Growth of Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Single Crystals by Slow Evaporation Technique
Growth of Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Single Crystals by Slow Evaporation Technique
Growth of Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Single Crystals by Slow Evaporation Technique
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ABSTRACT
Single crystals of CuSO4.5H2O (CSP) were grown by slow evaporation solution technique at room temperature from its
3
aqueous solution with molarity (0.25, 0.5 and 1.5) M. The sizes of the crystals were up to (39×12×3) mm ,
3 3
(33.05×30.5×4.7) mm and (19.12×15.3×5.5) mm respectively. XRD patterns were recorded for powder of single crystals
to find the parameters of crystals. FTIR studies confirm the presence of various functional groups in the crystals. The
optical absorption was study by using UV-Vis analysis. The spectra show low absorbance in the range between 300 nm
and 550 nm. Energy gap (Eg) of crystals was found to be (4.17, 4.19 and 4.25) eV at the molarity of (0.25, 0.5 and 1.5) M
respectively.
Indexing terms/Keywords
CuSO4.5H2O, single crystals, slow evaporation, XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis
1. INTRODUCTION
Growth of crystals is the basis for many technological developments and the solution method is a very important process
because it's used in many applications and industry [1,2]. Solid bodies in which the elementary building blocks are
arranged regularly in the space lattice with specific geometrical symmetry are called crystals [3]. The kinetics of crystal
growth and nucleation in connection with the quantity of material available for growth of crystal determine the produced of
number and volume of the crystals [4]. The pentahydrate form of copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O) is a bright blue in colour
1
belonging to the space group Ci and it has triclinic system [5,6]. The single crystal of copper sulfate is used as broadband
UV optical filters by Manomenova et al. in (2013) [7]. The aim of this paper is to give report about the growth of copper
sulfate (CSP) single crystals with different molarities by slow evaporation method. The XRD diffraction and FTIR spectral
analysis for the powdered samples are used to identify the structural properties of single crystals. The grown crystals are
polished to thickness of (2 mm) to record the optical absorption.
2. Experimental
CuSO4.5H2O powder provided by [BDH Chemicals Ltd Poole England] with "minimum assay (ex Cu) 98.5%, maximum
limits of impurities, Alkalis (sulphated) 0.5%, Chloride (Cl) 0.005%, Iron (Fe) 0.08%", is used to grow CuSO4.5H2SO4 single
crystals by slow evaporation method with molarities of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.5 M using double distilled water as a solvent. The
mixture of distilled water and CSP salt at different molarities is placed in a magnetic stirrer and mixed up well to get
homogenous solution. The solution was filtered using filter paper and allowed for slow evaporation at room temperature.
The good quality crystals were collected after 82, 91 and 42 days for molarities 0.25, 0.5 and 1.5 M respectively. The
grown crystals are shown in Fig. 1. The starting of nucleation, the time of growth and the size of these crystals are shown
in the table (1).
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Journal of Advances in Physics
FTIR Analysis
The FTIR analysis of (CSP) single crystals were carried out using "IR Affinity-1" spectrophotometer by "KBr" pellet method
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in the wave number range of (400 to 4000 cm ). The transmittance spectra of the grown crystals are shown in Fig. 3. The
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ISSN 2347-3487
Volume 13 Number 2
Journal of Advances in Physics
-1 -1 -1
O-H stretching absorption bands appears at 3446 cm , 3448 cm and 3344 cm for molarities 0.25, 0.5 and 1.5 M
-1 -1 -1
respectively [10]. Bending vibration of O-H appears at 1629 cm , 1625 cm and 1633 cm for the molarities 0.25, 0.5, 1
-1 -1 -1
and 1.5 M respectively [11]. The Stretching vibration of S-O group appears at 1151 cm , 1151 cm and 1209 cm for
-1 -1 -1
molarities 0.25, 0.5 and 1.5 M respectively. The SO4 non-degenerate mode appears at 997 cm , 995 cm and 997 cm
+2 -1 -1
for molarity 0.25, 0.5 and 1.5 M [12]. The Vibration mode of metal ion Cu (Cu-O-H) appears at the 785 cm , 785 cm
-1 -1 -1
and 786 cm for 0.25, 0.5 and 1.5 M respectively [13]. The SO4 degenerate mode appears at the 659 cm , 659 cm and
-1 -2 -1
657 cm for molarities 0.25, 0.5 and 1.5 M respectively [14]. The SO4 bending group of sulfate appears at 453 cm , 451
-1 -1
cm and 516 cm for the molarities 0.25, 0.5 and 1.5 respectively [11].
molarity and this can be attributed to the external factors such that impurities, temperature and pressure during growth of
crystals.
Table 3: IR bands of CSP grown crystals.
-1
Wave number (cm ) Assignment
0.25 M 0.5 M 1.5 M
3446 3448 3344 O-H stretching
1629 1625 1633 O-H bending
1151 1151 1209 S-O Stretching
997 995 997 SO4 non-degenerate
mode
785 785 786 Cu-O-H Vibration mode
659 659 657 SO4 degenerate mod
-2
453 451 516 SO4 bending group of
sulfate
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
Absorbance (A)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0 0.25 M
0.5 M
0.5 1.5 M
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Journal of Advances in Physics
9 0.25 M
1/2
(h) (eV/cm)
6
1/2
5
4
Eg= 4.17
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Photon energy h (eV)
9 0.5 M
7
1/2
(h) (eV/cm)
5
1/2
Eg= 4.19 eV
3
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Photon energy h (eV)
9 1.5 M
7
1/2
6
(h) (eV/cm)
5
1/2
3
Eg= 4.25 eV
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Photon energy h (eV)
1/2
Fig. 5: The rel tion etween αh ) and (h ) of (CSP) single crystals.
Conclusion
Single crystals of (CSP) were grown by slow evaporation process with solution molarities 0.25, 0.5 and 1.5 M. The slowest
crystallization process occurs at solution molarity of 0.5 M where the time needed for completion of crystallization process
3
was 91 days producing the largest crystal size of 33.5×30.5×4.7 mm . X- ray diffraction analysis is conducted on CSP
crystals using the powdered pattern. The PXRD diffraction analysis revealed that the crystals belong to triclinic system. It is
noticed that the highest peak of the samples occurs at 2θ~ 18° which is referred to plane. The vibrational modes of
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Volume 13 Number 2
Journal of Advances in Physics
functional groups were identified using FTIR spectroscopic technique. The UV-Vis spectral study highlights the excellent
transparency of the crystal in the entire visible region. Energy gap (Eg) of crystals is found to be 4.17, 4.19 and 4.25 eV at
the molarities 0.25, 0.5 and 1.5 M respectively. The (CSP) crystals can be used as optical bandpass filters.
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