Para F)
B. 1. floating; 2. weightlessness; 3. route / path; 4. monitor; 5. overheat; 6. jetpack
Reading Skill
A. 1. took off; 2. found out; 3. carried out; 4. deal with; 5. go over; 6. pass out; 7. grew up
B. 1. in; 2. with; 3. off; 4. on; 5. up; 6. up
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s): I think the most difficult aspect of space travel would be living in an enclosed space because
that would make me feel very claustrophobic. I like wide open spaces, and this would make me feel trapped.
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. venture; 2. demanding; 3. internal; 4. familiarize; 5. accumulated
B. 1. impressive; 2. pioneer; 3. detached; 4. concerns; 5. Consciousness
C. 1. socialize; 2. hospitalized; 3. modernize; 4. popularize

READING 12B THE ULTIMATE TRIP

Before You Read
A. 1. e; 2. b; 3. c; 4. d; 5. a
B. Possible answer(s): I think some important events in space travel will be colonizing Mars and traveling to other
planets.
Reading Comprehension
A. 1. b (Para A); 2. c; 3. b; 4. a; 5. d (Para F)
B. 1. F (There were missions in the 1970s.); 2. F (It was during the Apollo program.); 3. NG; 4. T; 5. T; 6. T
Reading Skill
A. 1, 2
B. 1. c; 2. a; 3. b
Critical Thinking
Possible answer(s):
 I think it is likely that humans will build a Mars space colony one day, especially as technology advances
and more research is done about how to survive on the planet.
 I wouldn’t be interested in going there because it’s so far away from Earth. Also, the landscape looks
barren, and there wouldn’t be anything to do there!
Vocabulary Practice
A. 1. decades; 2. precious; 3. sustain; 4. resources; 5. extremely; 6. backing
B. 1. c; 2. c; 3. b; 4. c
C. 1. stones; 2. metal; 3. moment
VIDEO MYSTERIES OF PLUTO
Before You Watch
A. 1. pieces of useless or leftover material; 2. to travel completely around something in space; 3. extremely cold;
4. the center of something
B. dwarf planet; two-thirds; 248; -226°C; ice, nitrogen
While You Watch
A. See answer to Before You Watch B.
B. 1. b; 2. b; 3. a; 4. b
Critical Thinking
 Possible answer(s): I don’t think so because Pluto is so far away from Earth.
 Possible answer(s): I think humans would have a hard time traveling through space for as long as it would
take to get to Pluto. I think they would struggle with the freezing temperatures and darkness.