UNIT 1 – INTEGRATION CONCEPTS

1.1. Antidifferentiation

In this module, we develop the inverse operation of differentiation called antidifferentiation

(or indefinite integration). These two operations are said to be inverse operations, just like
addition and subtraction or multiplication and division, same as raising to a power and
extracting root. In antidifferentiation, we find a function, say ( ), whose derivative ( ) or
whose differential ( ) on the certain interval of the x-axis is given. When one performs
antidifferentiation or indefinite integration, the result is ( )plus an arbitrary constant. In
symbol, we write,
∫ ( ) ( )

where:
 The symbol is called the antidifferentiation or integration sign, specifying the
operation of antidifferentiation or integration to be done upon the given derivative
( ) or upon the differential ( ) . The notation tells us that the variable of
integration is .
 ( ) is called the integrand which refers to the given derivative of the unknown
function.
 ( ) is the given differential.
 ( ) is called the particular integral which is the unknown function.
 is the constant of integration.
 ( ) is called the indefinite integral.

Theorem: Two or more functions that have the same derivative differ at most by a constant.
Let us try finding the antiderivative or the integral of differential . In symbol form,
∫ . This means mean finding a function ( ) whose derivative is or looking for a
function ( ) having a differential of Hence, ∫ is equivalent to any of the
following functions:


Observe that the above functions differ only by a constant. In general, the antiderivative of
can be expressed in the form which is referred to as the indefinite integral of

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UNIT 1 – INTEGRATION CONCEPTS

the given function. The function is the particular integral and is the constant of

integration.

1.2. Integration of Powers of a Variable

The following are properties of indefinite integral. These can be proven using
differentiation.

The integral of the differential of a variable equals the variable itself.

If is some constant, ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) .

In other words, constant can be factored out of the integral sign.

For function ∫[ ( ) ( )] ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) .

The integral of a sum (or difference) of functions equals the sum (or difference) of the
integrals of each function. This property can be extended to any number of functions.

The ∫ ( ) ( ).

The derivative of the integral of a function equals the function itself.

The ∫ provided .

The indefinite integral of a power of variable x, say is equal to variable x raised to

exponent ( ) divided by ( )

Find the indefinite integral of the following functions:

Example 1. ∫
Solution: We first use Property 2, factor the constant 2 out of the integral sign. Then, integrate
using Property 5, with .

∫ ∫ ( ) ( )

Example 2. ∫( )( )
Solution: Since at this point in time, we don’t have a formula to integrate a product of
functions; we perform multiplication to express the product of functions into a sum of
functions.

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UNIT 1 – INTEGRATION CONCEPTS

∫( )( ) ∫( )

Use now Property 3, followed by Property 5.

∫( )( ) ∫( ) ∫ ∫ ∫( )

∫( )( ) ∫ ∫

∫( )( ) ( )

∫( )( )

Example 3. ∫( )
Solution: Expand ( ) using the special product formula ( )
to reduce the given power in to a sum of terms.
∫( ) ∫[ ] ∫ ∫ ∫

∫( ) ( )

Example 4. ∫ ( )
Solution: Perform multiplication to bring the product into a sum of terms.
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
∫ ( ) ∫( )
∫ ( ) ∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ( ) ( ) ( )

∫ ( ) ( ) ( )

∫ ( )

Example 5. ∫( )
Solution: Expand the given power using( ) .
∫( ) ∫( )
∫( ) ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

∫( ) ( ) ( )

∫( )

Example 6. ∫ √
Solution: To reduce the given function into a sum of terms, observe that the radicand has a
common monomial factor.

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UNIT 1 – INTEGRATION CONCEPTS

∫√ ∫√ ( )

∫√ ∫√ ( )

∫√ ∫ ( )

∫√ ∫( )

∫√ ∫ ∫ ( )

∫√
( √ )( √ )
Example 7. ∫
√

Solution: Express the given function which is in fractional form as a sum of terms.
( √ )( √ ) √
∫ ∫* +
√ √

We now use the appropriate properties of indefinite integrals.

( √ )( √ ) ⁄ ⁄
∫ ∫ ( ) ∫ ∫( )
√

⁄ ⁄
( √ )( √ )
∫ * + ⁄ ⁄
√

( √ )( √ ) √ √ √
∫ ⁄ ⁄
√
√

Example 8. ∫

Reduce the given integrand to a sum of terms. Factor the numerator by grouping the terms to
produce a common factor.
( ) ( )
∫ ∫
( ) ( )
∫ ∫
( )( )
∫ ∫
( )( )( )
∫ ∫

∫ ∫( )( )

∫ ∫( )

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ( ) ( )

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 UNIT 1 – INTEGRATION CONCEPTS

SAQ1

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE: ______________

SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF: __________________________________

Find the antiderivative or the indefinite integral of the following functions.

1. ∫( )

∫( )

∫( )

( )
∫

∫√

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UNIT 1 – INTEGRATION CONCEPTS

∫
√

∫ ( )

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UNIT 1 – INTEGRATION CONCEPTS

Activity 1.1

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE: ______________

SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF: __________________________________

Find the antiderivative or the indefinite integral of the following functions.

∫( √ )

∫( √ )
√

∫( )√

∫( √ )

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UNIT 1 – INTEGRATION CONCEPTS

( )( )
∫

( )
∫

∫√

∫√

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UNIT 1 – INTEGRATION CONCEPTS

ANSWERS TO SAQ1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. √

√
6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 1.1

√
1.

√
2. √

3. √ √

4. √

5.

6.

7.

8.

Integral Calculus Module 1 – Integration of Powers Page 9