Static Module 2 PDF
Static Module 2 PDF
Force Vectors
⚫ Scalar
– A quantity characterized by a positive or
negative number
– Indicated by letters in italic such as A
Eg: Mass, volume and length
2.1 Scalars and Vectors
⚫ Vector
– A quantity that has both magnitude and
direction
Eg: Position, force and moment
– Represent
by a letter with an arrow over it
such as A or A
– Magnitude is designated as A or simply A
– In this subject, vector is presented as A and its
magnitude (positive quantity) as A
2.1 Scalars and Vectors
⚫ Vector
– Represented graphically as an arrow
– Length of arrow = Magnitude of
Vector
– Angle between the reference axis
and arrow’s line of action = Direction of
Vector
– Arrowhead = Sense of Vector
2.1 Scalars and Vectors
Example
Magnitude of Vector = 4 units
Direction of Vector = 20° measured
counterclockwise from the horizontal axis
Sense of Vector = Upward and to the right
⚫ Multiplication
and Division of a
Vector by a Scalar
- Negative of a vector is found by multiplying
the vector by ( -1 )
- Law of multiplication applies
Eg: A/a = ( 1/a ) A, a≠0
2.2 Vector Operations
⚫ Vector Addition
- Addition of two vectors A and B gives a
resultant vector R by the parallelogram law
- Result R can be found by triangle
construction
- Communicative
Eg: R = A + B = B + A
2.2 Vector Operations
⚫ Vector Addition
2.2 Vector Operations
⚫ Vector Addition
- Special case: Vectors A and B are
collinear (both have the same line of
action)
2.2 Vector Operations
⚫ Vector Subtraction
- Special case of addition
Eg: R’ = A – B = A + ( - B )
- Rules of Vector Addition Applies
2.2 Vector Operations
⚫ Resolution of Vector
- Any vector can be resolved into two
components by the parallelogram law
- The two components A and B are drawn such
that they extend from the tail or R to points of
intersection
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
⚫ When two or more forces are added,
successive applications of the
parallelogram law is carried out to find the
resultant
Eg: Forces F1, F2 and F3 acts at a point O
- First, find resultant of
F1 + F2
- Resultant,
FR = ( F1 + F2 ) + F3
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Example
Fa and Fb are forces exerting on the hook.
Solution
Trigonometry
Law of Cosines
FR = (100 N )2 + (150 N )2 − 2(100 N )(150 N )cos115
= 10000 + 22500 − 30000(− 0.4226)
= 212.6 N
= 213N
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution
Trigonometry
Law of Sines
150 N 212.6 N
=
sin sin 115
sin =
150 N
(0.9063)
212.6 N
sin = 39.8
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution
Trigonometry
Direction Φ of FR measured from the horizontal
= 39.8 + 15
= 54.8
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Example 2.2
Resolve the 1000 N ( ≈ 100kg) force
acting on the pipe into the components in the
(a) x and y directions,
(b) and (b) x’ and y
directions.
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution
(a) Parallelogram Law
F = Fx + Fy
From the vector diagram,
Solution
(b) Parallelogram Law
F = Fx + Fy '
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution
(b) Law of Sines
Fx ' 1000 N
=
sin 50 sin 60
sin 50
Fx ' = 1000 N = 884.6 N
sin 60
Fy 1000 N
=
sin 70 sin 60
sin 70
Fy = 1000 N = 1085N
sin 60
NOTE: A rough sketch drawn to scale will give some idea of the
relative magnitude of the components, as calculated here.
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Example 2.3
The force F acting on the frame
has a magnitude of 500N and is
to be resolved into two components
acting along the members AB and
AC. Determine the angle θ,
measured below the horizontal,
so that components FAC is directed
from A towards C and has a
magnitude of 400N.
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution
Parallelogram Law
Solution
Law of Sines
400 N 500 N
=
sin sin 60
400 N
sin = sin 60
500 N
sin = 0.6928
= 43.9
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution
Hence,
= 180 − 60 − 43.9 = 76.1
By Law of Cosines or
Law of Sines
Hence, show that FAB
has a magnitude of 561N
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution
F can be directed at an angle θ above the horizontal
to produce the component FAC. Hence, show that
θ = 16.1° and FAB = 161N
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Example 2.4
The ring is subjected to two forces
F1 and F2. If it is required that the
resultant force have a magnitude of
1kN and be directed vertically
downward, determine
(a) magnitude of F1 and F2
provided θ = 30°, and
(b) the magnitudes of F1 and F2 if
F2 is to be a minimum.
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
View Free Body Diagram
Solution
(a) Parallelogram Law
Unknown: Forces F1 and F2
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution
Law of Sines
F1 1000 N
=
sin 30 sin 130
F1 = 643N
F2 1000 N
=
sin 20 sin 130
F2 = 446 N
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution
(b) Minimum length of F2 occur
when its line of action is
perpendicular to F1. Hence
when
F2 is a minimum
2.3 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution
(b) From the vector
diagram
F = Fx + Fy
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
⚫ Scalar Notation
- x and y axes are designated positive and
negative
- Components of forces expressed as algebraic
scalars
Eg: F = Fx + Fy
Sense of direction
along positive x and
y axes
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
⚫ Scalar Notation
Eg: F ' = F ' x + F ' y
Sense of direction
along positive x and
negative y axes
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
⚫ Scalar Notation
- Head of a vector arrow = sense of the
vector graphically (algebraic signs not
used)
- Vectors are designated using boldface
notations
- Magnitudes (always a positive quantity)
are designated using italic symbols
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
⚫ Cartesian Vector Notation
- Cartesian unit vectors i and j are used to
designate the x and y directions
- Unit vectors i and j have dimensionless
magnitude of unity ( = 1 )
- Their sense are indicated by a positive or
negative sign (pointing in the positive or
negative x or y axis)
- Magnitude is always a positive quantity,
represented by scalars Fx and Fy
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
⚫ Cartesian Vector Notation
F = Fxi + Fyj F’ = F’xi + F’y(-j)
F’ = F’xi – F’yj
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
⚫ Coplanar Force Resultants
To determine resultant of several
coplanar forces:
- Resolve force into x and y
components
- Addition of the respective
components using scalar algebra
- Resultant force is found using the
parallelogram law
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
⚫ Coplanar Force Resultants
Example: Consider three coplanar
forces
In all cases,
FRx = ∑Fx
FRy = ∑Fy
* Take note of sign conventions
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
⚫ Coplanar Force Resultants
- Positive scalars = sense of direction
along the positive coordinate axes
- Negative scalars = sense of direction
along the negative coordinate axes
- Magnitude of FR can be found by
Pythagorean Theorem
FR = F 2
Rx +F 2
Ry
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
⚫ Coplanar Force Resultants
- Direction angle θ (orientation of the
force) can be found by trigonometry
FRy
= tan −1
FRx
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
Example 2.5
Determine x and y components of F1 and F2
acting on the boom. Express each force as a
Cartesian vector
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
Solution
Scalar Notation
F1x = −200 sin 30 N = −100 N = 100 N
F1 y = 200 cos 30 N = 173N = 173N
Thus,
FR = F1 + F2
= (600cos30°N - 400sin45°N)i +
(600sin30°N + 400cos45°N)j
= {236.8i + 582.8j}N
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
Example 2.7
The end of the boom O is subjected to three
concurrent and coplanar forces. Determine
the magnitude and orientation of the
resultant force.
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
View Free Body Diagram
Solution
Scalar Notation
FRx = Fx :
4
FRx = −400 N + 250 sin 45 N − 200 N
5
= −383.2 N = 383.2 N
FRy = Fy :
3
FRy = 250 cos 45 N + 200 N
5
= 296.8 N
2.4 Addition of a System
of Coplanar Forces
Solution
Resultant Force
FR = (− 383.2 N )2 + (296.8 N )2
= 485N
From vector addition,
Direction angle θ is
296.8 N
= tan
−1
383.2 N
= 37.8
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
⚫ Right-Handed Coordinate System
A rectangular or Cartesian coordinate
system is said to be right-handed
provided:
- Thumb of right hand points
in the direction of the positive
z axis when the right-hand
fingers are curled about this
axis and directed from the
positive x towards the positive y axis
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
⚫ Right-Handed Coordinate System
- z-axis for the 2D problem would be
perpendicular, directed out of the page.
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
⚫ Rectangular Components of a Vector
- A vector A may have one, two or three
rectangular components along the x, y and z
axes, depending on orientation
- By two successive application of the
parallelogram law
A = A’ + Az
A’ = Ax + Ay
- Combing the equations, A can be
expressed as
A = Ax + Ay + Az
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
⚫ Unit Vector
- Direction of A can be specified using a unit
vector
- Unit vector has a magnitude of 1
- If A is a vector having a magnitude of A ≠ 0,
unit vector having the same direction as A is
expressed by
uA = A / A
So that
A = A uA
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
⚫ Unit Vector
- Since A is of a certain type, like force
vector, a proper set of units are used for the
description
- Magnitude A has the same sets of units,
hence unit vector is dimensionless
- A ( a positive scalar)
defines magnitude of A
- uA defines the direction
and sense of A
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
Az
cos =
A
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
⚫ Direction of a Cartesian Vector
- Angles α, β and γ can be determined by the
inverse cosines
- Given
A = Axi + Ayj + AZk
- then,
uA = A /A
= (Ax/A)i + (Ay/A)j + (AZ/A)k
Solution
Cartesian vector form
FR = F1 + F2
F1 = F1cosα1i + F1cosβ1j + F1cosγ1k
= (300cos45°N)i + (300cos60°N)j
+ (300cos120°N)k
= {212.1i + 150j - 150k}N
F2 = F2xi + F2yj + F2zk
2.6 Addition and Subtraction
of Cartesian Vectors
Solution
Since FR has a magnitude of 800N and acts
in the +j direction
FR = F1 + F2
800j = 212.1i + 150j - 150k + F2xi + F2yj + F2zk
800j = (212.1 + F2x)i + (150 + F2y)j + (- 50 + F2z)k
To satisfy the equation, the corresponding
components on left and right sides must be equal
2.6 Addition and Subtraction
of Cartesian Vectors
Solution
Hence,
0 = 212.1 + F2x F2x = -212.1N
800 = 150 + F2y F2y = 650N
0 = -150 + F2z F2z = 150N
Since magnitude of F2 and its components
are known,
α1 = cos-1(-212.1/700) = 108°
β1 = cos-1(650/700) = 21.8°
γ1 = cos-1(150/700) = 77.6°
2.7 Position Vectors
⚫ x,y,z Coordinates
- Right-handed coordinate system
- Positive z axis points upwards, measuring
the height of an object or the altitude of a
point
- Points are measured relative to the
origin, O.
2.7 Position Vectors
⚫ x,y,z Coordinates
Eg: For Point A, xA = +4m along the x axis,
yA = -6m along the y axis and zA = -6m
along the z axis. Thus, A (4, 2, -6)
Similarly, B (0, 2, 0) and C (6, -1, 4)
2.7 Position Vectors
⚫ Position Vector
- Position vector r is defined as a fixed vector
which locates a point in space relative to another
point.
Eg: If r extends from the
origin, O to point P (x, y, z)
then, in Cartesian vector
form
r = xi + yj + zk
2.7 Position Vectors
⚫ Position Vector
Note the head to tail vector addition of the
three components
⚫ Angles, α, β and γ
represent the direction
of the cable
⚫ Unit vector, u = r/r
2.7 Position Vectors
Example 2.12
An elastic rubber band is
attached to points A and B.
Determine its length and
its
direction measured from A
towards B.
2.7 Position Vectors
View Free Body Diagram
Solution
Position vector
r = [-2m – 1m]i + [2m – 0]j + [3m – (-3m)]k
= {-3i + 2j + 6k}m
Magnitude = length of the rubber band
r= (− 3)2 + (2)2 + (6)2 = 7m
Unit vector in the director of r
u = r /r
= -3/7i + 2/7j + 6/7k
2.7 Position Vectors
Solution
α = cos-1(-3/7) = 115°
β = cos-1(2/7) = 73.4°
γ = cos-1(6/7) = 31.0°
2.8 Force Vector Directed
along a Line
⚫ In 3D problems, direction of F is specified by
2 points, through which its line of action lies
⚫ F can be formulated as a Cartesian vector
F = F u = F (r/r)
α = cos-1(3/7) = 64.6°
β = cos-1(-2/7) = 107°
γ = cos-1(-6/7) = 149°
2.8 Force Vector Directed
along a Line
Example 2.14
The circular plate is
partially supported by
the cable AB. If the
force of the cable on
the
hook at A is F = 500N,
express F as a
Cartesian vector.
2.8 Force Vector Directed
along a Line
Solution
End points of the cable are (0m, 0m, 2m) and B
(1.707m, 0.707m, 0m)
r = (1.707m – 0m)i + (0.707m – 0m)j
+ (0m – 2m)k
= {1.707i + 0.707j - 2k}m
Magnitude = length of cable AB
Magnitude of FR
FR = (150.7 )2 + (40)2 + (− 150.7 )2
= 217 N
2.9 Dot Product
⚫ Dot product of vectors A and B is written
as A·B (Read A dot B)
⚫ Define the magnitudes of A and B and the
angle between their tails
A·B = AB cosθ where 0°≤ θ ≤180°
⚫ Referred to as scalar
product of vectors as
result is a scalar
2.9 Dot Product
⚫ Laws of Operation
1. Commutative law
A·B = B·A
2. Multiplication by a scalar
a(A·B) = (aA)·B = A·(aB) = (A·B)a
3. Distribution law
A·(B + D) = (A·B) + (A·D)
2.9 Dot Product
⚫ Applications
- The angle formed between two vectors or
intersecting lines
θ = cos-1 [(A·B)/(AB)] 0°≤ θ ≤180°
Note: if A·B = 0, cos-10= 90°, A is
perpendicular to B
2.9 Dot Product
⚫ Applications
- The components of a vector parallel and
perpendicular to a line
- Component of A parallel or collinear with line aa’ is
defined by A║ (projection of A onto the line)
A║ = A cos θ
- If direction of line is specified by unit vector u (u =
1),
A║ = A cos θ = A·u
2.9 Dot Product
⚫ Applications
- If A║ is positive, A║ has a directional
sense same as u
- If A║ is negative, A║ has a directional
sense opposite to u
- A║ expressed as a vector
A║ = A cos θ u
= (A·u)u
2.9 Dot Product
⚫ Applications
For component of A perpendicular to line aa’
1. Since A = A║ + A┴,
then A┴ = A - A║
2. θ = cos-1 [(A·u)/(A)]
then A┴ = Asinθ
3. If A║ is known, by Pythagorean Theorem
A⊥ = A2 + A||2
2.9 Dot Product
⚫ For angle θ between the
rope and the beam A,
- Unit vectors along the
beams, uA = rA/rA
- Unit vectors along the
ropes, ur=rr/rr
- Angle θ = cos-1
(rA.rr/rArr)
= cos-1 (uA· ur)
2.9 Dot Product
⚫ For projection of the force
along the beam A
- Define direction of the beam
uA = rA/rA
- Force as a Cartesian vector
F = F(rr/rr) = Fur
- Dot product
F║ = F║·uA
2.9 Dot Product
Example 2.16
The frame is subjected to a horizontal force
F = {300j} N. Determine the components of
this force parallel and perpendicular to the
member AB.
2.9 Dot Product
Solution
Since
r 2i + 6 j + 3k
u B = B =
rB (2)2 + (6)2 + (3)2
= 0.286i + 0.857 j + 0.429k
Then
FAB = F cos
= F .u B = (300 j ) (0.286i + 0.857 j + 0.429k )
= (0)(0.286) + (300)(0.857) + (0)(0.429)
= 257.1N
2.9 Dot Product
Solution
Since result is a positive scalar,
FAB has the same sense of
direction as uB. Express in
Cartesian form
FAB = FAB u AB
= (257.1N )(0.286i + 0.857 j + 0.429k )
= {73.5i + 220 j + 110k }N
Perpendicular component
F⊥ = F − FAB = 300 j − (73.5i + 220 j + 110k ) = {−73.5i + 80 j − 110k }N
2.9 Dot Product
Solution
Magnitude can be determined
From F┴ or from Pythagorean
Theorem
2 2
F⊥ = F − FAB
= (300 N )2 − (257.1N )2
= 155N
2.9 Dot Product
Example 2.17
The pipe is subjected to F = 800N. Determine the
angle θ between F and pipe segment BA, and the
magnitudes of the components of F, which are
parallel and perpendicular to BA.
2.9 Dot Product
View Free Body Diagram
Solution
For angle θ
rBA = {-2i - 2j + 1k}m
rBC = {- 3j + 1k}m
Thus,
rBA rBC (− 2)(0) + (− 2)(− 3) + (1)(1)
cos = =
rBA rBC 3 10
= 0.7379
= 42.5
2.9 Dot Product
Solution
Components
of F
r (−2i − 2 j + 1k )
u AB = AB =
rAB 3
2 2 1
= − i + − j + k
3 3 3
FAB = F .u B
2 2 1
= (− 758.9 j + 253.0k ) − i + − j + k
3 3 3
= 0 + 506.0 + 84.3
= 590 N
2.9 Dot Product
Solution
Checking from trigonometry,
FAB = F cos
= 800 cos 42.5 N
= 540 N
Magnitude can be determined
From F┴
F⊥ = F sin = 800 sin 42.5 = 540 N
2.9 Dot Product
Solution
Magnitude can be determined from F┴ or from
Pythagorean Theorem
2 2
F⊥ = F − FAB
= (800)2 − (590)2
= 540 N
Chapter Summary
Parallelogram Law
⚫ Addition of two vectors
⚫ Components form the side and resultant
form the diagonal of the parallelogram
⚫ To obtain resultant, use tip to tail addition
by triangle rule
⚫ To obtain magnitudes and directions, use
Law of Cosines and Law of Sines
Chapter Summary
Cartesian Vectors
⚫ Vector F resolved into Cartesian vector form
F = Fxi + Fyj + Fzk
⚫ Magnitude of F
F = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2
⚫ Coordinate direction angles α, β and γ are
determined by the formulation of the unit
vector in the direction of F
u = (Fx/F)i + (Fy/F)j + (Fz/F)k
Chapter Summary
Cartesian Vectors
⚫ Components of u represent cosα, cosβ and cosγ
⚫ These angles are related by
cos2α + cos2β + cos2γ = 1
Force and Position Vectors
⚫ Position Vector is directed between 2 points
⚫ Formulated by distance and direction moved
along the x, y and z axes from tail to tip
Chapter Summary