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Ch20-Basic Data Analysis-Descriptive Statistics

This document provides an overview of basic descriptive statistics techniques used to analyze and summarize raw data. It discusses types of measurement and corresponding descriptive analyses like frequency tables, measures of central tendency, cross-tabulation, and data transformation. Common statistical outputs like charts, graphs, and index numbers are also covered. The goal of descriptive statistics is to transform raw data into understandable information through tabulation, visualization, and calculation of frequencies and percentages.

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Ismail Hossain Bakki
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82 views31 pages

Ch20-Basic Data Analysis-Descriptive Statistics

This document provides an overview of basic descriptive statistics techniques used to analyze and summarize raw data. It discusses types of measurement and corresponding descriptive analyses like frequency tables, measures of central tendency, cross-tabulation, and data transformation. Common statistical outputs like charts, graphs, and index numbers are also covered. The goal of descriptive statistics is to transform raw data into understandable information through tabulation, visualization, and calculation of frequencies and percentages.

Uploaded by

Ismail Hossain Bakki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 20:

Basic Data Analysis: Descriptive


Statistics
Descriptive Analysis
• The transformation of raw data into a form
that will make them easy to understand and
interpret; rearranging, ordering, and
manipulating data to generate descriptive
information
Type of Type of
Measurement descriptive analysis

Frequency table
Two Proportion (percentage)
categories

Nominal Frequency table


Category proportions
More than
(percentages)
two categories
Mode
Type of Type of
Measurement descriptive analysis

Ordinal Rank order


Median
Type of Type of
Measurement descriptive analysis

Interval Arithmetic mean


Type of Type of
Measurement descriptive analysis

Index numbers
Ratio Geometric mean
Harmonic mean
Tabulation
• Tabulation - Orderly arrangement of data in
a table or other summary format
• Frequency table
• Percentages
Frequency Table
• The arrangement of statistical data in a row-
and-column format that exhibits the count
of responses or observations for each
category assigned to a variable
Central Tendency

Measure of
Central Measure of
Type of Scale Tendency Dispersion

Nominal Mode None


Ordinal Median Percentile
Interval or ratio Mean Standard
deviation
Cross-Tabulation

• A technique for organizing data by groups,


categories, or classes, thus facilitating
comparisons; a joint frequency distribution
of observations on two or more sets of
variables
• Contingency table- The results of a cross-
tabulation of two variables, such as survey
questions
Cross-Tabulation
• Analyze data by groups or categories
• Compare differences
• Contingency table
• Percentage cross-tabulations
Base

• The number of respondents or observations


(in a row or column) used as a basis for
computing percentages
Elaboration and Refinement
• Moderator variable
– A third variable that, when introduced into an
analysis, alters or has a contingent effect on the
relationship between an independent variable
and a dependent variable.
– Spurious relationship
• An apparent relationship between two variables that
is not authentic.
Quadrant Analysis

Two
rating
scales 4 quadrants
two-dimensional
table Importance-
Performance
Analysis)
Data Transformation
• Data conversion
• Changing the original form of the data to a
new format
• More appropriate data analysis
• New variables
Data Transformation
Summative Score =
VAR1 + VAR2 + VAR 3
Collapsing a Five-Point Scale
• Strongly Agree • Strongly Agree/Agree
• Agree • Neither Agree nor
• Neither Agree nor Disagree
Disagree • Disagree/Strongly
• Disagree Disagree
• Strongly Disagree
Index Numbers
• Score or observation recalibrated to indicate
how it relates to a base number
• CPI - Consumer Price Index
Calculating Rank Order
• Ordinal data
• Brand preferences
Tables
• Bannerheads for columns
• Studheads for rows
Charts and Graphs
• Pie charts
• Line graphs
• Bar charts
– Vertical
– Horizontal
Line Graph
Bar Graph

90
80
70
60
50 East
40 West
30 North
20
10
0
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
WebSurveyor Bar Chart
How did you find your last job?
643 Netw orking
213 print ad
Temporary agency 1.5 % 179 Online recruitment site
112 Placement firm
18 Temporary agency
Placement firm 9.6 %

Online recruitment site 15.4 %

print ad 18.3 %

Netw orking 55.2 %

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700


Computer Programs
• SPSS
• SAS
• STATA
• Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel -Data Analysis
The Paste Function Provides
Numerous Statistical Operations
Computer Programs
• Box and whisker plots
• Interquartile range - midspread
• Outlier
Interpretation
• The process of making pertinent inferences
and drawing conclusions
• concerning the meaning and implications of
a research investigation

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