Mathematics in the Modern World

LESSONS 1-5 | PROF. MACASPANG | LAST EDITED: SEPTEMBER 11, 2021

TOPIC OUTLINE
I. Mathematics in Nature
II. Fibonacci Sequence Fibonacci → Fixed sequence in which the sum of
III. The Indispensability of Mathematics Sequence two preceding terms. (Adding the
IV. Mathematical Language, Symbols, and Logic last two to get the next)
V.A Problem Solving and Reasoning e.g. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34

Fibonacci Sequence
I. MATHEMATICS IN NATURE Leonardo → Discovered the sequence through
Fibonacci an investigation on the reproduction
“The laws of nature are but the mathematical thoughts of rabbits. (Fibonacci’s Rabbits)
of God.” Fibonacci → Newly-born pair of rabbits (one
Rabbits male and one female) are put in a
(Euclid) field. Rabbits are able to mate at the
age of one month so that at the end
MATHEMATICS of its second month. A female can
→ Derived from two Greek words;
‘manthanein’ (learning) produce another pair of rabbits.
Suppose that the rabbits never die
‘techne’ (art of technique)
and that the female always
Mathematics means the art of learning related to
produces one new pair (one male,
disciplines.
ne female) every month from the
→ The science of quantity
second month on. How many pairs
→ Deals with the logic of shape, quantity, and will there be in one year?
arrangement. → Answer: 144 Pairs of Rabbits at the
Where is → Math is all around us, in everything end of the year!
Mathematics? we do.
→ The building block for everything in
our daily lives
e.g. mobile devices, architecture
(ancient and modern), art, money
(proper management of money /
businesses), and sports (basketball:
angle of which the player shoots the
ball)
The elephant and the blind → Everyone has a different
men. perspective.

II. FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

The Fibonacci Spiral
*God is a mathematician, as so believed by the first → The Fibonacci Numbers
mathematicians have geometric
In MATH… → We can generate patterns by applications ; Fibonacci
performing one or several Spiral
mathematical operations → Constructed by placing
repeatedly. together rectables of
→ Board exams (for engineering / relative side lengths
math courses) require you to learn equaling Fibonacci
to recognize patterns. Numbers (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,
13, …)
Types of Sequence → A spiral can be drawn
Arithmetic → A sequence with a common starting from the corner
Sequence difference. of the first rectangle of
e.g. 3, 6, 9, 12 side length 1, all the way
10, 15, 20, 25 to the corner of the
Geometric → Sequence with a common ratio rectangle of side length
Sequence e.g. 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 13.
5, 15, 45, 135

Nice to Know!

TRANSCRIBED BY: DEL ROSARIO GA | MT1A 2025

 → They can be used to e.g. 3 mi = 5 km → Painting walls (how much gallons will
convert kilometers to 5 mi = 8 km you use)
miles 8 mi = 13 km → Tiles (measure the area of the floor)
How to Compute: Knowing the Nth Term in the Fibonacci For Cooking Idea of Proportionality
Sequence → Important for perfection
Things to Remember → If you divide the term (e.g. → Cutting of fruits and vegetables
5 / 8) it will be close to the For Shopping → Sale
golden ratio For Business → Dealing with money
Ø = 1.618034 For Banking → Interests, etc.
Fn = (Øn – (1 – Ø)n) and Finance
/5 Geometry in → Usage of utensils and accessories in
/5 = Square root of 5 the Kitchen the kitchen
Find Fib (9) F9 = 34
Find Fib (19) Fib19 = (Øn – (1 – Ø)n)
/5 Mathematics in Our Body
= (1.61819 – (1 – 1.618)19) The Golden → Two quantities are in the golden ratio
/5 Ratio if the ratio between the sum of those
Fib19= 4181 quantities and the larger one is the
same as the ration between the
*always round off to the larger one and the smaller
ones place, make sure its in
a whole number! a+b =a=
If Fib (22) = 17,711 and Fib F22 + F23 = F24 a b
(24) = 46,368 ; What is Fib 17,711 + F23 = 46,368
(23) F23 = 46,368 – 17,711 Ø = 1.618034
F23 = 28,657 → The golden ratio is found
Evaluate the following F1 = 1 everywhere
sums: F2 = 1 Vitruvian Man → Leonardo Da Vinci is associated with
F3 = 2 the golden ratio
Fib (1) + Fib (2) = ? → It illustrates that the human body is
Fib (1) + Fib (2) = Fib (3) proportioned acc. to the golden ratio

Finding the Next Term and Knowing their Pattern

a. 1, 10, 100, 1000, … Next: 10,000 IV. MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE, SYMBOLS, AND LOGIC

*Just add another zero to Why is Mathematics a Language

the end Mathematics → language of science
b. 2, 5, 9, 14, 20, … Next: 27
“Mathematics is the language in which
*Subtract the terms to the God has written the universe”
previous one (5-2=3 ; 9-5=4 ;
14-9=5) -Galileo Galilei
*The answers always
→ God as a mathematician
increase by 1
→ has its own language
c. 16, 32, 64, 128, … Next: 256
→ Designed so we can write about things
(number, sets, functions, etc.)
*Multiply by 2
Importance of → facilitates communication and
d. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, … Next: 13
language clarifies meaning
→ allows to express themselves and
*Fibonacci sequence
maintains their identity
→ bridges the gap among people from
Exam Tips 0, 1, 1, 2
varying origins and culture
Zero first, but the exam
→ no prejudice amongst the
Fib(1) = 1 pero kung may 0
backgrounds and upbringing of
Fib (!) = 0
different people
SYMBOLS → Something that someone intends to
stand for something other than itself.
III. THE INDISPENSABILITY OF MATHEMATICS
Characteristics → Precise (able to make very fine
of distinctions or definitions)
Why is Mathematics Important? Mathematics → Concise (able to say things briefly)
Mathematics is → Mathematics is all around us ; in our as a Language → Powerful (able to express complex
Everywhere kitchen, house, our surrounds thoughts with relative ease)
→ Mathematics is used in running
shops, business, cooking, and
everything we do.
Mathematics at Important for decoration
Home → Setting up furniture (must measure
the room)

TRANSCRIBED BY: DEL ROSARIO GA | MT1A 2025

 Integer
Real number
Set
Natural number
Element
Subset
Union
Intersection
For all x’s
There exist
Function of x

Describe the error in each of the ff.

Truth of sentences
Mathematical sentences may either be true, false, and
sometimes true sometimes false.
1. x2 + 2x = x (x + 2) True This is a false statement
Given the function x + 10,
find the values of f(x)
There is no dx/dy

Translate using the mathematical symbols

2. x + 2 < x – 3 False 1 is an integer
Y is a multiple of 7
N belongs to set A and B
The values of x ranges from
-1 to 7
The square of the sum of x
3. f(2) = 3 Sometimes true/sometimes and y is not less than 20
false The square of a number is
non negative
The sum of two consecutive
numbers is 83
The sum of a number and
ten
FALSE The word cat begins with a letter K The product of two numbers
FALSE 1+2=4 The product of -1 and a
TRUE 5–3=2 number
SOMETIMES The cat is black One-half times the sum of
TRUE / two numbers
FALSE Twice a number
SOMETIMES X=1 Five less than a number
TRUE/FALSE A number less eight
SOMETIMES X–1=0 Six more than a number
TRUE/FALSE A number decrease by 6
TRUE 3+t=t+3 The square of a number
SOMETIMES This sentence is false Four times the square of a
TRUE/FALSE number
SOMETIMES X+0 =x Three less than twice a
TRUE/FALSE number
SOMETIMES 1*x=x Five more than three times
TRUE/FALSE a number
A man’s age ten years ago
There are twice as many
Difficulties → The word “is” could mean equality, boys as there are girls
inequality, or membership in a set
Consider the → 5 is the principal square root of 25 Translate the ff. to mathematical symbols
ff. sentences → 5 is less than 10 The sum of a number and 7
→ 5 is a prime number The sum of the sum of two
→ Different use of a number (cardinal, numbers
ordinal, nominal, ratio) Five more than twice a
→ Mathematical objects may be number
represented in many ways such as sets
and functions

TRANSCRIBED BY: DEL ROSARIO GA | MT1A 2025

 The area of a rectangle
whose length is 3 more than
its width
There are ten more cars
than jeep
“Mathematics is the sole objective language humans
understand”

V. PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING

What is a problem?
Problem → A question that
motivates a person to
search for an answer
Problem Solving → Finding solutions and
not just answers to
problems
→ Solution = Method +
Answer

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Inductive → process of reaching a
general conclusion by
examining specific
examples
Conjecture → conclusion based on
inductive reasoning
→ may or may not be
correct
Examples

Problem Solving with Patterns

Sequence → ordered list of
numbers
→ each number in a
sequence called a
term of the sequence
One solution → to find the next term
of the sequence is by
using the difference
Deductive → the process of reaching table
a conclusion by applying Different table → a table which shows
general assumptions, the differences
procedure or principles between successive
Examples terms of the sequence

TRANSCRIBED BY: DEL ROSARIO GA | MT1A 2025

 → Guess and check you
answer
Step 3: Carry out the plan Solving, we need to
execute the equation we
came up in step 2. Be
patient and careful
→ Work carefully
→ Modify the plan
Polya’s Problem-Solving Strategies → Keep trying until
something works
George Polya (1887-1985) → born in Hungary and
Step 4: Look Back Helps in identifying if
moved to the US in 1940
there is a mistake in the
→ Believed that the skills of
solution
problem solving can be
→ Look for easier solution
taught
→ Does the answer make
→ Developed a framework
sense
known as Polya’s Four-
→ Check the results
Steps in Problem Solving
→ Interpret the solution with
→ Addressed the difficulty of
the facts of the problem
students in problem
solving
Applying Polya’s Strategy
→ Believed that the most
Two times the sum of a number and 3 is equal to thrice the
efficient way of learning
number plus 4. Find the number.
math concepts is through
problem solving Step 1 Let X be a number
Step 2 Translating the problem
mathematically:
2(x+3) = 3x + 4
Step 3 Solve the value of x,
algebraically
2(x+3) = x+4
2x+6 = 3x+4
3x-2x + 6-4
X=2
Step 4 Checking:
2(x+3) = 3x+4
2(2+3)=3(2)+4
10=10

The Tower of Hanoi → Invented by Edouard

Lucas in 1883
Step 1: Understanding the To help us understand → Consists of three pegs and
a number of disks of
Problem the problem, we might
consider the ff: distinct diameters stacked
on the pegs
→ What is the goal
→ The largest disk is on the
→ What is being asked
bottom as it gets smaller
→ What is the condition
at the top
→ What is known or
unknown Objective → You must transfer the
→ Is there enough tower to another peg,
information larger disks must not be
placed on top of each
Step 2: Devise the Plan Translating is a way to
other, one disk may be
solve the problem by
moved.
picturing how we are
going to attack it
→ Eliminate possibilities
→ Be systematic Applications of Inductive Reasoning
→ Perform an experiment → Highlights in your job search
→ Draw a picture / diagram → Provides an example of successfully using inductive
→ Make a list/table/chart reasoning in your resume
→ Use a variable such as x → Should appear in the interview
→ Look for a formula → S.T.A.R.
→ Write an equation/model S.T.A.R.
→ Look for a pattern Situation – What project were you working on
→ Use direct or indirect Task – What was your responsibility, what problem did you
reasoning solve, what observations
→ Solve a simple version of Action – Explains the action that you took, what solution
the problem should you implement

TRANSCRIBED BY: DEL ROSARIO GA | MT1A 2025

Result – How did you action help the problem / help the
company

Mathematical Logic
→ Is the sciences of thinking and reasoning correctly used
in problem solving and critical thinking
Inverse of the P → Q then its inverse ~P→~Q
→ Study of the arguments, methods, and principles used to
Implication
distinguished what is correct from incorrect
Converse of Say P and Q are propositions
→Has the power to influence the development of ideas
the Implication Then its converse is Q → P
→ The basis of all mathematical reasoning
Contrapositive P→Q then ~Q→~P
of the
Implication
Definition of Terms in Logic
1. Proposition Complete declarative sentence which is
either true or false but not both
Declarative Sentence states a fact ; can
describe any action or speech that
makes a statement
2. Negation The negation of P means NOT P

Denoted by

3. Conjunction Conjunction of P and Q ; P and Q (or P

together with Q ; P moreover Q)

Denoted by

4. Disjunction Disjunction of P and Q ; P or Q (P unless

Q)

Denoted by

5. Implication If P then Q ; P is the hypothesis and Q is

the conclusion (implies, if, is implied by,
only if)

Denoted by

6. Bi- If and only if (double implication)

Conditional
Denoted by

TRANSCRIBED BY: DEL ROSARIO GA | MT1A 2025