Unit -2

Organizing and Visualizing Variables

1.1. Organizing categorical variables
1.2. Organizing numerical variables
1.3. Visualizing categorical variables
1.4. Visualising numerical variables
1.5. Visualising two numerical variables
1.6. Organizing and visualizing a set of variables

Classification of data (Organizing Categorical / Qualitative or Numerical Variables)

Classification is the process of arranging things in the group according to their resemblances and affinities and
gives expression to the unity of attributes that may subsist among a diversity of individuals. Thus classification
is grouping of data according to their identity, similarity or resemblances. For example student is a class may be
grouped in respect of gender, age, marital status etc.

Objective of classification

 To condenses the mass of data in an easily assailable firm

 It eliminate unnecessary details

 It facilitate comparison and highlighting the significant aspect of data

 It enable one to get a mental picture of the information and help in drawing inference

 It helps in the statistical treatment of the information collected.

Type of Classification

(a) Chronological classification - In chronological classification, the collected data are arranged according to
the order of time expressed in year, months, weeks etc.

(b) Geographical classification – In this type of classification the data are collected according to geographical
region or places. For examples production of paddy in different states in India, production of wheat in different
countries etc.

(c) Qualitative classification – In this type of classification, data are classified on the basis of some attributes
or quality like gender, literacy, religion, employment etc.

(d) Quantitative classification – The collected data are grouped with reference to the characteristics which can
be measured and numerically described such as height, weight, sales, import, age, income etc.
Requisites of a good classification

 Unambiguous (data should be clear)

 Exhaustive and mutually exclusive (data should not be overlap)
 Suitability (data should be conform to the object of enquiry)
 Stability (the criteria of the data should be retainrd)
 Flexibility (data should be flexible)

Tabulation

Tabulation is the process of summarizing classified or grouped data in the form of a table so that it is easily
understand and an investigator is quickly able to locate the described information. A table is a systematic
arrangement of classified data in column and rows.

Advantage of Tabulation

 It simplifies complex data and the data presented are easily understood.

 It facilitates comparison of related facts

 It facilitates computation of various statistical measures like average, dispersion etc

 It present facts in minimum possible space and unnecessary repetition and explanation are avoided,
moreover, the needed information can be easily located

 Tabulated data are good for reference and they made it easier to prevent the information in the form of
graph and diagram

Type of Tables

Table can be classified according to their purpose, stage of enquire of data or number of characteristic used.

(a) Simple or one- way table – A simple or one – way table is the simplest table which contains data of the one
characteristic only

(b) Two – way table – A table which contains data on two characteristics is called a two –way tables

(c) Manifold table – A table in which more than two characteristic of data are considered is called manifold
table
Diagrammatic Presentation

In a diagrammatical presentation of statistical data we make use of geometric figures like bars, squares,
rectangles, circle etc. Some of the form of such visual presentation is

 Diagrammatic presentation
 Graphical presentation
 Pictures
 maps

Importance of Diagrams and Graphs

 They are attractive and impressive

 They are even appealing in a common man

 They facilitates comparison

 They have universal acceptability

 They are useful for determining some statistical measures of data like median, mode, quartile and other
partition values.

Type of Diagram

(a) One – dimensional diagram – one dimensional diagram also called Bar – Diagram are most widely used
diagram for the visual Presentation of data. Bar – diagram are of the following type

 Simple bar diagram me

 multiple bar diagram me
 sub – divided bar diagram
 deviation bar diagram me
 broken bar diagram me

(b) Two dimensional Diagrams or Area diagram me – In one – dimensional diagram's we take only the
length of the bars into consideration and width is taken for the beatification of the diagram. However, in two
dimensional or area diagram me, the length as well as breadth of the geometric figure is taken into
consideration. Some of the popular two – dimensional diagram are
  rectangle diagram
 square diagram
 square diagram
 Pie – diagram

(c) Pictorial Diagram me or Picto grams - Statistical data may be represented with the help of pictures also.
Such a presentation is called pictorial diagram me or Picto gram. In pictogram, the magnitude of the values is
explained with the help of pictures.

(d) Cartogram – The representation of statistical data by maps is called carto gram.

Graphical Presentation

Graphical presentation gives a visual effect. Graphical presentation is used in situation when we observe some
functional relationship between the values of the variable. There are many firms of graph which can be broadly
classified as (a) Graphs of the frequency distribution (b) Graphs of the time series or line graphs.

Graph of the frequency distribution –

The graph representing a frequency distribution is

(i)Histogram – Histogram is a set of rectangles whose areas are in proportion to class frequencies

(ii)The frequency polygon – A frequency polygon is another graphical representation of frequency distribution
in the form of a polygon super imposed on a histogram by joining with straight line the mid points of the top of
the adjacent rectangles.

(iii) The frequency curve – A frequency curve is the smooth curve that would represent if the class internal is
made as small as possible and number of observation is very large.

(iv)Cumulative frequency curve or ogive – A cumulative frequency curve or ogive is a graphical

representation of a cumulative frequency distribution. There are two forms of ogive depending on the type of
cumulative frequency like

 less than frequency

 more than frequency

(b) Graph of time series or line graph

A series of observation recorded over time is called a time series. These graphs are called line graphs.
NUMERICAL (10 TYPE)

1. Make class interval of 10 from the following data if marks of 20 students are given as

78 45 55 65 90 66 75 79 98 42

47 57 53 61 74 79 88 81 87 56

2. Convert given class interval into less than frequency

Class interval: 0 - 10 10 – 20 20 - 30 30 -40 40 -50

Frequency: 2 5 8 4 1

3. Convert less than frequency into simple class interval

Less than 10 less than 20 less than 30 less than 40 less than 50

5 9 12 16 19

4. Convert given class interval into more than frequency

Class interval: 0 - 10 10 – 20 20 - 30 30 -40 40 -50

Frequency: 2 5 8 4 1

5. Convert more than frequency into simple class interval

More than 10 more than 20 more than 30 more than 40 more than 50

20 17 14 13 10

6. Find relative frequency from the following

Class interval: 0 - 10 10 – 20 20 - 30 30 -40 40 -50

Frequency: 2 5 8 4 1

7. Find the mid value from the following

Class interval: 0 - 10 10 – 20 20 - 30 30 -40 40 -50

Frequency: 2 5 8 4 1

8. Convert into simple class interval if mid value is given

Mid value: 5 15 25 35 45

Frequency: 2 5 1 6 7

9. Convert inclusive class interval into exclusive class interval

Class interval: 2-4 6-8 10 - 12 14 - 16 18 -20

Frequency : 2 6 1 7 4

10. Draw histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve

Class interval: 0 - 10 10 – 20 20 - 30 30 -40 40 -50

Frequency: 2 5 8 4 1