MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Golden Ratio and Fibonacci numbers

MODULE 1: Mathematics in Nature Recall: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233,
“The laws of nature are but the mathematical 377, 610, 987, 1597,…
thoughts of God.” – Euclid Note: After the 13th number in the sequence, the
ratio will be constant golden ratio
Mathematics – the art of learning related to What to do to have a perfect measurement:
disciplines ● Have a calibrated instrument
● The term MATHEMATICS is derived from Vitruvian Man 
two Greek works, “manthanein” which ● Leonardo Da Vinci has long been associated
means learning and “techne” which means with the golden ratio
the art of technique
● Defined as science of quantity MODULE 3: Mathematics As A Language
Examples:
White Calla Lily Mathematics - called the language of Science
Columbine ● Italian astronomer and physicist Galileo
Structural Designs Galilei attributed with his quote,
“Mathematics is the language in which God
MODULE 2: Fibonacci Sequence has written the universe.”
Importance of Language
Two Types of Sequence of Patterns ● Facilitates communication and clarifies
Arithmetic Sequence - sequence with common meaning
difference ● Allows people to express themselves and
Examples: maintains their identity
● 3, 6, 9, 23,… ● Bridges the gap among people from
● 10, 15, 20, 25,… varying origins and culture without
Geometric Sequence - sequence with common ratio prejudice to their background and
Examples: upbringing
● 3, 6, 12, 24, 48,… Characteristics of the Mathematics Language
● 5, 15, 45, 135,… Precise (able to make very fine distinctions)
● Concise (able to say things briefly)
Fibonacci Sequence - sequence begins with one. ● Powerful (able to express complex thoughts
Each subsequent number is the sum of the two with relative ease)
preceding numbers Grammar of Mathematics
● Leonardo Fibonacci discovered it ● Used for formulas has its own grammar not
● Fibonacci, also called Leonardo Pisano, dependent on a specific natural language.
English Leonardo of Pisa This includes the conventions that the
Example: formulas are written predominantly left to
● 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144,... right, even when the writing system of the
Fibonacci Spiral substrate language is right to left ,and that
● the numbers have geometric applications the Latin alphabet is commonly used for
● : 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,... simple variables and parameters
● a spiral can then be drawn starting from the Components of the Language of Mathematics
corner of the first rectangle of side length 1, ● Discreteness conveys that language consists
all the way to the corner of the rectangle of of minimal units
side length 13 ● Grammar tells that language consists of
Golden Ratio rulers and patterns to arrange units
● two quantities are in the golden ratio if the ● Productivity shows that language can create
ratio between the sum of those quantities novel statements that could be understood
and the larger one is the same as the ratio ● Displacement reveals that language can
between the larger one and the smaller convey imaginary, distant, past, present,and
The golden ratio is a mathematical constant future statements 
approximately 1.61803398875 Parts of Speech for Mathematics
 ● Numbers 10. x^2
● Operation symbols 11. 4x
● Relation symbols 12. 2x-3
Truth of Sentences - may either be true, false, 13. 3x+5
sometimes true, or sometimes false 14. x-10
Common Difficulties in Translation to Math 15. 2B=G
Sentence MODULE 4: Mathematics As Logic
● The word “is” could mean equality,
inequality, or membership in a set Logic - allows us to determine the validity of
Consider these cases: arguments in and out of mathematics
o 5 is the principal square root of 25 ● Illustrates the importance of precision and
o 5 is less than 10 conciseness of the language of mathematics
o 5 is a prime number Proposition - a statement which is true of false
Examples:
1. 9 is a prime number = True
o Different use of a number 2. 4 + 6 = 10 = True
o Mathematical objects may be represented in 3. x + y > 3 = False
many ways such as sets and functions  4. 10 < -4 = True
Quotations: 5. x = 10 = False
● Mathematics is the sole
objective language humans understand
● Mathematics is not just
another language…It is
a language plus logic.
● Mathematics is a tool for reasoning.

Exercise: Translate to mathematical expressions

1.The sum of a number and ten
2. The product of two numbers
3.The product of -1 and a number Example 1: The following are proposition:
4. One-half times the sum of two numbers a. I will go to mall
5. twice a number b. The sky is cloudy
6. Five less than a number c. You will receive your promotion
7. A number less 8 d. The function f(x) is continuous
8. Six more than a number Example 2; 
9. A number decreased by 6 ● Harry is happy (p)
10. The square of a number ● Harry is going to watch a volleyball game
11. Four times the square of a number  (o)
12. Three less than twice a number ● It is going to rain (r)
13. Five more than three times a number ● Today is Sunday (s)
14. A man’s age ten years ago Answers:
15. There are twice as many boys as there are girls 1. Today is Sunday and Harry is not happy
= s ^ ¬p
Answers: 1. Today is Sunday and Harry will not be
1. x + 10 watching a volleyball game
2. xy = s ^ ¬ q
3. 1x 1. If it is going to rain, then Harry is not going
4. x+y/2 to watch a volleyball game
5. 2x = r —> ¬q
6. x-5 1. Harry is going to watch a volleyball game if
7.x-8 and only if he is happy
8. 6 + x = q <—> p
9. 6 – x 1. Harry is happy only if it is not going to rain
= p <—> ¬r ● Its inverse if ¬P —> ¬Q
1. Harry is going to watch a volleyball game or ● The converse is Q —> P
it is going to rain ● Its contrapositive is ¬Q —> ¬P
=qvr Write symbols ¬, ^, v, —>
Given: 
P: The sun is shining
Truth table - a table that shows the truth value of a Q: It is raining
compound statement for all possible truth values of R: The ground is wet
its simple statements 1. It is raining, then the sun is not shining (Q
—> ¬R)
2. It is raining and the ground is wet (Q ^ R)
3. The sun is shining to it is raining (P v q)
4. The ground is not wet (¬R)
Example:
Inverse, Converse, and Contrapositive
Say P and Q are propositions. Given the implication
P —> Q
● Its inverse is ¬P —> ¬Q
Negation - say P is a proposition ● the converse is Q —> P
The negation of P means not P and is denoted by P ● Its contrapositive is ¬Q —> ¬P
Example: What is the negation of the statement: 1. If this book is interesting, then I am staying
1. Square root of 2 is a rational number - at home.
Square root of 2 is not a rational number Inverse: If this book is not interesting, then I am not
2. 5 is a prime number - 5 is not a prime staying at home
number Converse: I am staying at home if this book is
Logical Operators interesting
Say P and Q are propositions Contrapositive: I am not staying at home, the book is
1. Conjunction of P and Q    P and Q, denoted not interesting
by P ^ Q Bi-conditional
2.       Disjunction of P and Q     P or Q, Say P and Q are propositions
denoted by P v Q The proposition P <—> Q (P if and only if Q) is
Implication or Conditional called a bi-conditional statement
Say P and Q are propositions It is equivalent to (P —> Q) ^ (Q —> P)
The proposition P —> Q (If P then Q is called Quantifiers - used to describe the variable/s in a
an implication statement
P is called the hypothesis and Q is called 1. Universal quantifier means "for all", "for
the conclusion every"
● P implies Q 2. Existential quantifier means "there exist",
● Q if P "for some”
● Q is implied by P Compound quantifier
● P only if Q 1. If using same quantifiers, then the ordering
Example: doesn’t matter
Symbolize the given statement, using capital letters to 2. If using mixed quantifiers, then the ordering
abbreviate the simple statements (stated positively): does matter
P = Neil is a big eater
Q = Len has a big voice
R = Leny likes violet
● If Neil is not a big eater or Len has a big
voice, then Leny likes violet
(¬pvq) —> r
Conditional Statements
Say P and Q are propositions. Given the implication P
—> Q,