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Chapter 02 Part A

The document discusses various relational algebra operations including selection, projection, union, difference, cartesian product, join, and semi-join. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each operation works by taking one or two relations as input and producing a single relation as output.

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Tasnim Nusrat Hasan
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87 views26 pages

Chapter 02 Part A

The document discusses various relational algebra operations including selection, projection, union, difference, cartesian product, join, and semi-join. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each operation works by taking one or two relations as input and producing a single relation as output.

Uploaded by

Tasnim Nusrat Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSE 4125: Distributed Database

Systems
Chapter – 2: Part A

Review of Databases and Computer


Networks

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 1


Review of Databases

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 2


The Relational Model

Relations: Data stored in tables.


Attributes: Fixed number of columns.
Tuples: Dynamic number of rows.
Grade: Number of attributes.
Cardinality: Number of tuples.

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 3


12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 4
Relational Schema
 Representation of a relation.
 Name of the relation and the attributes
appearing in it.

Example:
𝐸𝑀𝑃 (𝐸𝑀𝑃𝑁𝑈𝑀, 𝑁𝐴𝑀𝐸, 𝐴𝐺𝐸, 𝐷𝐸𝑃𝑇𝑁𝑈𝑀)

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 5


KEYS
Subset of the attributes whose values are unique.

Example:

𝐸𝑀𝑃 (𝐸𝑀𝑃𝑁𝑈𝑀, 𝑁𝐴𝑀𝐸, 𝐴𝐺𝐸, 𝐷𝐸𝑃𝑇𝑁𝑈𝑀)

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 6


Relational Algebra
A collection of operations.
Takes relation(s) as input.
Produces one relation as result.
Two types –
i. Unary: 1 input, 1 result
ii. Binary: 2 inputs, 1 result

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 7


Unary: Selection
Example: SL A= a R
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1

a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 8


Unary: Selection
Example: SL A= a R
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1 a

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1 a 1 d

a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 9


Unary: Projection
Example: PJ A,B R
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1

a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 10


Unary: Projection
Example: PJ A,B R
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1 b 1

a 1 d 3 c 2 b 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 11


Binary: Union
Example: R UN S
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1

a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 12


Binary: Union
Example: R UN S
R S T Result

A B C
a 1 a
a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1
b 1 b
b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1 a 1 d

a 1 d 3 c 2 b 2 f
a 3 f
b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 13


Binary: Difference
Example: R DF S
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1

a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 14


Binary: Difference
Example: R DF S
R S T Result

A B C
b 1 b
a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1
a 1 d
b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1
b 2 f
a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 15


Binary: Cartesian Product
Example: R CP S
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1

a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 16


Binary: Cartesian Product
Example: R CP S
R S T Result

A B C
a 1 a a 1 a
a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1 b 1 b a 1 a

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1 a 1 d a 1 a
b 2 f a 1 a
a 1 d 3 c 2
a 1 a a 3 f
b 2 f 1 d 4 b 1 b a 3 f
a 1 d a 3 f
2 a 3
b 2 f a 3 f

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 17


Binary: Join
Example: R JNR.C=T.C T
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1

a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 18


Binary: Join
Example: R JNR.C=T.C T
R S T Result

A B C
a 1 a 1 a 1
a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1
a 1 a 2 a 3
b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1 b 1 b 3 b 1

a 1 d 3 c 2 a 1 d 1 d 4

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 19


Binary: Semi-join
Example: R SJR.C=T.C T
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1

a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 20


Binary: Semi-join
Example: R SJR.C=T.C T
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a
a 1 a 1 a 1
b 1 b
b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1
a 1 d
a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 21


Binary: Natural Join
Example: R NJN T
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1

a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 22


Binary: Natural Join
Example: R NJN T
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1 a 1 d 4

a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 23


Binary: Natural Semi-join
Example: R NSJ T
R S T Result

A B C

a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1

b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1

a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 24


Binary: Natural Semi-join
Example: R NSJ T
R S T Result

A B C
a 1 a
a 1 a a 1 a 1 a 1
a 1 d
b 1 b a 3 f 3 b 1

a 1 d 3 c 2

b 2 f 1 d 4

2 a 3

12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 25


Application, Program and Query
 Database Applications:
Sequence of operations requested by end users (not a
programmer).
Examples: read.

 Database Programs:
Implementation of the application.

Query:
An expression in a suitable language.
Defines a portion of data contained in DB.
12/23/2020 G. M. Shahariar Shibli | CSE, AUST 26

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