60 MINUTE TEST

I. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in
pronunciation in each of the following questions.
1. A. famine B. absorb C. admit D. global
2. A. capture B. transport C. atmosphere D. carbon
3. A. admit B. emit C. climate D. injure
4. A. infectious B. emission C. measure D. shortage
5. A. reduces B. diseases C. changes D. captures
II. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of
primary stress in each of the following questions.
6. A. carbon B. conjure C. worldwide D. absorb
7. A. balance B. capture C. release D. harvest
8. A. infectious B. numerous C. supporting D. contribute
9. A. atmospheric B. fertilizer C. ecological D. catastrophic
10. A. disrupted B. develop C. confession D. atmosphere
III. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the
following sentences.
11. As emissions increase, it trap more heat in the atmosphere, leading to a period of unprecedented warming.
A B C D
12. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the average temperature has raised by about 0.8°C and this has far-
A B C
reaching consequences.
D
13. It is claimed by scientists that climate change will affect the frequency and tension of extreme events.
A B C D
14. Global warming is a global emergency although it has caused abnormal climate change.
A B C D
15. In late October of 2012, the U.S. was struck by a devastated Atlantic storm in Hurricane Sandy, which was
A B
the deadliest and costliest to hit there that year.
C D
IV. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.
16. Global warming is among many factors that drive many species of animals to the ____ of extinction.
A. verge B. period C. corner D. bottom
17. The loss of biodiversity has a serious ____ on the survival of wildlife and humans.
A. affect B. problem C. impact D. influential
18. The success of wildlife preservation depends largely ____ people's awareness.
A. with B. of C. on D. by
19. Humans should try to maintain biodiversity as they ____ a lot from it.
A. achieve B. keep C. benefit D. attain
20. Many of our medicines are derived ____ animals and plants.
A. of B. from C. by D. to
21. Forests ____ humans with many valuable things.
A. give B. provide C. award D. bring
22. Many measures have been taken to ____ people's awareness of conservation.
A. increase B. rise C. promote D. raise
23. More wildlife ____ need to be built to save animals from extinction.
A. zoos B. parks C. reserves D. regions
24. Global warming can ____ the ecological balance, bringing about terrible consequences.
A. destroy B. upset C. converse D. injure
25. When can all animals be ____ from disappearance?
A. protected B. covered C. rescued D. poached
26. In regions of volcanoes, houses should be built with ____ materials.
A. destroyed B. destructible C. indestructible D. destroying
27. Toxic chemicals from factories are seriously ____.
A. contaminate B. contamination C. contaminated D. contaminating
28. It has been proven that humans and animals are ____ and that one's existence must be closely linked with
that of the other.
A. interdependent B. independent C. dependable D. dependent
29. ____ are trying to put a stop to the destruction of forests.
A. Conservation B. Conservationists C. Conserve D. Conservatives
30. Conservation is a challenging job but we cannot ____.
A. give it on B. give it up C. put it on D. take it up
31. ____ of his job as a forester is to take care of these trees.
A. Part B. Half C. Most D. All
32. What needs to be done to save the animals that are ____ to extinction?
A. going B. nearly C. next D. close
33. ____ is one of the causes of the extinction of the rhinos.
A. Losing habitat B. Habitat losing C. Lost of habitat D. Habitat loss
34. Powdered rhino horn is said to be able to ____ people of their fever.
A. treat B. cure C. save D. rescue
35. There is a decline ____ the number of all these endangered species.
A. on B. by C. in D. with
36. A lot of ____ have been taken to reduce global warming and its consequences.
A. ways B. methods C. rules D. measures
37. People think they can make a ____ with rhino horns.
A. fortune B. wealth C. property D. riches
38. Jack has decided to ____ the time he spends watching television, thinking he can contribute to reducing
global warming effects.
A. run out of B. cut down on C. go in for D. come up with
39. - "I have thought of a way to save energy around the house!" - "____!"
A. Best wishes B. My dear C. Well done D. That's very well
40. - "____" - “All right then, if you insist."
A. She did it right then.
B. Are you sure you won't come for a drink with us?
C. What seems to be the trouble?
D. Everything was all right at the party, wasn't it?
41. Many species are now ____ danger of being extinct as a result of deforestation and habitat loss.
A. in B. on C. at D. with
42. The rainforests around the world are ____ threat of deforestation.
A. in B. by C. under D. on
43. To solve the problems of pollution, it is important to identify the ____ of it.
A. reasons B. purpose C. causes D. facts
44. The rivers in the local area are heavily polluted ____ wastes released from nearby factories.
A. from B. with C. of D. in
45. Animal ____ are being destroyed by human activities.
 A. places B. habitats C. shelter D. accommodation

V. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s)
in each of the following sentences.
46. The company admitted to discharging a lot of waste to the local river and was willing to take responsibility
for it.
A. denied B. addressed C. confessed D. threatened
47. Environmentalists fear that, if completed, the hydro-electric dam will severely disrupt the Danube
ecosystem.
A. upset B. benefit C. affect D. improve
48. Introducing a new species to the area may be injurious to the local eco-system.
A. beneficial B. unpredictable C. harmful D. annoying
49. The recent draught has led hundreds of victims to be famish and in terrible conditions.
A. extremely hungry B. in misery C. completely senseless D. in debt
50. There were many differences of opinion regarding how contagious measles was and how it was transmitted.
A. dangerous B. infectious C. mysterious D. measurable

VI. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase
that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Despite the wealth of information campaigns telling people about global warming and its causes, most
people have yet to realize how severe the problem is. Coming climate changes could alter as (1) ____ as one
third of plant and animal habitats (2) ____ the end of the 22nd century. These changes could in (3) ____ cause
widespread extinctions among plant and animal (4) ____ around the globe.
Coastal and island habitats are perhaps in the greatest danger (5) ____ they face the combined threats of
warming oceans and rising sea (6) ____. As habitats change, many animals will come (7) ____ intense pressure
to find more suitable homes for themselves. Mass (8) ____ of at least some animals are certainly to be expected,
but the fact remains that many animals will simply not be able to move fast enough.
Such dire predictions may sound alarmist, but they are based on the rather moderate estimate that the
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will double by 2100. Many scientists believe, however, that this
figure is actually very conservative, and they claim that a tripling is (9) ____ more realistic. If they are (10)
____, the effects on nature will be even more dramatic.
51. A. well B. much C. long D. far
52. A. at B. until C. by D. since
53. A. turn B. order C. result D. line
54. A. types B. categories C. genres D. species
55. A. although B. providing C. since D. therefore
56. A. heights B. levels C. extents D. tides
57. A. from B. across C. under D. by
58. A. migrations B. onslaught C. emigration D. extinctions
59. A. far B. quite C. really D. almost
60. A. precise B. true C. exact D. correct
VII. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each
of the questions.
The greenhouse effect is always reported as being a negative consequence of current human lifestyle
practices. However there certainly have been numerous suggestions of positive consequences of the greenhouse
effect.
A slight temperature increase in some of the colder parts of the world may improve conditions for
agriculture and changing rainfall patterns may favor some species over others. However, they do not balance
with overall negative impacts. The social, economic and ecological disorders brought about by such climatic
changes worldwide are projected to greatly outweigh regional benefits.
The impacts of global warming and climate change could become a source of increased tension between
nations and regions. While the developed, industrialized world is responsible for 75% of all CO2 emissions,
these impacts will most likely hit hardest upon the poorer, underdeveloped parts of the world. For example, as
sea levels rise countries like Bangladesh will suffer much more from the loss of valuable and populated lands
than European or North American countries, even though they have emitted only a tiny fraction of the
greenhouse gases.
The effect of drowning coastlines could lead to hundreds of millions of climate refugees. Where will
these refugees go? How will they be cared for? Undoubtedly, such a disaster will seriously worsen the already
critical refugee problem in the world. A severe disorder of the world's food supplies through floods, droughts,
crop failures and diseases brought about by climate change would lead to famines, wars and civil disorder in
many countries.
61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Greenhouse effect brings us more benefits than negative impacts.
B. Greenhouse effect brings us more negative impacts than benefits.
C. Current reports on the greenhouse effect are not accurate.
D. Reports should focus on suggestions of positions consequences of the greenhouse effect.
62. Which of the following will suffer most from the impacts of climate change?
A. The developed countries
B. The developing countries
C. The countries with valuable and populated lands
D. European or North American countries
63. Why will there be an increased tension between countries?
A. The developed countries are a source of disasters upon the underdeveloped countries.
B. The developed countries head lots of climate refugees to the underdeveloped countries.
C. The developed countries will suffer more than the underdeveloped countries.
D. The European or North American countries will lose more valuable and populated lands.
64. The word "tiny" in the passage is closest in meaning to ____.
A. large B. small C. much D. considerable
65. According to the passage, climate change will result in all of the following EXCEPT ____.
A. coastline disorder B. refugee problem C. famine D. crop failure
VIII. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each
of the questions.
El Niño and La Niña
Typically, Pacific trade winds blow from east to west, transporting warm surface waters westward, east
of Indonesia and northeast of Australia. Thus, the water maintains a cold temperature for much of the year. This
is achieved by an upwelling of cold deep ocean-water, which benefits fisheries in the Pacific Ocean lying near
the equator. However, these trade winds sometimes lose or gain strength in the Northern Hemisphere. This leads
to an effect known as the Southern Oscillation which refers to the two recurring weather patterns of El Niño and
La Niña.
El Niño, meaning the "boy," is the phenomenon that results in the temperature of the sea surface off the
coast of Peru increasing. This condition typically lasts for at least six months. Thus, there is a reduction in
dissolved oxygen in the ocean so marine life declines devastating fisheries. It also fuels major differences in air
pressure near the Pacific Ocean, which in turn leads to more severe weather events including droughts,
increased precipitation, flooding, and even cyclonic storms like hurricanes. Usually, the eastern Pacific region
has an upswing in heavy rains to cause flooding, and in contrast, Australia and Indonesia have droughts, often
with accompanying forest fires. These two opposing weather events hurt agriculture. For instance, the 1982 –
1983 El Niño, recognized as the worst weather event of the century, hit hard in the U.S. by dropping huge
amounts of rainfall on the southern California coast, which resulted in millions of dollars of damage while
necessitating the evacuation of 10,000 people.
El Niños counterpart, La Niña, meaning "the girl," contrastingly forms when Pacific trade winds grow
more powerful than usual. It is the result of the cooler-than-average temperatures of South American equatorial
surface waters which cause global cooling. La Niña's duration usually lasts for 9 to 12 months and although
forming in the Pacific region, it can wreak havoc across large swaths of the world. During the winter months,
the western Pacific areas including Australia, Malaysia, and the Philippines have much greater rainfall.
Conversely, unusually dry conditions settle in over North America's Gulf Coast and large sections of South and
Central America as well. Additionally, in the Canadian and American West, there is a cooling effect.
By studying the patterns of the El Niño and La Niña cycles, meteorologists have come to better
understand their impacts on global weather phenomena. They are thus better able to make predictions especially
in terms of not only the strength of each stage, but also when either will fizzle out or begin again, allowing
governments to better prepare for floods and droughts which come with each cycle and to prevent billions of
dollars in losses and damage. Thereby, the areas under their influence need accurate forecasts to reduce the
wide-reaching effects these phenomena have across many facets of both the environment and the economy.
66. The word "upwelling" in the passage most likely means ____.
A. climbing B. surging C. rising D. fluctuating
67. Which of the following is stated in paragraph 1?
A. Cold water is conducive to marine life and beneficial to the fishing industry.
B. El Niño and La Niña are yearly recurrences affecting the Earth's climate and weather systems.
C. Some regions in Indonesia and Austria are often damaged by the Southern Oscillation.
D. Trade winds blow to the east across the Pacific ocean cooling ocean temperatures.
68. Why are droughts, increased precipitation, flooding, and even cyclonic storms mentioned?
A. To compare the damage in the eastern and western Pacific regions
B. To name some of the devastating results of El Niño
C. To contrast the power between El Niño and La Niña
D. To show that there are worse outcomes compared to a difference in air pressure
69. The word "fuels" in the passage is closest in meaning to ____.
A. decreases B. increases C. supplies D. distinguishes
70. It is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 that ____.
A. one El Niño event can be expected to last at least half a year
B. Pacific trade winds that cause El Niño are weaker than ones that cause La Niña
C. El Niño is caused by a rise in water temperatures off Peru's shores
D. marine life is affected by lowered oceanic oxygen levels
71. The words "wreak havoc" in the passage is closest in meaning to ____.
A. bring benefits B. blow winds C. release heat D. cause damage
72. The word "They" in the passage refers to ____.
A. the El Niño and La Niña cycles B. meteorologists
C. global weather phenomena D. governments
73. The main purpose in paragraph 4 is to ____.
A. show the detrimental effects the El Niño and La Niña cycles have on the art of weather prediction
B. refute the idea that predictions are far too costly given their limited applications
C. demonstrate the importance of predicting the patterns of the Southern Oscillation
D. emphasize the excellence of the current scientific technology used in prediction
74. According to the passage, all of the following are mentioned EXCEPT ____.
A. the equatorial region in the Pacific Ocean in which the circulation of cold water mostly occurs
B. meteorologists' capability to forecast the strength of cyclonic storms
 C. Malaysia's higher levels of precipitation in winter when there is a La Niña
D. experts' prediction power to state when each cycle of El Niño and La Niña will start and stop
75. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. More government money will be spent on technology to better predict the phenomena and save
money in the long run.
B. Global warming will change the patterns of El Niño and La Niña in a few years.
C. Countries whose economy is largely dependent upon fishing would place a higher value on prediction
than countries which rely primarily upon agriculture.
D. The government of Peru pays more attention to monitoring ocean temperatures than other countries
do.
IX. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the
following sentences.
76. Many species are threatened with extinction due to deforestation and loss of habitat.
A. Deforestation and loss of habitat threaten many species so that they will become extinct.
B. Many species lost their habitat because of deforestation and now they are extinct.
C. Deforestation and loss of habitat are driving many species to the verge of extinction.
D. Many species are extinct, so they run the risk of deforestation and loss of habitat.
77. Motor vehicles running on petrol are responsible for a large amount of carbon dioxide emission.
A. Because of releasing a large amount of carbon dioxide, motor vehicles run on petrol.
B. A large amount of carbon dioxide emission results from motor vehicles running on petrol.
C. A large amount of carbon dioxide emission causes motor vehicles to run on petrol.
D. Emitting a large amount of carbon dioxide is one of the responsibilities of motor vehicles running on
petrol.
78. Global warming has proven truly catastrophic for the environment.
A. The environment has been made catastrophic by global warming.
B. It is true that global warming is a catastrophe caused by the environment.
C. It has been proven that global warming is harmful to the environment.
D. The environment has been truly dangerous because of global warming.
79. The alarming rate of deforestation results in damage to the quality of the land.
A. It is alarming that deforestation damages the quality of the land.
B. The quality of the land deteriorates as the result of the alarming rate of deforestation.
C. The alarming rate of deforestation results from damage to the quality of the land.
D. The damage to the quality of the land is to blame for the alarming rate of deforestation.
80. Not many people are aware of the dangers of plastic bags to the environment.
A. People are totally unaware of the dangers of plastic bags to the environment.
B. People are fully aware of the dangers of plastic bags to the environment.
C. The dangers of plastic bags to the environment came to the attention of only a few.
D. It is time that people were aware of the dangers of plastic bags to the environment.
X. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences given.
81. The company had dumped large amounts of waste into the river. It was strongly criticized for that.
A. Having been strongly criticized, the company dumped large amounts of waste into the river.
B. The company had dumped large amounts of waste into the river, which was strongly criticized.
C. Dumping large amounts of waste into the river is critical to the company's strength.
D. The company was strongly criticized for having dumped large amounts of waste into the river.
82. Electronic devices use energy. They do it even when they are turned off.
A. Even when turned off, electric devices use energy.
B. Electronic devices use energy unless they are turned off.
C. Because of their energy use, electronic devices are turned off.
 D. In spite of their energy use, electronic devices are turned off.
83. There are some ways to help reduce global warming. Cutting down energy use is one of them.
A. Cutting down energy use is the only way to reduce global warming.
B. Global warming is among many ways to cut down energy use.
C. Helping reduce global warming is a way to cut down energy use.
D. Cutting down energy use is one of the ways to reduce global warming.
84. Jonas had come up with a way to help save energy used in class. His classmates admired him for that.
A. Having come up with a way to help save energy used in class, his classmates admired Jonas.
B. Having come up with a way to help save energy used in class, Jonas earned his classmates'
admiration.
C. Jonas admired his classmates for having come up with a way to help save energy used in class.
D. Being admired by his classmates, Jonas came up with a way to help save energy used in class.
85. Sara's classmates said that she littered on the school yard. She denied it.
A. Sara denied having littered on the school yard.
B. Sara denied her friends' littering on the school yard.
C. Having littered on the school yard, Sara's classmates denied it.
D. As Sara denied it, her classmates said that she littered on the school yard.