BRIDGE ENGINEERING


By
Rangwala

Edition : 16th Revised and Enlarged Edition : 2015

ISBN : 9789385039089
Size : 170 mm × 240 mm
Binding : Paperback
` 175.00 Pages : 298 + 16 = 314

About the book CONTENT

This book aims at presenting the topics of Bridge Engineering written in a simple manner. The   1 : INTRODUCTION
subject-matter is characterized by comprehensive as well as methodical and easy-to-follow   2 : FOUNDATION
style. — 1 SPREAD AND PILE FOUNDATION
Out line of Sixteenth Revised and Enlarged edition of this popular and highly acclaimed book of   3 : FOUNDATIONS
Bridge Engineering are as below:
— 2 CAISSONS AND COFFERDAMS
Chapter 1 gives Introduction of the subject.
  4 : SUB-STRUCTURES
Chapters 2 and 3 of Bridge Foundations, expanded and divided in two separate chapters.
  5 : FIXED-SPAN SUPER-STRUCTURES
Foundation I: Spread and Pile Foundations and Foundation II: Caissons and Cofferdams.
  6 : LOW COST BRIDGES: MOVABLE-SPAN SUPER-
Chapter 4 explains Sub-structures such as Abutments, Piers, Wing Walls etc. STRUCTURES
Chapter 5 gives variety of Fixed-Span Super-structures – Various Types of Bridges such as   7 : LOW COST BRIDGES: CULVERTS AND CAUSEWAYS
Simple, Cantilever, Arch, Bow-string Girder type, Rigid Frame, Suspension, Cable-stayed
  8 : LOW COST BRIDGES: TIMBER OR TEMPORARY
bridges.
BRIDGES
Chapter 6 consists Low cost Bridges: Movable-Span Super-structures.
  9 : FLOORING
Chapter 7 consists Low cost Bridges: Culverts and Causeways. 10 : LOADING ON BRIDGES
Chapter 8 consists Low cost Bridges: Timber or Temporary Bridges. 11 : BEARINGS
Chapter 9 discusses Flooring. It includes Factors, Requirements of Floorings, Types of Floorings 12 : CONSTRUCTION AND ERECTION METHODS OF
and various Flooring Materials etc. BRIDGE SUPER-STRUCTURE
Chapter 11 mention the Broad Outline of Loading on Bridges. 13 : MAINTENANCE OF THE BRIDGES
Chapter 12 This newly added chapter gives knowledge on Construction and Erection Methods 14 : MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
of Bridge Super-structure.
APPENDIX: SOME MARVELLOUS BRIDGES
Chapter 13 is newly added chapter on Maintenance of the bridges. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 14 give various Miscellaneous Topics such as Afflux; Approaches of Bridge; Bridge Index
Architecture, Clearance and Freeboard, Combined Road and Railway Bridges; Double-decker
Bridge; Economic Span of Bridge, Grip Length, Handrails, Joints of Bridge; M.F.D. or H.F.L.;
River Training Works etc.
In Appendix, Marvellous Bridges of the world, which gives technical information, such as India’s
latest Bandra-Worli Sea Link, Mumbai, India; The Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, USA;
Tower Bridge, London, UK, Sundial Bridge, California, USA and Zhangjiajie Grand Canyon
Glass Bridge, Chaina.
The text-matter has been arranged systematically into Fourteen Chapters assisted by:
* 224 Self-explanatory and neatly drawn sketches;
*   12 Illustrative problems;
*   20 Important useful tables;
* 251 Typical questions at the end of the chapters.
The book should prove to be extremely useful to the Civil Engineering students preparing for
the Degree Examinations of all the Indian Universities, Diploma Examinations conducted by
various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate Courses as well as for the A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C.,
G.A.T.E., I.E.S. and other similar competitive and professional examinations. It should also
prove of interest to the practising professionals. Checklist
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 BRIDGE ENGINEERING
Detailed Contents
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 2-5. Testing of soil samples
1-1. General (1) Plate bearing test (3) Vane shear test
1-2. Development of bridges (2) Standard penetration test (SPT)
(1) Arch bridges   (3) Simply supported bridges 2-6. Types of foundations
(2) Suspension bridges   (4) Truss and girder bridges 2-7. Spread foundations
1-3. Changing Scenario in Design and Construction of bridges 2-8. Pile foundations
1-4. Components of a bridge 2-9. Requirements for pile foundation
(1) Sub-structure   (3) Adjoining structures 2-10. Types of piles
(2) Super-structure 2-11. Load bearing piles
1-5. Classification of bridges (1) Bearing piles  (2) Friction piles
1-6. Importance of bridges 2-12. Materials used in construction of load bearing piles
1-7. Identification of bridges 2-13. Cast-iron piles
1-8. Preliminary data to be collected (1) Advantages of cast-iron piles
1-9. Selection of bridge site (2) Disadvantages of cast-iron piles
(1) Connection with roads   (8) Right-angle (square) 2-14. Cement concrete piles
(2) Freeboard crossing 2-14-1. Cast-in-situ concrete piles
(3) Firm embankments or   (9) Scouring and silting (1) Cased cast-in-situ concrete piles
river banks (10) Straight stretch of river (2) Uncased cast-in-situ concrete piles
(4) Foundations (11) Velocity of flow 2-14-2. Pre-cast concrete piles
(5) Large tributaries (12) Width of river (1) General
(6) Materials and labour (2) Casting of the pre-cast concrete piles
(7) Minimum obstruction to waterway (3) Advantages and disadvantages of pre-cast concrete piles
1-10. Choice of bridge type (4) Underwater repairs of pre-cast concrete piles
(1) Approaches   (5) Foundations 2-15. Sand piles
(2) Availability of funds   (6) Navigational requirements 2-16. Steel piles
(3) Climatic conditions   (7) Specialized firm (1) H-beam piles  (2) Box piles  (3)  Tube piles
(4) Economy in construction (8) Type of traffic 2-17. Timber piles
1-11. Requirements of an Ideal Bridge 2-18. Wrought-iron piles
1-12. Stages of investigation 2-19. Non-load bearing piles
(1) Reconnaissance or technical feasibility stage (1) Concrete sheet piles (3) Timber sheet piles
(2) Preliminary or techno-economic feasibility stage (2) Steel sheet piles
(3) Detailed survey and project report stage 2-20. Choice of type of pile
1-13. Preliminary and final project drawings 2-21. Composite piles
(1) Catchment area map   (4) Index map 2-22. Screw piles
(2) Contour plan   (5) Longitudinal section 2-23. Pulling of piles
(3) Cross-sections   (6) Soil profile (1) Use of double-acting (3) Use of tongs
1-14. Bridge Alignment steam hammers (4) Use of vibrators
(1) Alignment on curve   (4) Layout of approaches (2) Use of pile extractors (5) Use of electricity
(2) Control of highest flood   (5) River training works 2-24. Loads on piles
level   (6) Skew bridges 2-25. Causes of failures of piles
(3) Effects of silting and scouring Questions 2
1-15. Traffic requirements of highway bridges
Chapter 3: FOUNDATIONS — 2 CAISSONS AND COFFERDAMS
(1) Alignment   (5) Parapets and handrails
3-1. General
(2) Central verge   (6) Roadway width
3-2. Uses of caissons
(3) Footpath   (7) Safety kerbs
3-3. Cofferdam and caisson
(4) Lighting   (8) Sight distance
3-4. Materials used for the construction of caissons
1-16. Length of a bridge
(1) Cast-iron (3) Steel
1-17. Linear Waterway of a bridge
(2) Reinforced cement concrete (4) Timber
1-18. Maximum flood discharge
3-5. Classification of caissons
1-18-1. Direct method of calculating the maximum flood discharge
3-6. Box caissons
(1) Measurement of area
(1) Construction of a box caisson
(2) Measurement of velocity of flow
(2) Conditions favourable for the construction of a box caisson
1-18-2. Indirect method of calculating the maximum flood discharge
(3) Points to be noted in case of a box caisson
(1) Rational method
3-7. Wells
(2) Use of empirical formulae
(1) Single wells (3) Cylinders
1-19. Number of spans
(2) Multiple wells or monoliths
(1) Alternative proposals   (3) Odd number of spans
3-8. Pneumatic caissons
(2) Foundations for piers   (4) Span
3-9. Construction of a pneumatic caisson
1-20. I.R.C. Guide line code
3-10. Pneumatic caisson sickness
Questions 1
(1) Cause of caisson sickness
Chapter 2: FOUNDATION — 1 SPREAD AND PILE FOUNDATION (2) Precautions to be taken to avoid caisson sickness
2-1. General 3-11. Drilled caissons
2-2. Essential requirements of a good foundation (1) Bell  (2) Shaft  (3) Cap
(1) Location  (2) Stability  (3) Settlement 3-12. Methods of construction of drilled caisson
2-3. General principles of design of bridge foundations (1) Hand excavation method (2) Machine drilled caisson
(1) Bearing capacity of soil  (3) Scour depth 3-13. Precautions during construction of drilled caisson
(2) Frictional resistance 3-14. Loads on caisson
2-4. Subsoil exploration (1) Vertical loads  (2) Lateral loads  (3) Sinking loads
(1) Test pits  (2) Probing  (3) Auger boring 3-15. Floating of caissons
(4) Wash boring   (6) Deep boring (1) Construction of dry dock (3) Turning of caissons
(5) Test piles   (7) Geophysical method (2) Floating from bank (4) Use of compressed air
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 BRIDGE ENGINEERING
Detailed Contents
3-16. Cutting edges Chapter 6: LOW COST BRIDGES: MOVABLE-SPAN SUPER-
(1) Cutting edges with sharp ends STRUCTURES
(2) Cutting edges with blunt ends 6-1. Low cost bridges
3-17. Factors affecting the choice of a cutting edge 6-2. Movable-span super-structures
3-18. Skin friction 6-3. Bascule bridges
3-19. Sand blowing 6-4. Cut-boat bridges
3-20. Methods to facilitate the sinking of caissons 6-5. Flying bridges
(1) Air and water jets (3) Loading 6-6. Lift bridges
(2) Blasting (4) Sand island (1) Number of towers  (2) Construction
3-21. Tilting of caissons (3) Overhead trusses  (4) Span  (5) Wind pressure
3-22. General 6-7. Swing bridges
3-23. Uses of cofferdams (1) Flooring (2) Locking arrangements (3) Position of pier
3-24. Types of cofferdams 6-8. Transporter bridges
(1) Dikes (5) Rock-filled crib cofferdams 6-9. Traversing bridges
(2) Single wall cofferdams Questions 6
(3) Double wall cofferdams
(6) Concrete cofferdams Chapter 7: LOW COST BRIDGES: CULVERTS AND
(4) Cellular cofferdams (7) Suspended cofferdams CAUSEWAYS
3-25. Prevention of leakage in cofferdams 7-1. Definition
3-26. Puddle for cofferdam 7-2. Waterway of a culvert
3-27. Factors affecting design of a cofferdam (1) For catchment area upto 40 hectares
Questions 3 (2) For catchment area from 40 to 280 hectares
7-3. Types of culverts
Chapter 4: SUB-STRUCTURES
(1) Arch culverts  (2) Box culverts  (3) Pipe culverts
4-1. General
(4) Slab culverts  (5) Scuppers
4-2. Abutments
(1) Definition  (5) Conditions of stability 7-4. Causeways
(2) Functions  (6) Dimensions (1) Definition (4) Conditions to be satisfied
(3) Types  (4) Forces acting on an abutment (2) Types (5) Data to be collected
4-3. Piers (3) Necessity (6) Design of H.L.C.
(1) Definition  (2) Function  (3) Types Questions 7
(4) Forces acting on a pier  (5) Conditions of stability Chapter 8: LOW COST BRIDGES: TIMBER OR TEMPORARY
(6) Dimensions  (7) Location  (8) Abutment pier BRIDGES
4-4. Wing walls 8-1. Definition
(1) Definition  (2) Functions  (3) Types 8-2. Materials used
(4) Forces acting on a wing wall (5) Conditions of stability 8-3. Fastenings used
(6) Dimensions  (7) Precautions 8-4. Types of timber or temporary bridges
4-5. Setting out for piers and abutments 8-5. Bridges with intermediate supports
(1) Bench marks (1) Crates  (2) Cribs  (3) Pile bents  (4) Trestles
(2) Positions of reference points 8-6. Bridges without intermediate supports
(3) Principal reference lines (1) Cantilevers  (2) Suspension bridges  (3) Trusses
(4) Replacing original points 8-7. Floating bridges
4-6. Materials for sub-structures (1) Boat bridges  (2) Pontoon bridges  (3) Raft bridges
(1) Cement concrete  (2) Masonry  (3) Steel Questions 8
4-7. Bridge Inspection
Questions 4 Chapter 9: FLOORING
9-1. General
Chapter 5: FIXED-SPAN SUPER-STRUCTURES 9-2. Factors affecting the choice of Flooring material
5-1. General 9-3. Requirements of a good flooring material
5-2. Simple bridges or beam bridges 9-4. Types of floors
(1) Deck bridges (2) Through bridges (3) Semi-through bridges (1) Open floors (2) Solid floors
5-3. Continuous bridges 9-5. Flooring materials
(1) Facilities for erection (2) Hard soil (1) Jack arch (4) Mild steel troughs
5-4. Cantilever bridges (2) Mild steel buckle (5) Reinforced cement
5-5. Arch bridges plates concrete
(1) General (3) Mild steel plates (6) Timber
(2) Classification of bridge arches 9-6. Drainage of floors
(3) Advantages of arch bridges
Questions 9
(4) Disadvantages of arch bridges
5-6. Bow-string girder type bridges Chapter 10: LOADING ON BRIDGES
(1) R.C.C. bow-string girder bridge 10-1. General
(2) Steel bow-string girder bridge 10-2. Buoyancy pressure
5-7. Rigid frame bridges 10-3. Centrifugal forces
(1) R.C.C. portal frame (2) Steel portal frame (1) Road bridges (2) Railway bridges
5-8. Suspension bridges 10-4. Dead load
(1) General  (2) Classification of suspension bridges (1) Unwin’s formula
(3) Types of suspension bridges (2) American formula for plate girders
(4) Advantages and disadvantages of suspension bridges (3) American formula for trusses
5-9. Cable-stayed bridges (4) R.C.C. arches
5-10. Role of cable sheath in cable stayed bridge (5) R.C.C. slab bridges upto m span
5-11. Materials for super-structures (6) R.C.C. slab and T beam bridges
(1) Cement concrete  (2) Masonry  (3) Steel  (4) Timber 10-5. Deformation stresses
5-12. Composite bridges 10-6. Earth pressure
Questions 5 10-7. Erection stresses
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 BRIDGE ENGINEERING
Detailed Contents
10-8. Impact load Chapter 13: MAINTENANCE OF THE BRIDGES
(1) For road bridges (2) For railway bridges 13-1. General
10-9. Live load 13-2. Deterioration of bridges
(1) For road bridges (2) For railway bridges 13-3. Bridge Failures
10-10. Longitudinal forces 13-4. Defects of bridges and their rectification
(1) For road bridges (2) For railway bridges (1) Cracks in concrete (2) Corrosion of structural
(3) Other defects of bridge steel work
10-11. Secondary stresses
13-5. Inspection of bridges
10-12. Seismic load (1) Detailed inspection (2) Routine inspection
10-13. Temperature variation forces 13-6. Posting of bridges
(1) Concrete structures (3) Temperature variation (1) Load limit postings (2) Speed postings
(2) Metal structures 13-7. Rating of existing bridges
10-14. Water pressure (1) Magnetic particle detector
10-15. Wind load (2) Radiographic equipment
(1) For road bridges (2) For railway bridges (3) Ultrasonic testing equipment
10-16. Design of bridge foundations 13-8. Rebuilding of bridges
10-17. Forces acting on different components of a bridge (1) Damage
(1) Forces acting on foundation (2) Excessive maintenance cost
(2) Forces acting on abutments (3) Obsolescence
(3) Forces acting on piers (4) Weathering
13-9. Testing and strengthening of bridges
(4) Forces acting on wing walls
(1) Correlation method (3) Theoretical method
(5) Forces acting on super-structures (2) Load testing
Questions 10 13-10. Maintenance of the bridges
Chapter 11: BEARINGS Questions 13
11-1. Definition Chapter 14: MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
11-2. Purposes of bearings 14-1. General
11-3. Importance of bearings 14-2. Afflux
11-4. Free and fixed bearings (1) Definition  (2) Importance  (3) Height of afflux
11-5. Types of bearings 14-3. Approaches of bridge
(1) Cement mortar pad (9) Sole plate on curved bed (1) Borrow pits  (2) Construction  (3) Cost
(2) Expansion bearing plate bearing (4) Curvature  (5) Extension of bridge  (6) Gradient
(3) Knuckle bearing (10) Tar paper bearing (7) Joint walls  (8) Maintenance  (9) Width and length
14-4. Bridge architecture
(4) Rocker and roller bearing  (11) Pin bearing
(1) Construction (5) Lines and edges
(5) Rocker bearing (12) Pot bearing
(2) General design (6) Proportioning
(6) Rubber bearing (13) Laminated elastomeric (3) Landscaping (7) Railings
(7) Neoprene bearing pads bearing (4) Light and shade (8) Simplicity
(8) Sliding bearing 14-5. Clearance and freeboard
11-6. Materials for bearings (1) Definition  (2) Necessity  (3) Provisions
11-7. Bed blocks 14-6. Combined road and railway bridges
11-8. Maintenance of bearings (1) Airlock equipment (5) Lighting on road
Questions 11 (2) Alignment (6) Section
(3) Foundations (7) Super-structure
Chapter 12: CONSTRUCTION AND ERECTION METHODS OF (4) High tensile steel (8) Total length
BRIDGE SUPER-STRUCTURE 14-7. Double-decker bridge
12-1. General 14-8. Economic span of the bridge
(1) Centering  (2) Field forces  (3) Machinery (1) Definition  (2) Assumptions  (3) Exceptions
(4) Measurement of span  (5) Selection of method 14-9. Grip Length
12-2. Erection of steel girders 14-10. Handrails
(1) Building out from supports  (2) Floating (1) Panel slab and post system  (2) Post and rail system
(3) Lifting  (4) Rolling  (5) Staging 14-11. Joints of bridge
12-3. Erection of steel truss bridges (1) Construction joints  (2) Expansion and contraction joints
14-12. Maximum flood discharge or High flood level (H.F.L.)
(1) First stage (2) Second stage (3) Third stage (4)
14-13. River Training works
Fourth stage
(1) Objects (2) Methods
12-4. Erection of suspension bridges Questions 14
(1) Erection of towers  (4) Erection of stiffening trusses
(2) Erection of suspenders  (5) Erection of flooring system Appendix : SOME MARVELLOUS BRIDGES
(3) Erection of catwalks A-1. Bandra Worli Sea Link (Rajiv Gandhi Setu) – Mumbai, India
A-1-1. Planning
12-5. Construction of pre-stressed concrete super-structure
A-1-2. The amazing facts behind Bandra-Worli Sea Link
12-6. Erection of R.C.C. and pre-stressed girder bridges A-1-3. Benefits of the project
(1) Cast-in-situ construction on staging A-1-4. Criticism of the project
(2) Segmental cantilever construction using cast-in-situ or A-2. Golden Gate Bridge – San francisco, U.S.A.
precast segments A-2-1. The amazing facts behind Golden Gate Bridge
(3) Span by span method A-3. Tower Bridge – London, U.K.
(4) Incremental launching method A-4. Sundial bridge – California, U.S.A.
(5) Movable form system or movable scaffold system A-5. Zhangjiajie grand canyon glass bridge – China
12-7. Formwork for arch bridges BIBLIOGRAPHY
(1) Good features (2) Types
Questions 12 Index

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