Project Report

On
Online Shopping website

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

COMPUTER ENGINEERING

By

Aakash

University Roll no:-6318001

DEPARTMENT OF CSE

GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MULLANA

AFFILIATED TO

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY,KURUKSHETRA,HARYANA

2018-2022

DECLARATION
We hereby certified that the work which is being presented in the file in entitled “patient
information system” by “Aakash “ in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of
degree of B.Tech (C.S.E) submitted in the Department of computer science & engineering at
Guru nanak institute, AMBALA under KUK UNIVERSITY,KURUKSHETRA is an
authentic record of my own work carried . The matter presented in this file has not been
submitted in any other university/institute for the award of B.Tech degree.

Aakash
6318001
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank everyone that have contributed to the making of this Recommendation
project, which is the final chapter of my Undergraduate education in Computer Science at the
Emax group of institution in haryana. We deeply express our sincere thanks to our Raps B.Tech
for encouraging and allowing us to present the project on the topic "Patient Information System"
at our department premises for the partial fulfillment of the requirements leading to the award of
B-Tech degree. We take this opportunity to thank all our lecturers who have directly or indirectly
helped our project.

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to all my friends who have patiently helped me
in accomplishing this undertaking and for their constant support throughout the project work.

Finally I would like to thank my parents who were always there for me giving encouragement
and guidance.

Aakash
6318001
 3. CONTENTS

Sr. No. Topic Page No.

1 Acknowledgement 2
2 Certificate 3
3 Preface 4
4 Contents 5
5 Project Undertaken 6-8
 Complete Objective
 Need to choose the project
 Industry Application
6 Introduction to assigned job 9

7 Feasibility Study 10-11

8 Requirement analysis

9 Modular Description of the Job 12-15

10 Detailed analysis of individual module

11 Design
 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
 Context Diagram
 Sequence Diagram
12 Coding

13 Screenshots 17-21

14 Testing

15 Conclusion 22

16 Bibliography 23
 4. PROJECT UNDERTAKEN

The project entitled “Online Shopping Website” enables customer to buy women clothing from
anywhere through online. This website advertises some of the products for shopping.

To buy products, customer has to create an account. Those who do not have an account, they can
only view the available product. They can’t buy it. Once the customer has created account, not
only he can view the products, he can also add the product to the cart and also he can place an
order to buy those products. Then a bill is generated for that particular customer. After the
confirmation, the customer has to enter his credit card details to buy those products.

5.1 COMPLETE OBJECTIVE

Electronic Commerce is process of doing business through computer networks. A person sitting
on his chair in front of a computer can access all the facilities of the Internet to buy or sell the
products.
Unlike traditional commerce that is carried out physically with effort of a person to go & get
products, ecommerce has made it easier for human to reduce physical work and to save time.   
E-Commerce which was started in early 1990’s has taken a great leap in the world of computers,
but the fact that has hindered the growth of e-commerce is security. Security is the challenge
facing e-commerce today & there is still a lot of advancement made in the field of security.
The main advantage of e-commerce over traditional commerce is the user can browse online
shops, compare prices and order merchandise sitting at home on their PC.
For increasing the use of e-commerce in developing countries the B2B e-commerce is
implemented for improving access to global markets for firms in developing countries. For a
developing country advancement in the field of e-commerce is essential. The research strategy
shows the importance of the e-commerce in developing countries for business applications.
 5.2 NEED TO CHOOSE THE PROJECT

The internet has become a major tool that has fuelled the development of global business. This
has enabled people to carry out business transactions remotely. With internet access all this is
possible. This explains the reason why most businesses nowadays treat ecommerce website
development seriously.
Web based platforms can be used to carry out trading activities. Ecommerce website
development is concerned with developing such platforms. Web developers who are well
acquainted with web design are required to develop such sites. Such developers must be
sufficiently knowledgeable on how to create secure web browsing platforms.
There are a number of considerations one should make when creating an online based business
execution platform. Such a platform should add value in the way a business carries out it's
business dealings. The establishment and maintenance of such platforms needs to be affordable.
Businesses whose main customers reside close to the business may find no use in carrying out
their operations in this way.
This way of executing trade activities may be useful for organizations that serve customers who
are distributed all over the world. The internet acts as an affordable link between customers and
organizations whose goods and services they need. This lowers the costs incurred by customers
and businesses in actualizing business transactions. With one well connected store, such
organizations are in a position to serve a large number of customers.

5.3 INDUSTRY APPLICATION

 E-commerce is a way for manufacturers to experiment with new products without risking a
significant investment. Instead of setting up brick-and-mortar stores, or keeping inventory on
hand, you can start offering this new product on your new store:

 Direct access to customers. Besides having higher profit margins, you will interact with
customers, letting you learn from them and fine-tune products.
 More prospects. A larger arena yields more sales possibilities, although you have to be
cognizant of your existing distributors. Potential problems can often be sidestepped by offering
your products to a different market, so you’re not competing with your current network.
 Opportunities to innovate. Finding customers outside your existing relationships also
frees you from the specs you have to adhere to now. If you have an idea for a better product, you
can act on it, allowing for product analysis and iteration over time based on what your
customers wants.
 Scalability. An effective application of e commerce in manufacturing will enable your
organization to grow and scale easily to meet market demand and customer needs by opening
new sales channels and continuously reaching new market segments.
 Improved efficiencies. Through integration to the enterprise resource planning
(ERP) and other back-end business systems, ecommerce provides marked efficiencies for
manufacturers. Customers are able to order online whenever and wherever suits them, customer
service can focus on actual customer service functions – such as transparent freight shipping
costs and timely shipping – rather than simply being order takers, and the need to rekey data in
independent systems is eliminated, thereby eliminating the possibility of errors and improving
shipping processes and increasing order throughput.
 Improved brand awareness. Just as ecommerce can help manufacturers and industrial
distributors find new customers, so can it help improve brand awareness in the market place.
Developing pages that can be indexed by search engine crawlers is the fastest way to improve
your site’s search engine optimization and improve the likelihood that your target audience will
know who you are.
 Analytics. The application of e commerce in manufacturing provides the perfect platform
for an organization to launch a comprehensive analytics campaign. Through ecommerce,
manufacturers and distributors can measure and evaluate marketing campaigns, sales
effectiveness, product mix, inventory turns, customer sales effectiveness, and customer
engagement like never before. When combined with a freight shipping application in the
shopping cart which is bolted onto a transportation management system, you truly can use
data to make better and better business decisions that impact the bottom line.

6 INTRODUCTION TO ASSIGNED JOB

  A shopper lands on the website. The website shows categories and products that are
loaded in the eCommerce website database.

 A customer can add items to their cart and create an account. Again, all information is
saved in the database, even if temporarily.

 Once in checkout the website should now be secure showing a lock symbol and using an
SSL certificate.

 During checkout the website may use third-party software to get shipping rates

 When you enter your credit card number the information is passed to a payment gateway
such as PayPal or Authorize.net

 Your order is now completed. The eCommerce website should not have your payment
information in their database. All sensitive information is stored with the payment
processor.

eCommerce websites are built differently, but they all use the same basic functions. The ability
to accept credit cards is clearly a defining factor. Most times the credit does not actually process
through your website, for security reasons, but processes through a payment gateway. A payment
gateway is a company that works with the credit card companies to be sure that all credit card
transactions are processed securely and credit card numbers are not stored by small businesses.
You must have an account with a payment gateway (we'll show you how to do this) to accept
credit card on your website. Although your transactions will process through a gateway, the
viewer will never know or be directed away from your website. Your website will be guarded
with 128-bit encryption using an SSL certificate, making fraud nearly impossible. When a
purchase is made the money will be transferred directly into your businesses' bank account. 

When an order is placed, the customer's purchase and payment information will come into your
administration section. You will login with your desired username and password to view this
information. Through the admin section you will also be able to add new products, update
products, and maintain your whole website. 

7. FEASIBILITY STUDY
A feasibility analysis involves a detailed assessment of the need, value and
practicality of a proposed enterprise, such as systems development. Feasibility analysis will help
you make informed and transparent decisions at crucial points during the developmental process
to determine whether it is operationally, economically and technically realistic to produce with a
particular course of action.

7.1 COST EFFECTIVENESS

The cost encompasses both designing and installing the system. It includes user training,
updating the database & documenting. System Performance criteria are evaluated against the
cost of each system to determine which system is likely to be
the most cost effective and also meets the performance requirements. Cost are most easily
determined when the receipts if the systems are tangible and measurable. An additional factor to
consider is the cost of the study design and requirements.

7.2 OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

A proposed system is beneficial only if it can be turned into an information system that will meet
the operational requirements of an organization. A system often fails if it does not fit within
existing operations and if users resist the change. Important issues a systems developer must look
into are:

Will the new system be used if implemented in an organization?

Are there any major barriers to implementation or is proposed system accepted without
destructive resistance?

7.3 INFORMATION SOURCES

To find out the information about our project is called Information
gathering. It is an art and science. The approach and manner  in which the
information is gathered required person with sensitivity, common science and
knowledge of what and when to g a t h e r a n d w h a t c h a n n e l s t o u s e i n s e c u r e t h e
i n f o r m a t i o n . T h e methodology and tools for information gathering required training and the
experience that the analyst is expected to have. This means that
i n f o r m a t i o n   g a t h e r i n g   i s   n e i t h e r   e a s y   n o r   r o u t i n e .   M u c h  preparation,
experience and training is required. The phases for information gathering while system analysis
are:
1 .   Familiarity with the present system through the available information such as procedure
manuals, documents and their flow, interviews with staff and on side observation.
2. Definition of the decision-making is associated with managing the system.
Conducting interviews clarifies t h e decision point and how decisions are made in user area.
3 .   Once decision points are defined, a series of  interviews conducted define the information
requirements of user. The information is analyzed and document.

7.4 TIME FEASIBILITY

As you study above what is meant by feasibility study, the time feasibility is the sub point of it. It
mean the study of time period, which is required for the system. Using this time feasibility
analyst will design a proper life cycle of the system. In this life cycle it is mentioned that at
which time she system will be ready to use, This time feasibility will be at the initial stage of
system.

The CBA time period should match the system life cycle.

The system life cycle ends when the system is terminated or is replaced by a system that has
significant differences in processing, operational capabilities, resource requirement, or system
outputs. Significant differences is a very subject term and some organization may feel a 10%
change is significant, while others may be that the change must beover 30% to be significant.
7.5 SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE AVAILABILITY

When you design a system at that stage there are some requirements for the systems. There are
two types of requirements-Software and Hardware requirements. In a database project, a
database software is required for storing the data and hardware such as sensors and raspberry pi
boards which help in the collection of data are required.

8 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
8.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

This section describes the hardware components and software requirements needed for effective
and efficient running of the system.
Hardware Minimum System Requirement
 Processor  2.4 GHZ processor speed
 Disk space  80 GB (including 20 GB for database
Management system)
 Display  800 x 600 colors (1024 x 768 High color-
16 bit Recommended

8.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Software Minimum System Requirement

 Operating System  Windows2000 or later or Linux
 Technologies  Python Using Flask/Django Framework,
Python 3.0 or above
 IDE  Notepad++, Adobe Dreamweaver CS6
 Web technology  HTML,CSS, Javascript
 Database  MySql 5.6 or above
 Web browsers  Internet Browser or Google Chrome
43+ /Firefox 53+
 Web Server  WampServer
 9 MODULAR DESCRIPTION OF THE JOB

To describe the working of each module, it is necessary to define the tools & technologies used
during the project. The description will help to describe each and every module of the project.

9.1 PYTHON

In our setup of the project, Python helps us to integrate various libraries such as Flask,
GraphLab, DateTime which is not easy to do in other languages.
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python is
designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as other languages
use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not

need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.

 Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.

 Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of

programming that encapsulates code within objects.

 Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for the beginner-level

programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from simple
text processing to WWW browsers to games.

Python's features include −

 Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined
syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.

 Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.

 Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.

  A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-
platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.

 Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive
testing and debugging of snippets of code.

 Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same
interface on all platforms.

 Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules
enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.

 Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.

 GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be created and ported
to many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC,
Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.

 Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell
scripting.

Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good features, few are listed
below −

 It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.

 It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building large
applications.

 It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.

 IT supports automatic garbage collection.

 It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.
9.2 HTML

HTML stands for Hypertext  Markup  Language, and it is the most widely used language to
write Web Pages.

 Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked
together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.

 As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to
simply "mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it
to display.

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like
headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information
between researchers.

Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available
in HTML language.

In our Project, HTML was used to design a front end page which was used to navigate among
the various tables and graphs which were created using GraphLab library for the collected data.

9.3 CSS

Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simple design language intended to

simplify the process of making web pages presentable.

CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using CSS, you can control the color of the
text, the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how columns are sized and laid out,
what background images or colors are used, layout designs,variations in display for different
devices and screen sizes as well as a variety of other effects.
CSS is easy to learn and understand but it provides powerful control over the presentation of an
HTML document. Most commonly, CSS is combined with the markup languages HTML or
XHTML. In our Project, CSS was used to beautify the front end page.

9.4 JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most commonly

used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-side script to interact with the
user and make dynamic pages. It is an interpreted programming language with object-oriented
capabilities.

JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to JavaScript,
possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java. JavaScript made its first
appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the name LiveScript. The general-purpose core of the
language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other web browsers.

In our setup, main function of javascript was to determine the current location at which the
project is being ran.

9.5FLASK

Flask is a web application framework written in Python. It is developed by Armin Ronacher,

who leads an international group of Python enthusiasts named Pocco. Flask is based on the
Werkzeug WSGI toolkit and Jinja2 template engine. Both are Pocco projects.
Flask is called a micro framework because it does not require particular tools or libraries. It has
no database abstraction layer, form validation, or any other components where pre-existing third-
party libraries provide common functions. However, Flask supports extensions that can add
application features as if they were implemented in Flask itself. Extensions exist for object-
relational mappers, form validation, upload handling, various open authentication technologies
and several common framework related tools. Extensions are updated far more regularly than the
core Flask program.
Flask is a layered architecture which has the flexibility to support different models of distribution
and concurrency over the same data. The architecture eschews any fixed notion of concurrency
control or any built- in model of distribution. Instead it provides a framework in which models
can be defined and supported. One of the major difficulties in engineering such a system lies in
the building of generic mechanisms to provide the facilities of data visibility restriction, stability,
and atomicity, independently of the combination of these employed by a particular scheme.
The framework of the Flask architecture is shown in Figure 2 as a “V-shaped” layered
architecture to signify the minimal functionality built-in at the lower layers. At the top layer the
specifications of the model are used to guide the algorithms used to enforce them and can take
advantage of the semantics of these algorithms to exploit potential concurrency [Gar83]. For
example a particular specification may translate into an optimistic algorithm or alternatively a
pessimistic one while the information they operate over remains the same. More importantly
such an approach can accommodate different models of concurrency control and distribution.

Fig: V-Shaped layered architecture

Flask is a generic layered architecture which is designed to provide sufficient flexibility to enable
it to support many models. The Flask V-shaped structure builds in as little as possible at the
lower layers, not only to provide the required flexibility, but also to free the lower layers from
the burden of interference management and failure control. This greatly simplifies the
construction requirements of these bottom layers and permits a variety of implementations to co-
exist and be interchanged without the need for complete system rebuilds. Flask can thus be seen
as a good platform for building, testing and comparing models of distribution and concurrency.
To demonstrate the feasibility and flexibility of this approach a persistent distributed application
developed under the Flask architecture was described. The components of the instantiation
involve three different hardware platforms, two object stores, two abstract machines, one
communication and coherency protocol, and one concurrency control protocol running over four
nodes.
9.8 DATABASE

A relational database design was used to design the database. A relational database management
system (RDBMS) is an excellent tool for organizing large amount of data and defining the
relationship between the datasets in a consistent and understandable way. A RDBMS provides a
structure which is flexible enough to accommodate almost any kind of data. Relationships
between the tables were defined by creating special columns (keys), which contain the same set
of values in each table. The tables can be joined in different combinations to extract the needed
data. A RDBMS also offered flexibility that enabled redesign and regeneration of reports from
the database without need to re-enter the data. Data dictionaries were used to provide definitions
of the data used; these included the final data structures for the various tables and their
corresponding data fields, description and sizes the user application programs and interface were
developed using PHP, CSS, HTML, and Java Script with support of structured query language
(SQL) and MYSQL.
SQL is a language used to create, manipulate, examine and manage relational databases. SQL
was standardized in 1992 so that a program could communicate with most database systems
without having to change the SQL commands. Unfortunately one must connect to the database
before sending SQL commands and each database vendor has a different interface as well as
different extensions of SQL. Though SQL is well suited for manipulating database, it is
unsuitable as a general application language and programmers use it primarily as a means of
communicating with databases, another language is needed to feed SQL statements to a database
and process results for visual display or report generation.

SQLite is an in-process library that implements a self-contained, serverless, zero-

configuration, transactional SQL database engine. The code for SQLite is in the public
domain and is thus free for use for any purpose, commercial or private. SQLite is the most
widely deployed database in the world with more applications than we can count, including
several high-profile projects.

SQLite is an embedded SQL database engine. Unlike most other SQL databases, SQLite does
not have a separate server process. SQLite reads and writes directly to ordinary disk files. A
complete SQL database with multiple tables, indices, triggers, and views, is contained in a single
disk file. The database file format is cross-platform - you can freely copy a database between 32-
bit and 64-bit systems or between big-endian and little-endianarchitectures. These features make
SQLite a popular choice as an Application File Format. Think of SQLite not as a replacement
for Oracle but as a replacement for fopen()

SQLite is a compact library. With all features enabled, the library size can be less than 500KiB,
depending on the target platform and compiler optimization settings. (64-bit code is larger. And
some compiler optimizations such as aggressive function inlining and loop unrolling can cause
the object code to be much larger. There is a tradeoff between memory usage and speed. SQLite
generally runs faster the more memory you give it. Nevertheless, performance is usually quite
good even in low-memory environments. Depending on how it is used, SQLite can befaster than
direct filesystem I/O.
SQLite is very carefully tested prior to every release and has a reputation for being very reliable.
Most of the SQLite source code is devoted purely to testing and verification. An automated test
suite runs millions and millions of test cases involving hundreds of millions of individual SQL
statements and achieves 100% branch test coverage. SQLite responds gracefully to memory
allocation failures and disk I/O errors. Transactions are ACID even if interrupted by system
crashes or power failures. All of this is verified by the automated tests using special test
harnesses which simulate system failures. Of course, even with all this testing, there are still
bugs. But unlike some similar projects (especially commercial competitors) SQLite is open and
honest about all bugs and provides bugs lists and minute-by-minute chronologies of code
changes.

The SQLite code base is supported by an international team of developers who work on SQLite
full-time. The developers continue to expand the capabilities of SQLite and enhance its
reliability and performance while maintaining backwards compatibility with the published
interface spec, SQL syntax, and database file format. The source code is absolutely free to
anybody who wants it, but professional support is also available.

DETAILED ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL MODULE

10.1 ADMINISTRATION
In this module the Administrator has the privileges to add all the products, add customers. He
can also delete or change the product specifications

User Account
 AccountID
 Username
 Password

Functionality:

 Association User Account with UserRole.

 Association User Account with personal Details.

Alerts:

 All fields are mandatory

 Select user role
 Select role id
 Select role name
 Select Age
 Select Gender

UserRole
 RoleID
 RoleName

Functionality:
  Association user role with user Account

Alerts:
 Select Role Id
 Select role name

Product
 Description
 Category

11 DESIGN
 11.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD)

A data flow diagram is graphical tool used to describe and analyze movement of data
through a system. These are the central tool and the basis from which the other components are
developed. The transformation of data from input to output, through processed, may be
described logically and independently of physical components associated with the system. These
are known as the logical data flow diagrams.
The physical data flow diagrams show the actual implements and movement of data
between people, departments and workstations. A full description of a system actually consists
of a set of data flow diagrams. Using two familiar notations Yourdon, Gane and Sarson notation
develops the data flow diagrams. Each component in a DFD is labeled with a descriptive name.
Process is further identified with a number that will be used for identification purpose.
The development of DFD’S is done in several levels. Each process in lower level
diagrams can be broken down into a more detailed DFD in the next level. The lop-level diagram
is often called context diagram. It consists a single process bit, which plays vital role in studying
the current system. The process in the context level diagram is exploded into other process at the
first level DFD.
The idea behind the explosion of a process into more process is that understanding at one
level of detail is exploded into greater detail at the next level. This is done until further
explosion is necessary and an adequate amount of detail is described for analyst to understand
the process.
Larry Constantine first developed the DFD as a way of expressing system requirements
in a graphical from, this lead to the modular design.
A DFD is also known as a “bubble Chart” has the purpose of clarifying system
requirements and identifying major transformations that will become programs in system design.
So it is the starting point of the design to the lowest level of detail. A DFD consists of a series of
bubbles joined by data flows in the system.

11.1.1 DFD Symbols

In the DFD, there are four symbols:
1. A square defines a source(originator) or destination of system data
2. An arrow identifies data flow. It is the pipeline through which the information flows
3. A circle or a bubble represents a process that transforms incoming data flow into outgoing
data flows.
4. An open rectangle is a data store, data at rest or a temporary repository of data

Process that transforms data flow.

Source or Destination of data

Data flow

Data Store

11.1.2 Constructing a DFD

Several rules of thumb are used in drawing DFD’S:

1. Process should be named and numbered for an easy reference. Each name should be
representative of the process.
2. The direction of flow is from top to bottom and from left to right. Data traditionally flow
from source to the destination although they may flow back to the source. One way to
indicate this is to draw long flow line back to a source. An alternative way is to repeat the
 source symbol as a destination. Since it is used more than once in the DFD it is marked with
a short diagonal.
3. When a process is exploded into lower level details, they are numbered.
4. The names of data stores and destinations are written in capital letters. Process and dataflow
names have the first letter of each work capitalized

A DFD typically shows the minimum contents of data store. Each data store should
contain all the data elements that flow in and out.
Questionnaires should contain all the data elements that flow in and out. Missing
interfaces redundancies and like is then accounted for often through interviews.

11.1.3 Silent Features of DFDs

1. The DFD shows flow of data, not of control loops and decision are controlled considerations
do not appear on a DFD.
2. The DFD does not indicate the time factor involved in any process whether the dataflow take
place daily, weekly, monthly or yearly.
3. The sequence of events is not brought out on the DFD.

Types of Data Flow Diagrams:-

1. Current Physical
2. Current Logical
3. New Logical
4. New Physical

1) Current Physical:
In Current Physical DFD process label include the name of people or their
positions or the names of computer systems that might provide some of
the overall system-processing label includes an identification of the
technology used to process the data. Similarly data flows and data stores
are often labels with the names of the actual physical media on which data
 are stored such as file folders, computer files, business forms or computer
tapes.
2) Current Logical:
The physical aspects at the system are removed as much as possible so
that the current system is reduced to its essence to the data and the
processors that transform them regardless of actual physical form.

3) New Logical:
This is exactly like a current logical model if the user were completely
happy with he user were completely happy with the functionality of the
current system but had problems with how it was implemented typically
through the new logical model will differ from current logical model while
having additional functions, absolute function removal and inefficient
flows recognized.

4) New Physical:
The new physical represents only the physical implementation of the new
system.

11.1.4 Rules Governing DFDs

1) Process:

 No process can have only outputs.

 No process can have only inputs. If an object has only inputs than it must be a sink.
 A process has a verb phrase label.

2) Data Store:

 Data cannot move directly from one data store to another data store, a process must move
data.
  Data cannot move directly from an outside source to a data store, a process, which
receives, must move data from the source and place the data into data store.
 A data store has a noun phrase label.

Source or sink:

The origin and /or destination of data.

 Data cannot move direly from a source to sink it must be moved by a process
 A source and /or sink has a noun phrase land.

Data Flow:

 A Data Flow has only one direction of flow between symbols. It may flow in both
directions between a process and a data store to show a read before an update. The later
is usually indicated however by two separate arrows since these happen at different type.
 A join in DFD means that exactly the same data comes from any of two or more different
processes data store or sink to a common location.
 A data flow cannot go directly back to the same process it leads. There must be atleast
one other process that handles the data flow produce some other data flow returns the
original data into the beginning process.
 A Data flow to a data store means update (delete or change).
 A data Flow from a data store means retrieve or use.

11.2 CONTEXT DIAGRAM

11.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS
 Sequence Diagrams Represent the objects participating the interaction horizontally and time
vertically.

11.3.1 Sequence Diagram for Admin

13.SCREENSHOTS
13.1 Home Page
Fig.13.1.1.1 SCREENSHOT OF THE HOME PAGE
Fig.13.1.1.2 SCREENSHOT OF THE HOME PAGE
Fig.13.1.1.3 SCREENSHOT OF THE HOME PAGE
SCREENSHOT OF THE CATEGORY PAGE
SCREENSHOT OF THE CATEGORY PAGE
SCREENSHOT OF THE REGISTRATION PAGE
 SCREENSHOT OF THE ADMIN PAGE

Fig.13.1.2.1 SCREENSHOT OF THE CODE SNIPPET OF THE HOME PAGE

Fig.13.1.2.2 SCREENSHOT OF THE CODE SNIPPET OF THE HOME PAGE
Fig.13.2.2 SCREENSHOT OF THE CODE SNIPPET
.

Fig.13.3.1 SCREENSHOT OF THE ADD TO CART PAGE

Fig.13.3.2 SCREENSHOT OF THE CODE SNIPPET
14. TESTING

Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent to find whether
it satisfies the specified requirements or not. In simple words, testing is executing a system in
order to identify any gaps, errors, or missing requirements in contrary to the actual requirements.

14.1 METHODS OF TESTING

There are different methods that can be used for software testing.

14.1.1 Black-Box Testing

The technique of testing without having any knowledge of the interior workings of the
application is called black-box testing. The tester is oblivious to the system architecture and
does not have access to the source code. Typically, while performing a black-box test, a tester
will interact with the system's user interface by providing inputs and examining outputs without
knowing how and where the inputs are worked upon.

The following lists the advantages and disadvantages of black-box testing:

Advantages:

 Well suited and efficient for large code segments.

 Code access is not required.
 Clearly separates user's perspective from the developer's perspective through visibly
defined roles.
 Large numbers of moderately skilled testers can test the application with no knowledge
of implementation, programming language, or operating systems.

Disadvantages:

 Limited coverage, since only a selected number of test scenarios is actually performed.
 Inefficient testing, due to the fact that the tester only has limited knowledge about an
application.
 Blind coverage, since the tester cannot target specific code segments or error-prone areas.
  The test cases are difficult to design.

14.1.2 White-Box Testing

White-box testing is the detailed investigation of internal logic and structure of the code. White-
box testing is also called glass testing or open-box testing. In order to perform white-
box testing on an application, a tester needs to know the internal workings of the code.

The tester needs to have a look inside the source code and find out which unit/chunk of the code
is behaving inappropriately.

The following lists the advantages and disadvantages of white-box testing.

Advantages:

 As the tester has knowledge of the source code, it becomes very easy to find out which
type of data can help in testing the application effectively.
 It helps in optimizing the code.
 Extra lines of code can be removed which can bring in hidden defects.
 Due to the tester's knowledge about the code, maximum coverage is attained during test
scenario writing.

Disadvantages:

 Due to the fact that a skilled tester is needed to perform white-box testing, the costs are
increased.
 Sometimes it is impossible to look into every nook and corner to find out hidden errors
that may create problems, as many paths will go untested.
 It is difficult to maintain white-box testing, as it requires specialized tools like code
analyzers and debugging tools.
 14.2 LEVELS OF TESTING

There are different levels during the process of testing. 

Levels of testing include different methodologies that can be used while conducting software
testing. The main levels of software testing are:

14.2.1 Unit Testing

This type of testing is performed by developers before the setup is handed over to the testing
team to formally execute the test cases. Unit testing is performed by the respective developers
on the individual units of source code assigned areas. The developers use test data that is
different from the test data of the quality assurance team.

The goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that individual
parts are correct in terms of requirements and functionality.

Limitations of Unit Testing:

Testing cannot catch each and every bug in an application. It is impossible to evaluate every
execution path in every software application. The same is the case with unit testing.

There is a limit to the number of scenarios and test data that a developer can use to verify a
source code. After having exhausted all the options, there is no choice but to stop unit testing
and merge the code segment with other units.

14.2.2 Integration Testing

Integration testing is defined as the testing of combined parts of an application to determine if
they function correctly. Integration testing can be done in two ways: Bottom-up integration
testing and Top-down integration testing.

Bottom-up integration:

This testing begins with unit testing, followed by tests of progressively higher-level
combinations of units called modules or builds.

Top-down integration:
In this testing, the highest-level modules are tested first and progressively, lower-level modules
are tested thereafter.

In a comprehensive software development environment, bottom-up testing is usually done first,

followed by top-down testing. The process concludes with multiple tests of the complete
application, preferably in scenarios designed to mimic actual situations.
15. CONCLUSION

In e-commerce we can see that these seven kinds of unique features in the function of the
website. The seven unique features function is very important if no one function will make your
site there are loopholes in the website, so an indispensable. The seven unique features were
Ubiquity: available everywhere and all the time; Global Reach: users or customers can obtain
total enterprise electronic commerce; Universal Standards: is shared by all countries around the
world standard; Richness: complexity and message content; Interactivity: which allows for two-
way communication between businesses and consumers, provide the quantity and quality of
information in general; Information Density: to all market participants; Personalization: for
marketing message to a specific person, by adjusting the news of interest, the name of a person
and past purchases. E-commerce technology, allows customers to learn more and more
consumers, more efficient use of the information. Online businesses can use this information to
develop new information asymmetry, enhance their brand products, to charge higher prices,
quality service and market segmentation of many groups, each of the different prices.

Using python, Django and Flask we are making a website so that people can enjoy the various
advantages that come with shopping online such as convenience, more variety, best deals, price
comparisons, no crowd and so much more.

Shopping online doesn’t only make everything easy but it also saves time. We have made a
website that will help users not only browse and find something they like but also have various
options from which they can decide to make their purchase.
15.1 BENEFITS:
1. Convenience. The convenience is the biggest perk. Where else can you comfortably shop
at midnight while in your pajamas? There are no lines to wait in or shop assistants to wait
on to help you with your purchases, and you can do your shopping in minutes. Online shops
give us the opportunity to shop 24/7, and also reward us with a ‘no pollution’ shopping
experience. There is no better place to buy informational products like e-books, which are
available to you instantly, as soon as the payment goes through. Downloadable items
purchased online eliminate the need for any kind of material goods at all, as well, which
helps the environment!

2. Better prices. Cheap deals and better prices are available online, because products come
to you direct from the manufacturer or seller without middleman being involved. Many
online shops offer discount coupons and rebates as well.Apart from this, online shops are
only required to collect a sales tax if they have a physical location in our state, even if we
buy from a store across the world.

3. More variety. The choices online are amazing. One can get several brands and products
from different sellers all in one place. You can get in on the latest international trends
without spending money on airfare. You can shop from retailers in other parts of the
country, or even the world, all without being limited by geography. A far greater selection
of colors and sizes than you will find locally are at your disposal. Apart from that, the stock
is much more plentiful. Some online shops even provisions in place to accept orders for
items out of stock and ship it when the stock becomes available. You also have the option of
taking your business to another online store where the product is available.

4. You can send gifts more easily. Sending gifts to relatives and friends is easy, no matter
where they are. Now, there is no need to make distance an excuse for not sending a gift on
occasions like birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, Valentine's Day, Mother's Day, Father's
Day, and so forth.

5. Fewer expenses. Many times, when we opt for conventional shopping, we tend to spend
a lot more than planned. There are other outside expenses on things like eating out,
transportation, and let's not forget impulse buys!
6. Price comparisons. Comparing and researching products and their prices is so much
easier online. Also, we have the ability to share information and reviews with other
shoppers who have firsthand experience with a product or retailer.

7. No crowds. If you are like me, you hate crowds when you're shopping. Especially during
festivals or special events, they can be such a huge headache. Also, it tends to be more
chaotic when there are more crowds out and this sometimes makes us feel rush or hurried.
Grumpy, annoying, and smelly people also annoy me when I'm out shopping. Plus, parking
becomes a huge issue. All of these problems can be avoided when you shop online.

8. Less compulsive shopping. Often times when we're out shopping, we end up buying
things compulsively that we don't really need. All because shop keepers pressure us or use
their selling skills to compel us to make these purchases. Sometimes, we even compromise
on our choices because of the lack of choices in those shops.

9. Buying old or unused items at lower prices. The marketplace on the Internet makes it
much easier for us to buy old or unused things at rock bottom prices. Also, if we want to
buy antiques, there's no better place to find great ones.

10. Discreet purchases are easier. Some things are better done in the privacy of your home.
Online shops are best for discreet purchases for things like adult toys, sexy lingerie, and so
on. This enables me to purchase undergarments and lingerie without embarrassment or any
paranoia that there are several people watching me.
16. BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/html_overview.htm

 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/css/what_is_css.htm

 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/javascript/javascript_overview.htm

 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/index.htm

 http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.12/tutorial/