DC Final

1. Which circuit is called as regenerative repeaters?
a) Analog circuits
b) Digital circuits
c) Amplifiers
d) A/D converters
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The main advantage of digital communication is that the signals can be
reproduced easily. Thus digital circuits are called as regenerative repeaters.
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2. What are the advantages of digital circuits?

a) Less noise
b) Less interference
c) More flexible
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Digital circuits are less subject to noise, distortion and interference as it works
on digital pulses and also the pulses can be regenerated.
3. How many different combinations can be made from a n bit value?
a) 2(n+1)
b) 2(n)
c) 2(n)+1
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: 2(n) different combinations can be made from n bit value. For example, from 2
bit value 22 different combinations-00,01,10,11 can be made.
4. How many bytes does a gigabyte have?
a) 1 million bytes
b) 10 million bytes
c) 1 billion bytes
d) 10 billion bytes
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: One gigabyte has 1 billion bytes.
5. What is the ASCII value of space?
a) 32
b) 48
c) 96
d) 65
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The ASCII value of space is 32 and ASCII value of 0 is 48.
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6. Which block or device does the data compression?
a) Channel encoder
b) Source encoder
c) Modulator
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Source encoder converts the digital or analog signal to a sequence of binary
digits. This process is called as source encoding or compression.
7. What is the code rate?
a) k/n
b) n/k
c) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Here n is the total bits of sequence and k bits are mapped. Amount of
redundancy introduced is given by n/k and its reciprocal is the code rate.
8. Pulse shaping is done by which block or system?
a) Encoder
b) Baseband modulator
c) Pulse code modulator
d) Demodulator
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Pulse code modulator does filtering process to build pulses that occupy more
than one bit time.
9. Equalizer is used for?
a) Filtering
b) Diminish distortion
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Equalizer is used as a filtering option and also diminishes or reduces the
distortion.
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10. Source coding block is used for?

a) Compressing
b) Digitizing
c) A/D conversion
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Source encoding does all these processes-compression, digitizing the signal
and performs analog to digital conversion.
11. Which measurement considers phase as an important parameter?
a) Coherent
b) Non-coherent
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Coherent measurement considers phase as an important parameter.
12. The size of the alphabet M in symbol is calculated as?
a) 2(k+1)
b) 2k
c) 2(k-1)
d) 1+2k
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The size of the alphabet is calculated using 2^k where k is the number of
bits in the symbol.
1. SQNR can be improved by _______ sampling rate.

a) Increasing
b) Decreasing
c) Does not depend
View Answer
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2. Which offers better SQNR?

a) Delta modulation
b) PCM
c) Delta modulation & PCM
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: PCM offers better SQNR than delta modulation.
3. Two functions are called as orthogonal if on integrating the product we get
a) One
b) Zero
c) Infinity
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Two functions are called as orthogonal if the integral value of integrating the
product is zero.
4. Eigen functions are not orthogonal.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: An important property of eigen function is that they are orthogonal.
5. Shot noise is produced by
a) Electrons
b) Photons
c) Electrons & Photons
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Shot noise occurs due to particle like the behaviour of electron and photon.
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6. Shot noise is avoidable when current is

a) Zero
b) One
c) Infinity
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Shot noise is avoidable only when the current is zero.
7. Shot noise is
a) Stochastic process
b) Poisson process
c) Stochastic & Poisson process
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Shot noise is a Poisson process.
8. Which occurs due to equilibrium fluctuations?
a) Thermal noise
b) Johnson noise
c) Thermal & Johnson noise
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Thermal noise occurs due to equilibrium fluctuations. This noise is also called
as Johnson noise.
9. Flicker noise is called as
a) White noise
b) Pink noise
c) Brown noise
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Flicker noise is called as pink noise.
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10. Which has the same power spectral density?

a) White noise
b) Brown noise
c) White & Brown noise
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: White noise has same power spectral density where as it decreases in case of
brown noise.
1. Which noise is useful for dithering?
a) White noise
b) Pink noise
c) Brown noise
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Brown noise is sometimes useful for dithering.
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2. Capacity of a channel can be increased by

a) Increasing channel bandwidth
b) Increasing signal power
c) Increasing channel bandwidth &signal power
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Capacity of a channel can be increased by increasing channel bandwidth and
also by increasing signal power.
3. Capacity of the channel can be increased by reducing in band noise power.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Capacity of a channel can be increased by reducing the in band noise power.
4. Noise has
a) Infinite energy
b) Infinite power
c) Infinite energy & power
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Noise has infinite energy signal.
5. Thermal noise is
a) Energy signal
b) Power signal
c) Energy & Power signal
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Thermal noise is considered as power signal as it has infinite energy.
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6. Thermal noise is a wide sense stationary process.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Thermal noise is modeled as a wide sense stationary stochastic process.
7. The maximum likelihood function is
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Any of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The maximum likelihood function is always positive.
8. Matched filtering operation includes
a) Spectral phase matching
b) Spectral amplitude matching
c) Spectral phase & amplitude matching
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Matched filtering includes two operations – spectral amplitude matching and
spectral phase matching.
9. Matched filter is
a) Linear
b) Non linear
c) Linear & Non linear
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Matched filter is a linear filter.
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10. Which consists of less ISI?

a) Nyquist filter
b) Raised cosine filter
c) Nyquist & Raised cosine filter
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Raised cosine filter results in less ISI than Nyquist filter.
1. Digital communication is _______ to environmental changes?
a) Less sensitive
b) More sensitive
c) Does not depend
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Digital communication is less sensitive to environmental changes like
temperature etc.
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2. Advantages of digital communication are

a) Easy multiplexing
b) Easy processing
c) Reliable
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Digital communication is a very reliable communication. It is easy for
multiplexing, easy for signalling and processing etc.
3. What is necessary for digital communication?
a) Precision timing
b) Frame synchronization
c) Character synchronization
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Bit, character, frame synchronization and precision timing is necessary for
digital communication. This is considered as a disadvantage of digital communication.
4. What are the disadvantages of digital communication?
a) Needs more bandwidth
b) Is more complex
c) Needs more bandwidth & Is more complex
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Digital communication needs more bandwidth, has higher complexity and little
performance degradation occurs during analog to digital conversion and vice versa.
5. Examples of digital communication are
a) ISDN
b) Modems
c) Classical telephony
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the examples of digital communication systems are classical
telephony, ISDN, Modems, LANs, PCM TDM etc.
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6. Which system uses digital transmission?

a) ISDN
b) LANs
c) ISDN & LANs
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Though the signal type is analog or digital, the transmission takes place in the
digital domain in ISDN and LANs.
7. The interval of frequencies outside which the spectrum is zero is called as ________
a) null to null bandwidth
b) normalized bandwidth
c) absolute bandwidth
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer:c
Explanation: The measure of frequencies outside which spectrum is zero is called as
absolute bandwidth. It is usually infinite.
8. The attenuation level in bounded power spectral density is
a) 35
b) 50
c) 35 & 50
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Bounded power spectral density is the bandwidth outside which the spectrum
must have fallen to a stated level below that found at the band center.
9. Synchronization available in digital communication are
a) Symbol synchronization
b) Frame synchronization
c) Carrier synchronization
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The synchronization techniques available in digital communication are symbol
synchronization, frame synchronization and carrier synchronization.
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10. Digital system includes

a) Better encryption algorithm
b) Difficult data multiplexing
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Digital system has an advantage of better encryption algorithm, easier data
multiplexing and more reliability.
11. Analog to digital conversion includes
a) Sampling
b) Quantization
c) Sampling & Quantization
View Answer…..C
1. What are the main features of a receiver?
a) Synchronization
b) Multiple parallel receiver chain
c) Synchronization & Multiple parallel receiver chain
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The main features of a receiver which increases its complexity are
synchronization of carrier, phase, and timing and multiple parallel receiver chain.
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2. What conditions must be fulfilled in a good digital communication system?

a) High data rate
b) High fidelity
c) Low transmit power
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the conditions which must be satisfied in a digital communication
system are high data rate, high fidelity, low bandwidth, low transmit power and low
transmitter and receiver complexity.
3. Wired channels are
a) Lossy
b) Lossless
c) Lossy & Lossless
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Wired channels are lossy channels.
4. The equivalent temperature in a receiver design must be kept
a) Low
b) High
c) Does not affect the receiver
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The equivalent temperature is the function of the receiver design and it must
be always kept low.
5. Which corrects the sampling time problem in a digital system?
a) Interpolator
b) Decimator
c) Equalizer
d) Filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Interpolator corrects the sampling time problem using discrete time
processing.
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6. What are the main features of a transmitter?

a) Higher clock speed
b) Linear power amplifier
c) Directional antennas
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the main features which make the transmitter complex are higher
clock speed, higher transmit power, directional antennas and need for a linear amplifier.
7. Transmission media used in low frequency band are
a) Air
b) Water
c) Copper cable
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Air, water and copper cable can be used as transmission media in low
frequency band communication.
8. Transmission media used for medium frequency band are
a) Coaxial cable
b) Copper cable
c) Optical fiber
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For medium frequency band communication air and copper cable can only be
used as a transmission medium.
9. Matched filter technique is used to
a) Increase SNR
b) Decrease SNR
c) SNR is not affected
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Matched filter technique is a demodulation process used to increase SNR.
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10. Matched filter can also be used as least squares estimator.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A matched filter can also be used as a least squares estimator.
11. Digital communication system can handle
a) Analog signals
b) 1D signals
c) 2D signals
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Digital communication system can handle signals that are analog or those that
are already digital. It can also handle 1D and 2D signals.
12. The information source of a digital communication system can be
a) Packetized
b) Continuous
c) Packetized & Continuous
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Information source comes from a higher networking layer. It can be
continuous or packetized.
1. Which are the common transmission media used in digital communication system?
a) Coaxial cable
b) Twisted copper cable
c) Radio frequency bands
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the commonly used physical transmission media are twisted copper
cable, good quality coaxial cable and radio frequency bands.
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2. The basic transmission-reception system is a ______ system.

a) Two block system
b) Three block system
c) Four block system
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The basic transmission-reception consists of three blocks – transmitter,
transmission medium, receiver.
3. Modulation channel consists of
a) Amplifier
b) Signal processing units
c) Amplifier & Signal processing units
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: When information is transmitted through large distance it must be amplified.
Modulation channel consists of an amplifier and other signal processing units.
4. Modulation channel does not accept an analog input signal.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Modulation channel accepts analog signal as input and delivers another
version of modulated signal as analog waveform.
5. If operating frequency bands are higher ______ is available.
a) Smaller bandwidth
b) Larger bandwidth
c) Smaller & Larger bandwidth
d) Cannot be determined
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Larger bandwidth is available when operating frequency bands are higher.
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6. Ground wave communication occurs in

a) Low frequency band
b) Medium frequency band
c) Low & Medium frequency band
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Ground wave communication can take place in both low frequency and
medium frequency bands.
7. Sampling theorem is used for converting
a) Continuous time signal to discrete
b) Discrete to continuous time signal
c) Continuous time signal to discrete & vice versa
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Sampling theorem is used for converting continuous time signal to discrete
type signal and vice versa.
8. A signal can be recovered from its sample by using
a) Low pass filter
b) High pass filter
c) Band pass filter
d) Band stop filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A signal can be recovered from its sampled version by using an ideal low pass
filter.
9. Which is practically realizable?
a) A train of pulses
b) Impulse train
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A train of pulses with narrow bandwidth is realizable than the impulse train.
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10. In flat top sampling scheme, ______ is kept constant after sampling.
a) Amplitude
b) Phase
c) Frequency
d) Time period
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In flat top sampling scheme, the amplitude is kept constant after sampling.
11. Loop filter is a ______ used to reduce noise.
a) Low pass filter
b) High pass filter
c) Band pass filter
d) Band reject filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Loop filter is a low pass filter used to reduce noise.
1. A stationary stochastic process has
a) Finite energy signal
b) Infinite zero signal
c) Zero energy signal
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A stationary stochastic process is an infinite energy signal and hence its
fourier transform does not exist.
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2. The power spectral density function of the stochastic process is

a) Real
b) Odd
c) Real & odd
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The power spectral density function of a stochastic function is real and even.
3. For a periodic function, the spectral density and auto correlation functions form
a) Fourier transform pair
b) Laplace transform pair
c) Hilbert transform pair
d) Z transform pair
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For a periodic function, the spectral density and auto correlation function
forms fourier transform pair.
4. The capacity of a channel is given by
a) Number of digits used in coding
b) Volume of information it can take
c) Maximum rate of information transmitted
d) Bandwidth requires information
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The capacity of the channel is given by a maximum rate of information
transmitted.
5. In a communication system, a process in which statistical averages and time averages
are equal is called as
a) Stationary
b) Ergodic
c) Gaussian
d) Poisson
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In ergodic process statistical averages and time averages are equal.
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6. A rectangular pulse of duration T is applied to a matched filter. The output of the filter is a
a) Rectangular pulse of duration T
b) Rectangular pulse of duration 2T
c) Triangular pulse
d) Sine function
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The output of the matched filter when a rectangular pulse of duration T is
applied is a triangular pulse.
7. The line code has a zero dc component for pulse transmission of random binary data is
a) NRZ
b) RZ
c) Alternate mark inversion
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The line code has a zero dc component for pulse transmission of random
binary data is alternate mark inversion.
8. The auto-correlation of white noise is
a) A delta function
b) A constant
c) Gaussian
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The auto-correlation of white noise is a delta function.
9. Ionospheric communication can take place in
a) High frequency band
b) Very high frequency band
c) Ultra high frequency band
d) Super high frequency band
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Ionospheric communication takes place in high frequency band.
10. Satellite communication takes place in
a) Ultra high frequency band
b) Super high frequency band
c) Ultra & Super high frequency band
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Satellite communication takes place in ultra high and super high frequency
bands.
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11. The weighing matrix is

a) Positive quantity
b) Inverse of covariance matrix of the input vector
c) Positive quantity & Inverse of a covariance matrix of the input vector
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: W is a positive definite weighing matrix and it is inverse of covariance matrix
of the input vector.
12. Non uniform tree _____ bit rate.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Does not affect
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Non uniform tree for binary search increases the bit rate.
13. Two clock with rates T1 and T2 are incommensurate if its ratio is
a) Rational
b) Irrational
c) Equal
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Two clock with rates T1 and T2 are incommensurate if its ratio is irrational.
14. Possible timing error detection methods are
a) Early late
b) Zero crossing
c) Early late & Zero crossing
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Methods for timing error detections are early late timing error detection and
zero crossing timing error detection method.
15. Which has minimum power loss during transmission?
a) Twisted Copper cable at 1KHz
b) Optical fiber
c) Twisted copper cable at 100KHz
d) Wave guide
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Twisted copper wire at 1KHz have low power loss.
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16. Voltage generated by lightning is an example for

a) Energy signal
b) Power signal
c) Energy & Power signal
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Voltage generated by lightning is an example for energy signal and it has very
high power.
1. In the digital communication system, signals in different frequency bands are
a) Orthogonal
b) Non orthogonal
c) Orthogonal & Non orthogonal
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In digital communication system, signals from different frequency bands are
orthogonal thus interference won’t occur.
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2. Properties of impulse function are

a) Symmetry
b) Time scaling
c) Shifting
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the properties of impulse function are symmetry, time scaling and
shifting.
3. Properties of Fourier transform are
a) Duality property
b) Time shifting property
c) Modulation property
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the properties of Fourier transform are duality property, time scaling
property, time shifting property, modulation property and many more.
4. A base-band signal can be up-converted using
a) Sine wave
b) Cosine wave
c) Filtering
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A base-band signal can be up-converted to band-pass filter by applying cosine
wave.
5. A band-pass signal can be down-converted using
a) Sine wave
b) Cosine wave
c) Time delayed wave
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For down-conversion of a band-pass signal also cosine signal is used and
multiplied with it.
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6. In down-conversion multiplication with cosine wave is followed by

a) Low pass filter
b) High pass filter
c) Bandpass filter
d) Bandstop filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Downconversion of bandpass signal includes multiplication with sine wave
followed by low pass filtering.
7. ADSL has _____ information channels.
a) One
b) Three
c) Four
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Asymmetric digital subscriber line has three information channels – a high
speed downstream channel, ISDN channel and medium speed duplex channel.
8. Fourier transform of a signal gives the
a) Frequency content
b) Bandwidth
c) Frequency content & Bandwidth
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Fourier transform of a signal give the frequency content and also determines
the bandwidth of the signal.
9. Random things in a communication system are
a) Timing offset
b) Device frequency
c) Attenuation
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the random things in the communication system are noise in the
channel, attenuation, fading, channel filtering, device frequency, phase and timing offset.
10. Which can be used for periodic and non periodic?
a) Fourier series
b) Fourier transforms
c) Fourier series & transforms
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Fourier series is limited to only periodic signals where as Fourier transforms
and laplace transforms can be used for both periodic and non periodic signals.
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11. A band-pass signal has a Fourier transform equal to

a) One
b) Zero
c) Infinity
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A band-pass signal has a Fourier transform equal to zero for all value in both
frequency and time domain.
12. A band-pass signal has
a) DC component
b) No DC component
c) No side lobes
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A band-pass signal has no DC components and has Fourier transform equal to
zero. Outside the band it will not be exactly zero. Thus this results in presence of side
lobes.
13. Which are orthonormal signal representation?
a) Sine and cosine at same frequency
b) Wavelets
c) Complex sinusoids at a different frequency
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the common orthonormal signal representations are sine and cosine
at the same frequency, Fourier serier, sinc functions centered at sampling times, wavelets
etc.
14. Constellation diagram is plotted in
a) Constellation space
b) Signal space
c) Orthogonal space
d) Boundary space
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The constellation diagram is plotted in a space called as signal space.
15. Cumulative distributive function is
a) Non negative
b) Non decreasing
c) Non negative & decreasing
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Cumulative distribution function is non negative and non decreasing function.
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16. Which are non negative functions?

a) PDF
b) PMF
c) PDF & PMF
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: PDF, PMF and CDF are non negative functions.
Next »
1. The sampling process includes methods such as

a) Filtering
b) Sample and hold
c) Amplifying
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The analog data is converted to digital data through sampling. Sampling is
done using sample and hold mechanism which uses transistor, capacitor or shutter etc.
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2. The output of sampling process are called as ________

a) Pulse code modulation
b) Pulse amplitude modulation
c) Frequency modulation
d) Amplitude modulation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In sampling process, input data is split up into samples whose output samples
are called as pulse amplitude modulation as the amplitude of the samples is derived from
the input waveform.
3. According to Sampling theorem
a) Ts is greater than 1/2fm
b) Ts is lesser than 1/2fm
c) Ts is equal to 1/2fm
d) Ts is lesser than or equal to 1/2fm
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: By sampling theorem the input can be derived from the output samples if Ts is
lesser than or equal to 1/2fm.
4. The fourier tranform of one impulse train is also another impulse train with a period of the
output equal to the
a) Period of the input
b) Reciprocal of the period of input signal
c) Half the period of input
d) Twice the period of the input
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: When we perform fourier tranform on one impulse train we will get another
impulse train with its period reciprocally related to each other.
5. The process in which the top of each pulse in the output samples retains the shape of the
analog segment is called as ________
a) Natural sampling
b) Ideal sampling
c) Aliasing
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In the method of natural sampling, the top of each pulse in the sampled
sequence retains the same shape of the analog input signal.
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6. The effects of aliasing are ________

a) Attenuation of high frequency spectral replicates
b) Non uniform spectral gain applied to desired baseband spectrum
c) Attenuation and non uniform spectral gain
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Aliasing is due to undersampling and its effects are attenuation and non
uniform spectral gain.
7. Aliasing can be removed using
a) Prefiltering
b) Postfiltering
c) Prefiltering & Postfiltering
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Aliasing can be removed using both prefiltering and postfiltering but
prefiltering is most effective and preferred.
8. Which process is more economical?
a) Undersampling
b) Oversampling
c) Aliasing
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Oversampling is most economic way of sampling or for converting analog
information to digital as performing signal processing using digital system is less costlier
than doing it with high performace analog system.
9. Flat top sampling or practical sampling has
a) Same frequency
b) Same amplitude
c) Same time difference
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In flat top sampling the top of the pulses are flat which in turn means that they
have the same amplitude.
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10. Multiplication of input signal with pulse train is done in ________ sampling.
a) Impulse sampling
b) Natural sampling
c) Flat top sampling
View Answer…………B
1. The main sources of corruption are
a) Sampling and quantizing effects
b) Channel effects
c) Sampling, quantizing and channel effects
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The analog signal obtained from sampling quantization and transmitted pulses
will have corruption from several sources in which the two main sources are quantizing and
sampling effect and channel effect.
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2. The distortion in quantization is called as

a) Round off error
b) Truncation error
c) Round off & Truncation error
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: After sampling and quantization of input signals, the ouput sampled sequence
consists of some distortion which can be called as round off error or truncation error.
3. In quantization process, the amount of quantization noise is _______________ to number
of levels.
a) Directly proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Independent
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The distortion introduced to approximate the analog signal is called as
quantization noise. The amount of this noise is inversely proportional to number of levels
employed in quantization process.
4. Saturation noises can be avoided or reduced by
a) Automatic gain control
b) Amplifying
c) Filtering
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When the difference between input and output signal increases, we say that
analog to digital converter is working in saturation. This introduces saturation noise or
error. This can be reduced by using automatic gain control.
5. Timing jitter can be reduced by
a) Good power supply isolation
b) Stable clock reference
c) Good power supply isolation & Stable clock reference
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Jitter occurs when there is a slight position change in the sampled signals.
This timing jitter can be controlled by power supply isolation and clock reference.
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6. The reasons for the threshold effect are

a) Thermal noise
b) Interference from other users
c) Interference from circuit switching transients
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The channel noise which is caused by thermal noise interference from other
users and circuit switching transients is called as threshold effect.
7. When channel bandwidth is greater than the pulse bandwidth, it causes
a) Intersignal interference
b) Intersymbol interference
c) Bandwidth error
View Answer
Answer:b
Explanation: When channel bandwidth is greater than pulse bandwidth, the signal widens
and expands exceeding the symbol duration which causes intersymbol interference.
8. The _____________ corresponds to average quantization noise power.
a) Mean
b) Variance
c) Probability density function
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The variance corresponds to average quantization noise power. It is calculated
assuming the quantization noise and probability distribution function.
9. Signal to noise ratio increases as ___________ increases.
a) Quantization level
b) Square of quantization level
c) Square root of quantization level
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: On calculating the number of levels, quantization error and power and also
signal to noise ration we can find that signal to noise ratio depends directly on square of
number of quantization levels.
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10. Signal to noise ratio is infinite when

a) Quantization noise is zero
b) Number of levels are infinite
c) Quantization noise is zero & Number of levels are infinite
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In the limit L tends to infinity and signal to quantization noise ratio tends to
infinity when quantization levels are infinite and quantization noise is zero.
11. The ratio of average signal power and quantization noise is
a) 3L2
b) L2/3
c) 2L3
d) L3/2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: On calculating the signal power and the quantization noise, and on taking its
ratio it depends on the number of quantization level L and we get as 3L2.
n”.
1. The signals which are obtained by encoding each quantized signal into a digital word is
called as
a) PAM signal
b) PCM signal
c) FM signal
d) Sampling and quantization
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Pulse code modulation is the name for the class of signals which are obtained
by encoding the quantized signals into a digital word.
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2. The length of the code-word obtained by encoding quantized sample is equal to

a) l=log(to the base 2)L
b) l=log(to the base 10)L
c) l=2log(to the base 2)L
d) l=log(to the base 2)L/2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The quantized sample which are digitally encoded into l bit value code-word.
The length l can be calculated as l=log(to the base 2)L.
3. Quantization noise can be reduced by ________ the number of levels.
a) Decreasing
b) Increasing
c) Doubling
d) Squaring
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The process of quantization replaces the true signal with the
approximation(quantization noise). By increasing the number of quantization level the
quantization noise can be reduced.
4. In PCM encoding, quantization level varies as a function of ________
a) Frequency
b) Amplitude
c) Square of frequency
d) Square of amplitude
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In linear PCM the quantization levels are uniform. But in normal PCM encoding
the quantization level vary according to the amplitude, based of A-law of Myu-law.
5. What is bit depth?
a) Number of quantization level
b) Interval between two quantization levels
c) Number of possible digital values to represent each sample
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: One of the properties of PCM signal which determines its stream fidelity is bit
depth which is the number of possible digital values that can be used to represent each
sample.
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6. Choosing a discrete value that is near but not exactly at the analog signal level leads to
a) PCM error
b) Quantization error
c) PAM error
d) Sampling error
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: One of the limitations of PCM is quantization error which occurs when we
choose a discrete value at some near by value and not at the analog signal level.
7. In PCM the samples are dependent on ________
a) Time
b) Frequency
c) Quanization leavel
d) Interval between quantization level
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The samples depend on time,an accurate clock is required for accurate
reproduction.
8. DPCM encodes the PCM values based on
a) Quantization level
b) Difference between the current and predicted value
c) Interval between levels
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Differential PCM encodes the PCM value based on the difference between the
previous sample and the present sample value.
9. Delta modulation uses _____ bits per sample.
a) One
b) Two
c) Four
d) Eight
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Delta modulation is used for analog to digital conversion and vice versa. It is a
simple form of DPCM. Its uses 1 bit per sample. It also depends on the difference between
the current and previous sample values.
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10. Sample resolution for LPCM ____ bits per sample.

a) 8
b) 16
c) 24
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Common sampling resolution for LPCM are 8, 16, 20, 24 bits per sample.
11. Adaptive DPCM is used to
a) Increase bandwidth
b) Decrease bandwidth
c) Increase SNR
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Adaptive DPCM is used to decrease required bandwidth for the given SNR.
1. The size of the quantile interval is called as
a) Inter level
b) Step size
c) Quantile size
d) Level width
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The interval between the quantization levels is called as step size.
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2. Uniform quantization provides better quantization for

a) Weak signals
b) Strong signals
c) Weak & Strong signals
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Signal to noise ratio is worse for weak level signals.so it provides better
quantization for high level signals.
3. Non uniform quantization provides better quantization for
a) Weak signals
b) Coarse signals
c) Weak & Coarse signals
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: According to signal to noise level ratio non uniform quantization provides
better quantization for weak signals.
4. In non uniform quantization, the quantization noise is _______ to signal size.
a) Inversely proportional
b) Directly proportional
c) Equal
d) Double
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In sampling and quantization, the quantization noise is directly dependent on
signal size.
5. The output SNR can be made independent of input signal level by using
a) Uniform quantizer
b) Non uniform quantizer
c) Uniform & Non uniform quantizer
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The weak signal experiences poorer SNR compared to high level signals. So if
non uniform quantizer like logarithmic compressor is used the SNR ratio can be made
independent of input signal level.
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6. Companding is the process of

a) Compression
b) Expansion
c) Compression & Expansion
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The given signal is first compressed using a logarithmic compressor and then
it is given as input to the uniform quantizer. Both these steps together is called as
companding.
7. Which value of μ corresponds to linear amplification?
a) μ=0
b) μ=1
c) μ>0
d) μ<0
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In μ-law compression characteristics, we get linear amplification or uniform
quantization when μ=0.
8. What is the standard value of μ in μ-law ?
a) 128
b) 255
c) 256
d) 0
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The standard value of μ in μ-law is 255.
9. The standard value of A in A-law is
a) 87
b) 88
c) 86.7
d) 87.6
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Another famous compression characteristic used is A-law. In this law, the
standard value of A is 87.6.
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10. Which type of quantization is most preferable for audio signals for a human ear?
a) Uniform quantization
b) Non uniform quantization
c) Uniform & Non uniform quantization
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The human ear is sensitive to quantization error in small values so non
uniform quantization is more preferable than uniform quantization.
1. Which waveforms are also called as line codes?
a) PCM
b) PAM
c) FM
d) AM
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When pulse modulation is applied to binary symbol we obtain pulse code
modulated waveforms. These waveforms are also called as line codes.
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2. When pulse code modulation is applied to non binary symbols we obtain waveform called
as
a) PCM
b) PAM
c) M-ary
d) line codes
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: When pulse code modulation is applied to binary symbols we get PCM
waveforms and when it is applied to non binary symbols we obtain M-ary waveforms.
3. Examples of PCM waveforms are
a) Non return to zero
b) Phase encoded
c) Multilevel binary
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the examples or classification of pulse code modulated signals are
non return to zero, return to zero, phase encoded, multilevel binary etc.
4. Which type is used and preferred in digital logic circuits?
a) NRZ-L
b) NRZ-M
c) NRZ-S
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: NRZ-L is extensively used in digital logic circuits. In this method, logic 1 is
represented by one voltage level and logic 0 is represented by another voltage level.
5. Which method is called as differential encoding?
a) NRZ-L
b) NRZ-M
c) NRZ-S
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In NRZ-M, logic 1 is represented by a change in voltage level and logic 0 is
represented by no change in level. This is called as differential encoding.
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6. Which method is preferred in magnetic tape recording?

a) NRZ-L
b) NRZ-M
c) NRZ-S
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: NRZ-M is also called as differential encoding and it is most preferred in
magentic tape recording.
7. NRZ-S is complement of _______
a) NRZ-L
b) NRZ-M
c) NRZ-L & NRZ-M
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: NRZ-S is a complement of NRZ-M. Logic 0 is represented by a change in
voltage level and logic 1 is represented as no change in voltage level.
8. The return to zero waveform consists of
a) Unipolar RZ
b) Bipolar RZ
c) RZ-AMI
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Different types of return to zero waveforms are unipolar RZ, bipolar RZ,
RZ-AMI. These are used in baseband transmission and in magnetic recording.
9. Phase encoded group consists of
a) Manchester coding
b) Bi-phase-mark
c) Miller coding
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Different types of phase encoded waveform consists of manchester coding,
bi-phase-mark, bi-phase-space, delay modulation.
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10. In which waveform logic 1 is represented by half bit wide pulse and logic 0 is
represented by absence of pulse?
a) Unipolar RZ
b) Bipolar RZ
c) RZ-AMI
d) Manchester coding
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In unipolar RZ waveform, logic 1 is represented by half bit wide pulse and logic
0 is represented by the absence of a pulse.
11. In which waveform logic 1 and logic 0 are represented by opposite one half bit wide
pulses?
a) Unipolar RZ
b) Bipolar RZ
c) RZ-AMI
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In bipolar return to zero waveform ones and zeroes are represented by
opposite level pulses one half bit wide pulses.
12. In which waveform logic 1 is represented by equal amplitude alternating pulses?
a) Unipolar RZ
b) Bipolar RZ
c) RZ-AMI
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In RZ-AMI logic 1 is represented by equal amplitude alternating pulses and
logic 0 is represented by the absence of a pulse.
1. Application of phase encoded binary signals are
a) Optical communication
b) Magnetic recording
c) Satellite telemetry
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the fields where phase encoded waveforms is being used are optical
communication, magnetic tape recording, satellite telemetry etc.
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2. In which waveform one is represented by half bit wide pulse positioned during the first
half and zero is represented by half bit wide pulse positioned in the second half?
a) Bi-p-L
b) Bi-p-M
c) Bi-p-S
d) Delay modulation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In bi-phase-level one is represented by half bit wide pulse positioned during
the first half and zero is represented by half bit wide pulse positioned in the second half.
3. Which binary waveform uses three levels?
a) Bipolar RZ
b) RZ-AMI
c) Bipolar RZ & RZ-AMI
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In PCM waveforms signals generally use two levels. But few signals use three
levels such as bipolar RZ, RZ-AMI, dicode, duobinary etc.
4. Which waveform type has the feature of clocking?
a) Manchester coding
b) Bbi-p-M
c) Delay modulation
d) NRZ-L
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In manchester coding transition occurs in the middle of every bit interval.
Thus it has a feature of clocking.
5. Which waveform has the feature of error detection?
a) NRZ-L
b) RZ-AMI
c) Manchester coding
d) Duobinary
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Duobinary scheme does error detection without introducing any additional
error bits into the data sequence.
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6. Which waveform scheme introduces bandwidth compression?

a) Duobinary
b) Manchester coding
c) Phase encoded waveform
d) Multilevel codes
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Multilevel codes increases the bandwidth efficiency by reducing the
bandwidth utilization for the given data rate.
7. Which waveform type has better noise immunity?
a) NRZ
b) RZ
c) Phase encoded
d) Multilevel codes
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: NRZ waveforms has better error performance than RZ signal waveforms.
8. In pulse modulation, reciprocal of T(time) is
a) Bandwidth
b) Symbol rate
c) Signal voltage
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: T is the time period of the signal. In pulse modulation, the symbol rate Rs can
be given as reciprocal of T.
9. PCM word size can be described by
a) Time period
b) Symbol rate
c) Number of quantization levels
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Each analog sample is transformed into PCM word made up of a group of bits.
The PCM word size can be described by number of quantization levels allowed for each
sample.
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10. Some of the M-ary waveforms are

a) PAM
b) PPM
c) PDM
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: When we pulse modulate non binary signals we get M-ary waveform. Some of
the examples of M-ary waveforms are PAM, PPM, PDM.
11. Which method should be implemented for reducing bandwidth?
a) Multilevel codes
b) Multilevel signalling
c) PAM
d) PDM
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The transmission bandwidth required for binary digital waveforms is large. To
reduce the bandwidth, multilevel signalling method can be used.
12. In M-ary PPM waveform, modulation is effected by
a) Delaying
b) Advancing
c) Delaying & Advancing
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In M-ary PPM waveform, modulation is effected by delaying or advancing
pulse occurrence by an amount that corresponds to information symbol.
13. For both PPM and PDM _______ is kept constant.
a) Amplitude
b) Time period
c) Frequency
d) Number of levels
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In PPM waveform delaying or advancing of pulse is done. In PDM the pulse
width is varied. Thus in both the cases amplitude is maintained constant.
1. The method in which small amount of controlled ISI is introduced into the data stream
rather than trying to eliminate it completely is called as
a) Correlative coding
b) Duobinary signalling
c) Partial response signalling
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The interference at the detector can be cancelled out using these methods in
which some controlled amount of ISI is introduced into the data stream.
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2. From digital filter we will get the output pulse as the _______ of the current and the
previous pulse.
a) Summation
b) Difference
c) Product
d) Ratio
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The digital filter incorporates one digit delay and thus it adds the incoming
pulse with the value of the previous pulse.
3. In duobinary signalling method, for M-ary transmission, the number of output obtained is
a) 2M
b) 2M+1
c) 2M-1
d) M2
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In duobinary coding, the number of output obtained for M-ary transmission is
2M-1.
4. The method using which the error propagation in dubinary signalling can be avoided is
a) Filtering
b) Precoding
c) Postcoding
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In duobinary signalling method if one error occurs it repeats everywhere
through out the next steps. To avoid this precoding method can be used.
5. In precoding technique, the binary sequence is _____ with the previous precoded bit.
a) And-ed
b) Or-ed
c) EXOR-ed
d) Added
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: To avoid error propogation precoding method is used. In this each bit is
encoded individually without having any effect due to its prior bit or decisions.
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6. The duobinary filter, He (f) is called as

a) Sine filter
b) Cosine filter
c) Raised cosine filter
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The transfer function is 2T cos(πfT) which is called as cosine filter.
7. The method which has greater bandwidth efficiency is called as
a) Duobinary signalling
b) Polybinary signalling
c) Correlative coding
View Answer
Answer:b
Explanation: If more than three levels are introduced in duobinary signalling technique the
bandwidth efficiency increases This method is called as polybinary signalling.
8. In polybinary signalling method the present bit of binary sequence is algebraically added
with ______ number of previous bits.
a) j
b) 2j
c) j+2
d) j-2
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In polybinary signalling method the present binary digit of the sequence is
formed from the modulo-2 addition of the j-2 preceding digits of the sequence and the
present digit.
9. The primary advantage of this method is
a) redistribution of spectral density
b) to favor low frequencies
c) redistribution of spectral density & to favor low frequencies
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Each bit can be independently detected in-spite of strong correlation and this
provides redistribution of spectral density and also favors low frequencies.
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10. Source encoding procedure does

a) Sampling
b) Quantization
c) Compression
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Source encoding includes a sampling of
1. Which signals are function of time?
a) Random signal
b) Deterministic signal
c) Random & Deterministic signal
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Deterministic signals are function of time.
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2. Auto-correlation function is a
a) Even function
b) Odd function
c) Even & Odd function
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Auto-correlation function is an even function of time.
3. Shot noise occurs in
a) Transistors
b) Valves
c) Transistors & Valves
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Shot noise occurs in both valves and transistors.
4. Source coding reduces
a) Redundancy
b) Average bit rate
c) Redundancy & Average bit rate
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Source coding reduces both average bit rate and reduces redundancy.
5. Delay element in delta modulation acts as
a) First order predictor
b) Second order predictor
c) Third order predictor
d) Fourth order predictor
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Delay element act as first order predictor.
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6. Non uniform quantization includes

a) Compression
b) Expansion
c) Compression & Expansion
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Compression and expansion give the feature of non uniform quantization.
7. The quantization will be finer when
a) Smaller the number of discrete amplitudes
b) Larger the number of discrete amplitudes
c) Does not depend on amplitudes
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Larger the number of discrete amplitudes, finer will be the quantization.
8. Different cases of sampling include
a) Ideal impulse sampling
b) Flat-topped sampling
c) Sampling with rectangular pulses
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The three cases of sampling are ideal impulse sampling, sampling with
rectangular pulses and flat topped sampling.
9. Transmitted pulse becomes distorted due to
a) Ideal transmission characteristic
b) Non ideal transmission characteristic
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A transmitted pulse gradually becomes distorted due to non ideal
transmission characteristic of the channel.
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10. In which mixing is easier?

a) Analog signal
b) Digital signal
c) Analog & Digital signal
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Mixing of digital signals are easier than that of mixing analog signals.
1. Which filter does not have sharp output?
a) Linear phase filter
b) Delayed symmetric filter
c) Linear phase & Delayed symmetric filter
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Linear phase filter or delayed symmetric filter does not have sharp output but
sampling can be done in real time.
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2. Using ARMA filter

a) Sampling can be done in real time
b) Gives sharp output
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: ARMA filter gives sharp output but sampling cannot be done in real time.
3. To avoid aliasing
a) Reduce the bandwidth
b) Cut out high frequency
c) Reduce the bandwidth & Cut out high frequency
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: To avoid aliasing bandwidth should be reduced and high frequency should be
cut out.
4. Which requires interpolation filtering?
a) Up-sampler
b) D to A converter
c) Up-sampler & D to A converter
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Up-sampler and D to A conversion need interpolation filtering.
5. A to D conversion process uses
a) Sampler
b) Quantizer
c) Sampler & Quantizer
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A to D conversion process requires both sampler and quantizer.
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6. Reconstruction filter is difficult to implement in hardware.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Reconstruction filter is simpler and easy to implement in hardware.
7. Which process requires low pass filter?
a) Up-sampling
b) Down-sampling
c) Up-sampling & Down-sampling
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Up-sampling requires low pass filter after increasing the data rate and
down-sampling requires low pass filter before decimation.
8. Decreasing the data rate is called as
a) Aliasing
b) Down sampling
c) Up sampling
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Decreasing the data rate is called as down sampling and increasing the data
rate is called as up sampling.
9. Original signal came to be retraced from sampled version using
a) Low pass filtering
b) High pass filtering
c) Low & High pass filtering
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Original signal can be obtained from its sampled version by using low pass
filtering.
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10. The signal can be reconstructed
a) At Nyquist rate
b) Above Nyquist rate
c) At & above the Nyquist rate
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The signal can be reconstructed from the sampled version at or above Nyquist
rate using simple low pass filtering.
11. Which device is needed for the reconstruction of signal?
a) Low pass filter
b) Equalizer
c) Low pass filter & Equalizer
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Equalizer followed by a low pass filter is necessary for reconstruction of a
signal from its sampled version.
1. The term heterodyning refers to
a) Frequency conversion
b) Frequency mixing
c) Frequency conversion & mixing
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The method heterodyning means frequency conversion and mixing and this results
in a spectral shift.
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2. The causes for error performance degradation in communication systems are

a) Interference
b) Electrical noise
c) Effect of filtering
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The main causes of error performance degradation are interference electrical noise
effect of filtering and also due to the surroundings.
3. Thermal noise in the communication system due to thermal electrons
a) Can be eliminated
b) Cannot be eliminated
c) Can be avoided upto some extent
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Thermal noise which cannot be eliminated is caused by the motion of thermal
electrons causes degradation in system.
4. White noise has _______ power spectral density.
a) Constant
b) Variable
c) Constant & Variable
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The AWGN has constant power spectral density.
5. Which are called as hard decisions?
a) Estimates of message symbol with error correcting codes
b) Estimates of message symbol without error correcting codes
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If error correcting codes are not present, the detector output consists of estimates of
the message symbol which is also called as hard decisions.
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6. The filter which is used to recover the pulse with less ISI is called as
a) Matched filter
b) Correlator
c) Matched filter & Correlator
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The optimum filter used to recover the pulse with best possible signal to noise ratio
and less or no ISI is called as correlator or matched filter.
7. The composite equalizing filter is the combination of
a) Receiving and equalizing filter
b) Transmitting and equalizing filter
c) Amplifier and equalizing filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The functions of both receiving and equalizing filter can be performed by only the
equalizing filter alone. Thus equalizing filter is the combination of equalizing and receiving filter.
8. The sample from the demodulation process consists of sample which is _______ to energy of
the received symbol and _____ to noise.
a) Directly and inversely proportional
b) Inversely and directly proportional
c) Both directly proportional
d) Both inversely proportional
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The output symbol of the sampler consists of sample which is directly proportional
to the energy of the received signal and inversely proportional to the noise.
9. The average noise power of white noise is
a) 0
b) Infinity
c) 1
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: White noise is a idealized process with two sided spectral density equal to constant
N0/2 and frequencies varying from minus infinity to plus infinity. Thus the average noise power is
infinity.
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10. The channel may be affected by

a) Thermal noise
b) Interference from other signals
c) Thermal noise & Interference from other signals
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A channel can be modelled as a linear filter with additional noise. The noise comes
from thermal noise source and also from interference from other signals.
11. Channels display multi-path due to
a) Scattering
b) Time delayed reflections
c) Diffraction
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Wireless wide-band channels display multi-path due to time delayed reflections,
diffraction and also scattering.
1. The method in which the tail of one pulse smears into adjacent symbol interval is called as
a) Intersymbol interference
b) Interbit interference
c) Interchannel interference
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Due to the effect of system filtering the received pulse can overlap on one and
another. The tail of one pulse smears into the adjacent symbol interval thereby interfering the
detection process. This process is called as intersymbol interference.
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2. If each pulse of the sequence to be detected is in _____ shape, the pulse can be detected
without ISI.
a) Sine
b) Cosine
c) Sinc
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The sinc shaped pulse is the ideal nyquist pulse. If each pulse in the sequence to be
detected is in sinc shape the pulses can be detected without ISI.
3. What is symbol rate packing?
a) Maximum possible symbol transmission rate
b) Maximum possible symbol receiving rate
c) Maximum bandwidth
d) Maximum ISI value allowed
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A system with bandwidth Rs/2 can support a maximum transmission rate of Rs
without ISI. Thus for ideal Nyquist filtering the maximum possible symbol transmission rate is
called as symbol rate packing and it is equal to 2 symbols/s/Hz.
4. A nyquist pulse is the one which can be represented by _____ shaped pulse multiplied by
another time function.
a) Sine
b) Cosine
c) Sinc
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A nyquist filter is one whose frequency transfer function can be represented by a
rectangular function convolved with any real even symmetric frequency function and a nyquist
pulse is one whose shape can be represented by sinc function multiplied by another time function.
5. Examples of nyquist filters are
a) Root raised cosine filter
b) Raised cosine filter
c) Root raised & Raised cosine filter
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The most popular among the class of nyquist filters are raised cosine and root raised
cosine filter.
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6. The minimum nyquist bandwidth for the rectangular spectrum in raised cosine filter is
a) 2T
b) 1/2T
c) T2
d) 2/T
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For raised cosine spectrum the minimum nyquist bandwidth is equal to 1/2T.
7. Roll off factor is the fraction of
a) Excess bandwidth and absolute bandwidth
b) Excess bandwidth and minimum nyquist bandwidth
c) Absolute bandwidth and minimum nyquist bandwidth
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The roll off factor is defined by a fraction of excess bandwidth and the minimum
nyquist bandwith. It ranges from 0 to 1.
8. Which value of r (roll off factor) is considered as Nyquist minimum bandwidth case?
a) 0
b) 1
c) Infinity
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For the roll off factor of 0 an ideal rectangular nyquist pulse is obtained. This is
called as nyquist minimum bandwidth case.
9. A pulse shaping filter should satisfy two requirements. They are
a) Should be realizable
b) Should have proper roll off factor
c) Should be realizable & have proper roll off factor
View Answer
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10. Examples of double side band signals are

a) ASK
b) PSK
c) ASK & PSK
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: ASK and PSK needs twice the transmission bandwidth of equivalent baseband
signals. Thus these are called as double side band signals.
1. The likelihood ratio test is done between
a) Likelihood of s1 by likelihood of s2
b) Likelihood of s2 by likelihood of s1
c) Likelihood of s1 by likelihood of s1
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The likelihood ratio is given with the help of conditional probabilities.
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2. According to the rule of minimizing the error probabilities, the hypothesis should be like if the
priori probabilities are ________ than the ratio of likelihoods.
a) Lesser
b) Greater
c) Equal
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The rule of minimizing the error probabilities show that the hypothesis should be like
if the ratio of likelihoods should be greater than the priori probabilities.
3. The detector that minimizes the error probability is called as
a) Maximum likelihood detector
b) Minimum likelihood detector
c) Maximum & Minimum likelihood detector
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For the signals that are equally likely, the detector used to minimize the error
probability is called as maximum likelihood detector.
4. For a M-ary signal or symbol the number of likelihood functions are
a) M
b) M+1
c) M-1
d) 2M
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For a M-ary signal there will be M likelihood functions representing M signal classes
to which a received signal might belong.
5. An error in binary decision making occurs when the channel noise is
a) Greater than the optimum threshold level
b) Lesser than the optimum threshold level
c) Greater or Lesser than the optimum threshold level
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: An error will occur when s1(t) or s2(t) is sent and if the channel noise is greater or
lesser than the optimum threshold level.
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6. Optimum threshold value is given by

a) a0+a1/2
b) a0-a1/2
c) a0/2
d) a1/2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The optimum threshold level value for error probability reduction is given by a0+a1/2.
7. The symbol of the probability under the tail of Gaussian pdf is called as
a) Complementary error function
b) Co error function
c) Complementary error & Co error function
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The co error function or complementary error function is a commonly used symbol
for probability under the tail of Gaussian pdf.
8. Matched filter provides _____ signal to noise ratio.
a) Maximum
b) Minimum
c) Zero
d) Infinity
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A matched filter is a linear filter designed to give a maximum signal to noise ratio
power at the output.
9. The impulse response of the filter is the ________ of the mirror image of the signal waveform.
a) Delayed version
b) Same version
c) Delayed & Same version
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The matched filter’s basic property is that the impulse response of the filter is the
delayed version of the mirror image of the signal waveform.
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10. Example for antipodal bandpass signaling is

a) BPSK
b) ASK
c) FSK
d) MSK
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: One type of antipodal bandpass signaling is binary phase shift keying.
1. Channel’s phase response must be a linear function of
a) Time
b) Frequency
c) Time & Frequency
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: To achieve ideal transmission characteristics, the signal’s bandwidth must be
constant and the channel’s phase response must be a linear function of frequency.
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2. Amplitude distortion occurs when

a) Impulse response is not constant
b) Impulse response is constant
c) Frequency transfer function is constant
d) Frequency transfer function is not constant
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: When modulus of channel’s transfer function is not constant within W then amplitude
distortion occurs.
3. Phase distortion occurs when
a) Phase response is function of frequency
b) Phase response is not a function of frequency
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: When channels phase response is not a linear function of frequency within W then
phase distortion occurs.
4. Equalization process includes
a) Maximum likelihood sequence estimation
b) Equalization with filters
c) Maximum likelihood sequence estimation & Equalization with filters
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Equalization process can be divided into two major categories called as maximum
likelihood sequence estimator and equalizer with a filter.
5. The maximum likelihood sequence estimator adjusts _______ according to _____ environment.
a) Receiver, transmitter
b) Transmitter, receiver
c) Receiver, receiver
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In maximum likelihood sequence estimator it measures the impulse response value
and adjusts the receiver environment according to that of the transmitter.
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6. The filters used with the equalizer is of ______ types.

a) Feed forward
b) Feed backward
c) Feed forward and feedback
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The filters used with equalizers can be linear devices that contain only feed forward
elements or non linear devices with both feed forward and feed back elements.
7. Transversal equalizers are ________ and decision feedback equalizers are ______
a) Feed forward, feed back
b) Feed back, feed forward
c) Feed forward, feed forward
d) Feedback, feedback
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Linear devices with only feed forward elements are called as transversal equalizers
and non linear devices with both feed forward and feed back elements are called as decision
feedback equalizers.
8. Symbol spaced has ____ sample per symbol and fractionally spaced has ___ samples per
symbol.
a) One, many
b) Many, one
c) One, one
d) Many, many
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Predetection samples are provided only on symbol boundaries. A condition in which
only one sample per symbol are provided is called as symbol spaced and the condition in which
multiple samples are provided per symbol is called as fractionally spaced.
9. The _______ of the opening of eye pattern indicates the time over which the sampling for
detection might be performed.
a) Length
b) Width
c) X-axis value
d) Y-axis value
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: An eye pattern is a display that results from measuring a system’s response to
baseband signals in a prescribed way. The width of the opening gives the time over which the
sampling for detection might be performed.
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10. Range of time difference of the zero crossing gives the value of
a) Width
b) Distortion
c) Timing jitter
d) Noise margin
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The time difference of the zero crossing in the eye pattern gives the value of timing
jitter.
1. The range of amplitude difference gives the value of
a) Width
b) Distortion
c) Timing jitter
d) Noise margin
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In the eye pattern, the amplitude difference gives the value of distortion caused by
ISI.
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2. As the eye opens, ISI _______
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains the same
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: As the eye closes, ISI increases and as the eye opens ISI decreases.
3. Pseudo noise signal has _______ and _______ SNR for the same peak transmitted power.
a) Larger, smaller
b) Smaller, larger
c) Larger, larger
d) Smaller, smaller
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A training pulse is applied to the equalizer and corresponding impulse response is
observed. Pseudo noise is preferred as the training pulse as it has larger SNR value and larger
average power value.
4. The index value n, in transversal filter can be used as.
a) Time offset
b) Filter coefficient identifier
c) Time offset & Filter coefficient identifier
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The index n can be used as both time offset and the filter coefficient identifier, which
is the address in the filter.
5. The over-determined set of equations can be solved using
a) Zero forcing
b) Minimum mean square error
c) Zero forcing & Minimum mean square error
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The matrix x in transversal equalizer if non square with dimensions 4N+1 and 2N+1.
Such equations are called as over-determined set. This can be solved by two methods called as
zero forcing method and minimum mean square error method.
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6. If the filter’s tap weight remains fixed during transmission of data, then the equalization is called
as
a) Preset equalization
b) Adaptive equalization
c) Fixed equalization
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If the weight remains fixed during transmission of data then the equalization is called
as preset equalization. It is a simple method which consists of setting the tap weight according to
some average knowledge of the channel.
7. Equalization method which is done by tracking a slowly time varying channel response is
a) Preset equalization
b) Adaptive equalization
c) Variable equalization
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: This method is implemented to perform tap weight adjustment periodically or
continually. Equalization is done by tracking a slowly varying channel response.
8. Preamble is used for
a) Detect start of transmission
b) To set automatic gain control
c) To align internal clocks
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The receiver uses preamble for detecting the start of transmission, to set automatic
gain control, and to align internal clocks and local oscillator with the received signal.
9. The disadvantage of preset equalizer is that
a) It doesnot requires initial training pulse
b) Time varying channel degrades the performance of the system
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The disadvantage of preset equalization is that it requires an initial training period
that must be invoked at the start of any new transmission. Also time varying channel can degrade
system performance due to ISI, since the tap weights are fixed.
10. For AWGN, the noise variance is
a) N0
b) N0/2
c) 2N0
d) N0/4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The noise variance out of the correlator for AWGN is N0/2.
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11. Performance of BFSK signal is ________ than BPSK.

a) 3db worse
b) 3db better
c) 6db worse
d) 6db better
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The performance of BFSK is 3db worse than BPSK signalling, since for a given signal
power, the distance squared between orthogonal vectors is a factor of two less than the distance
squared between orthopodal signals.
12. A Gaussian distribution into the non linear envelope detector yields
a) Rayleigh distribution
b) Normal distribution
c) Poisson distribution
d) Binary distribution
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The two output signals of Gaussian distribution yields Rayleigh and Rician
distribution.
13. The non coherent FSK needs ________ Eb/N0 than coherent FSK.
a) 1db more
b) 1db less
c) 3db more
d) 3db less
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The non coherent receiver is easier to implement. The non coherent FSK needs 1db
more Eb/N0 than coherent FSK.
14. The DPSK needs ________ Eb/N0 than BPSK.
a) 1db more
b) 1db less
c) 3db more
d) 3db less
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The DPSK system is easier to implement than PSK and it needs 1db more Eb/N0 than
BPSK.
15. Coherent PSK and non coherent orthogonal FSK have a difference of ______ in PB.
a) 1db
b) 3db
c) 4db
d) 6db
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The difference of PB is approximately 4db for the best ( coherent PSK ) and the worst
(non coherent orthogonal FSK).
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16. Which is easier to implement and is preferred?

a) Coherent system
b) Non coherent system
c) Coherent & Non coherent system
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A non coherent system is desirable because there may be difficulty is establishing
and maintaining a coherent reference.
17. Which is the main system consideration?
a) Probability of error
b) System complexity
c) Random fading channel
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The major system considerations are error probability, complexity and random
fading channel. Considering all this non coherent system is more desirable than coherent.
This set of Digital Communications Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Digital bandpass modulation techniques”.
1. Wavelength and antenna size are related as

a) λ/2
b) λ/4
c) 2λ
d) 4λ
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The transmission of Em field in space is done with the help of antennas. Antenna
size depends of the wavelength. The length of the antenna is equal to λ/4.
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2. The detection method where carrier’s phase is given importance is called as

a) Coherent detection
b) Non coherent detection
c) Coherent detection & Non coherent detection
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When the receiver uses carrier’s phase as major factor for detection then it is called
as coherent detection and when carrier is not given importance it is called as non coherent
detection.
3. The coherent modulation techniques are
a) PSK
b) FSK
c) ASK
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the examples of coherent modulation techniques are phase shift keying,
amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying and continuous phase modulation.
4. The real part of a sinusoid carrier wave is called as
a) Inphase
b) Quadrature
c) Inphase & Quadrature
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The two main parts of sinusoid carrier wave – real part is called as inphase and the
imaginary part is called as quadrature.
5. Antipodal signal sets are those vectors that can be illustrated as
a) Two 180 opposing vector
b) Two 90 opposing vector
c) Two 360 opposing vector
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In BPSK the two vectors, the signal set can be illustrated as two 180 opposing vector
which is called as antipodal signal sets.
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6. The FSK signal which has a gentle shift from one frequency level to another is called as
a) Differential PSK
b) Continuous PSK
c) Differential & Continuous PSK
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In general FSK the signal change from one frequency to another will be abrupt but in
continuous FSK the signal change from one frequency to another will be gentle and gradual.
7. Which modulation scheme is also called as on-off keying method?
a) ASK
b) FSK
c) PSK
d) GMSK
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In ASK modulation scheme the signal attains either maximum amplitude or zero
point. Thus it is also called as on-off keying.
8. In amplitude phase keying each phase vector is separated by
a) 90
b) 0
c) 45
d) 180
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The combination of ASK and PSK is called as APK. In APK each vector is separated
by 45.
9. The term heterodyning refers to
a) Frequency conversion
b) Frequency mixing
c) Frequency conversion & mixing
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The term heterodyning means frequency conversion and frequency mixing that
yields a spectral shift in the signal.
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10. The transformation of the waveform into a single point in signal space is called as
a) Vector point
b) Predetection point
c) Preamplification point
d) Transformation point
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The first step of the detection process is to reduce waveform into a single or group of
random variable. This first step in the transformation of waveform into a point in signal space.
This point is called as predetection
1. The correlating detector is also known as
a) Maximum likelihood detector
b) Minimum likelihood detector
c) Maximum & Minimum likelihood detector
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Coherent detector considers phase as the most important parameter. This coherent
detector is also known as maximum likelihood detector.
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2. The minimum nyquist sampling rate is given as, fs =

a) 1/T
b) T
c) 2/T
d) 2T
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The input signal comprises of a prototype signal plus noise and the bandwidth is
1/2T where T is the symbol time and minimum nyquist sampling rate can be given as 2W or 1/T.
3. Phase-locked loop circuitry is used for
a) Carrier wave recovery
b) Phase estimation
c) Carrier wave recovery & Phase estimation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The phase locked loop circuitry locks on the arriving carrier wave and estimates its
phase.
4. In differential PSK the date is
a) Encoded differentially
b) Decoded differentially
c) Encoded & Decoded differentially
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In this method, the data is encode deferentially that is the presence of binary zero or
one is manifested by symbol’s similarity or difference when compared to that of the previous
symbol.
5. Envelope detector consists of
a) Rectifier and high pass filter
b) Rectifier and low pass filter
c) Amplifier and low pass filter
d) Amplifier and high pass filter
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: An envelope detector consists of a rectifier and a low pass filter. The detectors are
matched to the envelopes and not to the signal themselves.
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6. The minimum required spacing is the difference between the

a) Center of the spectral main lobe and first zero crossing
b) First and second zero crossing
c) First and last zero crossing
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The frequency difference between the center of the spectral main lobe and the first
zero crossing is called as the minimum required spacing in non coherent detection.
7. The minimum tone separation corresponds to
a) T
b) 1/T
c) 2T
d) T/2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In non coherent detection the minimum tone separation corresponds to 1/T.
8. Matched filter is used for
a) Coherent detection
b) Non coherent detection
c) Coherent & Non coherent detection
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Matched filter is used for coherent detection. It cannot be used for non coherent
detection because matched filter output is a function of unknown angle α.
9. In differential encoding the _________ different between two wave forms is measured.
a) Magnitude
b) Frequency
c) Phase
d) Time period
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In differential encoding, the phase of the present signal waveform is compared with
the phase of the previous signal.
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10. The error probability of DPSK is ________ worse than PSK.

a) Twice
b) 3 db
c) Twice (3db)
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: DPSK has twice as much as noise than in PSK. The error probability in DPSK is twice
(3db) worse than PSK.
1. The limit which represents the threshold Eb/N0 value below which reliable communication
cannot be maintained is called as
a) Probability limit
b) Error limit
c) Shannon limit
d) Communication limit
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Eb/N0 curve has waterfall shape. Shannon limit gives the threshold value below
which reliable communication cannot be maintained.
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2. M-ary signalling produces _______ error performance with orthogonal signalling and _______
error performance with multiple phase signalling.
a) Degraded, improved
b) Improved, degraded
c) Improved, improved
d) Degraded, degraded
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In M-ary signalling as k increases, the curve moves towards the degraded error
performance. It produces improved error performance in case of orthogonal signalling and
degraded error performance in case of multiple phase signalling.
3. Which is more vulnerable to noise?
a) 2-ary system
b) 4-ary system
c) Binary system
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The minimum energy noise vector for 4-ary system is smaller than 2-ary system. So
4-ary system is more vulnerable to noise.
4. In which system, bit stream is portioned into even and odd stream?
a) BPSK
b) MSK
c) QPSK
d) FSK
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In QPSK bit stream is portioned into even and odd stream, I and Q bit streams. Each
new stream modulates as orthogonal component at half bit rate.
5. The error performance of MPSK ______ as M or k increases.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Stays constant
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The error performance of MPSK degrades as M or k increases.
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6. In MPSK adding new signals _______ make it vulnerable to noise and in MFSK _______ make it
vulnerable.
a) Does, does not
b) Does not, does
c) Does, does
d) Does not, does not
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In MPSK adding new signals that is on crowding the signals it makes it vulnerable to
noise where as in MFSK it does not.
7. In orthogonal signalling with symbols containing more number of bits we need ____ power.
a) More
b) Less
c) Double
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In orthogonal signalling with symbols having more number of bits need more power
but requirement per bit is reduced.
8. For FSK signalling, WT is equal to
a) 0
b) 1
c) 0.737
d) Infinity
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For FSK signalling the detection bandwidth is typically equal to symbol rate 1/T that
is WT is nearly equal to 1.
9. Energy per symbol Es is given as
a) Es=Eb(log2M)
b) Es=Eb/(log2M)
c) Es=2Eb(log2M)
d) Es=Eb/2(log2M)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In M-ary PSK signalling, the energy per symbol is given as Es=Eb(log2M).
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10. The relation between the probability of bit error and probability of symbol error in M-ary
orthogonal signalling is
a) M/M-1
b) 2M/M-1
c) (M/2)/M-1
d) M/M+1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The relationship between the probability of bit error and probability of symbol error is
(M/2)/M-1 in M-ary orthogonal signalling.
11. As limit of k increases, the ratio of PB/PE becomes
a) 1:2
b) 2:1
c) 1:3
d) 3:1
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: As the limit of k increases, the ratio of PB/PE becomes 1:2.
1. Noise figure measures the
a) Power degradation
b) Noise degradation
c) SNR degradation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Noise figure relates the SNR of the input to SNR of the output. It measures the SNR
degradation caused by the network.
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2. Noise figure is a parameter that represents a ______ of the system.

a) Noisiness
b) Efficiency
c) Maximum output
d) Maximum power handling capacity
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Noise figure is a parameter that represents the noisiness of a two port network or
device such as an amplifier, compared with a reference noise.
3. When two networks are connected in series, its composite noise figure can be given as
a) F1+(F2-1)/G1
b) F1-(F2-1)/G1
c) F2+(F1-1)/G1
d) F1G1+(F2-1)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When two networks are connected in series, the composite noise figure can be
written as F1+(F2-1)/G1.
4. The space window region ranges from
a) 1GHz to 10 GHz
b) 10GHz to 100GHZ
c) 5GHz to 50GHz
d) 1MHz to 10MHz
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: There is a region between 1GHz and 10GHz where the temperature will be lowest.
This region is called as microwave window or space window.
5. Atmospheric window region is used for
a) Satellite communication
b) Deep-space communication
c) Satellite & Deep-space communication
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The region between 1GHz and 10GHz is called as space window or atmospheric
window. Here the temperature will be the lowest. This region is used for satellite communication
and deep-space communication.
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6. Which parameter is referred to as receiver sensitivity?

a) S/N ratio
b) G/T ratio
c) EIRP
d) PR/N0
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The figure of parameter G/T0 is called as receiver sensitivity.
7. What are the functions of satellite repeaters?
a) Re transmits
b) Regenerates
c) Reconstitutes
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Satellite repeaters re transmit the message received. It regenerates, demodulates and
reconstitutes the digital information embedded in the received waveform.
8. What are the functions of non-regenerative repeaters?
a) Amplifies
b) Re transmits
c) Amplifies & Re transmits
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A non regenerative repeaters can be used with many different modulation formats. It
only amplifies and re transmits the message received.
9. In which repeaters uplink is decoupled from the downlink?
a) Regenerative
b) Non regenerative
c) Regenerative & Non regenerative
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The principal advantage of regenerative repeaters over non regenerative repeaters is
that the uplink is decoupled from the downlink so that the uplink noise is not transmitted on the
downlink.
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10. AM-to-AM conversion brings about

a) Amplitude variation
b) Phase variation
c) Frequency variation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: AM-to-AM conversion is a phenomenon common to non linear devices and it
undergoes a non linear transformation and results in amplitude variation.
11. AM-to-PM conversion brings about
a) Amplitude variation
b) Phase variation
c) Frequency variation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: AM-to-PM conversion is another common phenomenon in non linear devices. It
brings about phase variation that can effect the error performance.
1. QPSK is a composite of
a) Two BPSK
b) Three BPSK
c) Two FSK
d) Two M-ary PSK
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: QPSK is effectively a composite of two BPSK signals transmitted on orthogonal
components of the carrier.
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2. The IF transmission bandwidth of MFSK is

a) M/T
b) T/M
c) 2M/T
d) M/2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In non coherent orthogonal MFSK modulation, the IF transmission bandwidth is WIF
= M/T.
3. The bandwidth efficiency of MFSK is
a) M/log2M
b) log2M/M
c) M/log10M
d) log10M/M
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For non coherent orthogonal MFSK modulation the bandwidth efficiency is
R/W=log2M/M.
4. The bandwidth efficiency increases as M increases.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The bandwidth efficiency decreases as M increases.
5. The bandwidth efficiency of QFSK is _______ that of BFSK.
a) Greater than
b) Less than
c) Equal to
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The bandwidth efficiency of QPSK is equal to that of the BFSK.
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6. Which modulation is the most efficient one?

a) BPSK
b) BFSK
c) QPSK
d) QAM
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Of all the modulation showed, QAM is the most bandwidth efficient one.
7. The primary communication resource is
a) Transmitted power
b) Received power
c) Efficiency
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The primary communication resources are transmitted power and channel
bandwidth.
8. Greater the redundancy lesser is the bandwidth expansion.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Within the same block size, the code with greater redundancy requires more
bandwidth expansion.
9. Which modulation scheme uses nonlinear transponders?
a) MSK
b) Offset QPSK
c) MSK & Offset QPSK
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Offset QPSK and MSK are two examples of constant envelope modulation schemes
that are attractive for systems using non linear transponders.
10. Which modulation requires more bandwidth?
a) QPSK
b) OQPSK
c) BPSK
d) BFSK
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: BPSK requires more bandwidth than the other modulation techniques for the given
level of spectral density.
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11. Which modulation has lower side lobe levels?

a) QPSK
b) OQPSK
c) BPSK
d) MSK
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: MSK spectrum has wider main lobe level and lower side lobe levels than the other
modulation spectrum.
12. Which modulation is spectrally more efficient?
a) BPSK
b) MSK
c) QPSK
d) OQPSK
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: MSK is spectrally more efficient than the other modulation schemes. It has wider
main lobe level and lower side lobe levels.
13. Which modulation spectrum has narrow main lobe?
a) QPSK
b) OQPSK
c) BPSK
d) MSK
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: QPSK has narrower main lobe than MSK because for a given rate the QPSK symbol
rate is half the MSK symbol rate.
14. Which technique can be used for bandwidth reduction?
a) BPSK
b) QPSK
c) MPSK
d) MFSK
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Coherent M-ary PSK modulation is a well known technique for achieving bandwidth
reduction.
15. QPSK amplitude modulates
a) Sine function
b) Cosine function
c) Sine & Cosine function
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: QPSK modulation consists of two independent streams. One stream amplitude
modulates cosine wave and the other amplitude modulates sine wave.
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16. QAM is a combination of

a) ASK and FSK
b) ASK and PSK
c) PSK and FSK
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: QAM is a combination of both ASK and PSK and is also called as amplitude phase
keying.
1. Which refers to the presence of error correction coding scheme?
a) Coded
b) Uncoded
c) Coded & Uncoded
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The term coded refers to the presence of error correction coding scheme involving
the use of redundant bits and expanded bandwidth.
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2. The system will be more bandwidth efficient as WTb decreases.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Any digital communication system will become more bandwidth efficient as its WTb
product decreases.
3. In MPSK, R/W
a) Increases with increase in M
b) Increases with decrease in M
c) Decreases with increase in M
d) Is not dependent on M
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The bandwidth efficiency R/W increases as M increases in case of MPSK modulation.
4. In MFSK, R/W
a) Increases with increase in M
b) Increases with decrease in M
c) Decreases with increase in M
d) Is not dependent on M
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In MFSK, the denominator increases faster as the numerator when M increases. Thus
R/W decreases with increase in M.
5. Which modulation is selected for power limited system?
a) MPSK
b) MFSK
c) MPSK & MFSK
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For an uncoded system, if the channel is power limited MFSK is selected and if it is
bandwidth limited MPSK is selected.
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6. The transmission rate is given as

a) R/log2M
b) log2M/R
c) R/log10M
d) log10M/R
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The relationship between symbol transmission rate and data rate R is given by Rs=
R/log2M.
7. Code’s redundancy is given as
a) n/k
b) k/n
c) nk
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The rate of code is given as k/n and its inverse n/k gives the redundancy of the code.
8. For more than two quantization level, _______ is used.
a) Hard decision
b) Soft decision
c) Hard & Soft decision
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: When the output is quantized for more than two levels, soft decision is made.
9. How can the throughput of the system be increased?
a) Increasing EIRP
b) Increasing channel bandwidth
c) Decreasing system losses
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The basic ways to increase the throughput of the system is to increase the EIRP, by
reducing the system losses, providing channel bandwidth, and efficient allocation of CR.
10. In which technique spot beam antennas are used to point the radio signals in different
directions?
a) Code division
b) Space division
c) Frequency division
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In space division multiplexing, spot beam antennas are used to separate radio
signals by pointing in different directions.
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11. In polarization division technique ______ polarization is used.

a) Orthogonal
b) Non orthogonal
c) Orthogonal & Non orthogonal
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In polarization division technique orthogonal polarization is used to separate signals
for reuse.
12. Channelization characterized by orthogonal spectra is called as
a) Time division multiplexing
b) Frequency division multiplexing
c) Time division & Frequency division multiplexing
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Channelization characterized by orthogonal wave-forms is called as time division
multiplexing and those characterized by orthogonal spectra is called as frequency division
multiplexing.
13. In double side band spectrum which side-band is called as inverted side-band?
a) LSB
b) USB
c) LSB & USB
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The double side band spectrum consists of two side bands. LSB is called as inverted
side-band and the USB is called as erect side-band.
14. The mixing and filtering of DSB removes
a) LSB
b) USB
c) LSB & USB
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The mixing and filtering yields frequency shifted channels and it removes the USB.
15. The super group is made up of
a) Five groups
b) Sixty channels
c) Five groups & Sixty channels
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In FDM multiplex hierarchy, the first level is composed of five channels. The second
level consists of five groups or 60 channels.
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16. The orbital period of communication satellites is _______ as that of earth’s rotational period.
a) Same
b) Greater
c) Lesser
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The communication satellite is in circular orbit and has orbital period same as that of
the earth’s rotational period.
1. Flat top sampling of low pass signals
a) Gives rise to aperture effect
b) Implies over sampling
c) Leads to aliasing
d) Introduces delay distortion
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Flat top sampling of low pass signals gives rise to aperture effect.
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2. In a delta modulation system, granular noise occurs when the

a) Modulating signal increases rapidly
b) Pulse rate decreases
c) Pulse amplitude decreases
d) Modulating signal remains constant
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In a delta modulation system, granular noise occurs when the modulating signal
remains constant.
3. A PAM signal can be detected using
a) Low pass filter
b) High pass filter
c) Band pass filter
d) All pass filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A PAM signal can be detected by using low pass filter.
4. Coherent demodulation of FSK signal can be performed using
a) Matched filter
b) BPF and envelope detectors
c) Discriminator
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Coherent demodulation of FSK signal can be performed using matched filter.
5. The use of non uniform quantization leads to
a) Reduction in transmission bandwidth
b) Increase in maximum SNR
c) Increase in SNR for low level signals
d) Simplification of quantization process
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The use of non uniform quantization leads to increase in SNR for low level signals.
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6. Which of the following requires a synchronizing signal?

a) Single channel PPM system
b) PAM
c) DM
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: PAM requires a synchronizing signal.
7. A PWM signal can be generated by
a) An astable multi vibrator
b) A monostable multi vibrator
c) Integrating a PPM signal
d) Differentiating a PPM signal
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A PWM signal can be generated by a mono stable multi vibrator.
8. TDM is less immune to cross-talk in channel than FDM.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: False because different message signals are not applied to the channel
simultaneously.
9. In an ideal TDM system, the cross correlation between two users of the system is
a) 1
b) 0
c) Infinity
d) -1
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In an ideal TDM system, the cross correlation between two users of the system is 0.
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10. TDM requires

a) Constant data transmission
b) Transmission of data samples
c) Transmission of data at random
d) Transmission of data of only one measured
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: TDM requires transmission of data samples.
1. In M-ary FSK, as M increases error
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Does not get effected
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In M-ary FSK as M increases error decreases.
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2. In M-ary FSK as M tends to infinity, probability of error tends to

a) Infinity
b) Unity
c) Zero
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In M-ary FSK as M tends to infinity, probability of error becomes zero.
3. For non coherent reception of PSK _____ is used.
a) Differential encoding
b) Decoding
c) Differential encoding & Decoding
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For non coherent reception of PSK, differential encoding is used at the transmitter
and decoding is used at the receiver.
4. Which modulation technique have the same bit and symbol error probability?
a) BPSK
b) DPSK
c) OOK
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: BPSK, DPSK, OOK and non coherent FSK have same bit and symbol error
probability.
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5. An amplifier uses ______ to take input signal.

a) DC power
b) AC power
c) DC & AC power
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: An amplifier uses DC power to take an input signal and increase its amplitude at the
output.
6. Which has 50% maximum power efficiency?
a) Class A
b) Class B
c) Class AB
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Class A amplifiers have 50% maximum power efficiency.
7. Which generates high distortion?
a) Class A
b) Class B
c) Class C
d) Class AB
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Class C amplifiers generate high distortion and it is closer to switch than an
amplifier.
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8. Class B linear amplifiers have maximum power efficiency of
a) 50%
b) 75%
c) 78.5%
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Class B linear amplifiers have maximum power efficiency of 78.5%.
9. Which has the maximum power efficiency?
a) Class A
b) Class B
c) Class C
d) Class AB
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Class C has the maximum power efficiency when compared to the other linear
amplifiers.
10. Free space in idealization which consists
a) Transmitter
b) Receiver
c) Transmitter & Receiver
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Free space is an idealization that consists of only transmitter and receiver.
1. Properties used to determine stream’s fidelity
a) Sampling rate
b) Bit depth
c) Sampling rate & Bit depth
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Two basic properties to determine stream’s fidelity are bit depth and sampling rate,
number of times per second that samples are taken.
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2. In bipolar codes, pulses can be

a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Absent
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In bipolar codes, the pulses can be positive, negative or absent.
3. Delta modulation is ______ conversion.
a) Analog to digital
b) Digital to analog
c) Analog to digital and digital to analog
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Delta modulation is the process of analog to digital and digital to analog conversion
technique used for transmission of voice signals.
4. To achieve high signal to noise ratio, delta modulation must use
a) Under sampling
b) Over sampling
c) Aliasing
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: To achieve high signal to noise ratio, delta modulation must use over sampling
techniques.
5. The demodulator in delta modulation technique is
a) Differentiator
b) Integrator
c) Quantizer
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The demodulator used in delta modulation is a simple form of integrator.
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6. Source of noise in delta modulation is

a) Granularity
b) Slope overload
c) Granularity & Slope overload
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Sources of noise in delta modulation are granularity and slope overload.
7. When probability of receiving a symbol is 1 then how much information will be obtained?
a) Little information
b) Much information
c) No information
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: When the probability of receiving a symbol is 1 then the information obtained is zero.
8. In channel encoding procedure
a) Redundancy bits are added
b) Errors are corrected
c) Redundancy bits are added & Errors are corrected
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In channel encoding includes addition of redundancy to the signal such that any bit
errors can be corrected.
9. Modulation process includes
a) Analog to digital conversion
b) Digital to analog conversion
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Modulation procedure includes digital to analog conversion which produces a
continuous time signal that can be sent through the channel.
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10. Switching exists in

a) Point to point communication
b) Broadcast communication
c) Point to point & Broadcast communication
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Circuit connection in point to point communication is called as switching. Switching
does not exist in broadcast communication or network.
11. Space division has dedicated
a) Paths
b) Time slots
c) Paths & Time slots
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Space division has dedicated paths and time division has dedicated time slots.
12. In time division system, the actual switch is called as
a) Speech memory
b) Cross point
c) Connecting point
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In time division, actual switch is called as speech memory and in space division
actual switch is called as cross point.
13. In time division, connection is established using
a) Data exchange
b) Galvanic connection
c) Data exchange & Galvanic connection
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In time division, connection is established using data exchange and in space division
it is established using galvanic connections.
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14. Analogue switches provides

a) Good bandwidth
b) Low distortion
c) Low cost
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the features of analogue switches are good bandwidth, low cost, low
distortion, lower reliability.
15. Operations performed by switching system
a) Path establishment
b) Information exchange
c) Tariff computation
View Answer
1. PCM includes the process of

a) Amplitude discretization
b) Time discretization
c) Amplitude & Time discretization
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Time discretization and amplitude discretization are the two processes done in PCM
system.
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2. For which quantization process is used?

a) Amplitude discretization
b) Time discretization
c) Amplitude & Time discretization
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Sampling process is used for time discretization and quantization process is used for
amplitude discretization.
3. Modulation process corresponds to ______ the amplitude, frequency or phase.
a) Switching
b) Keying
c) Switching or keying
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Modulation process corresponds to switching or keying the amplitude, frequency or
phase of CW carrier.
4. Matched filter
a) Is a non linear filter
b) Produces maximum output SNR
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Matched filter is a linear filter which produces maximum output SNR for a given
transmitted signal.
5. Which has same probability of error?
a) ASK and FSK
b) ASK and PSK
c) PSK and FSK
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Uni-polar base-band signalling, PSK and FSK has same probability of error.
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6. Which has higher error probability performance?

a) Uni-polar base-band signalling
b) Bipolar base-band signalling
c) ASK
d) FSK
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Bipolar base-band signalling has high error probability performance than the others.
The probability of error value is A2T.
7. Time division multiplexing uses
a) High pass filter
b) Commutator
c) High pass filter & Commutator
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Time division multiplexing uses low pass filter and commutator.
8. In TDM, at the receiver end, ____ filter is used.
a) Low pass
b) High pass
c) Band pass
d) Band stop
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In TDM, at the receiver end low pass filtering is done to obtain individual signals.
9. Which provides more secure communication?
a) CDMA
b) FDMA
c) TDMA
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: CDMA provides more secure communication than TDMA and FDMA.
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10. Entropy is the measure of

a) Randomness
b) Information
c) Randomness & Information
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Entropy can be defined as the measure of randomness or information.
11. Entropy calculation returns
a) Random variable
b) Deterministic number
c) Random number
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Entropy calculation returns a deterministic number and not a random variable.
12. Entropy of N random variables is the _____ of the entropy of individual random variable.
a) Sum
b) Product
c) Sum of squares
d) Average
View Answer
1. Average energy per bit is given by

a) average energy symbol/log2 M
b) average energy symbol * log2 M
c) log2 M/ Average energy symbol
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Average energy per bit is given by average energy symbol divided by log2 M.
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2. Which FSK has no phase discontinuity?

a) Continuous FSK
b) Discrete FSK
c) Uniform FSK
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Continuous frequency shift keying has no phase discontinuity between symbols.
3. FSK reception is
a) Phase Coherent
b) Phase non coherent
c) Phase Coherent & non coherent
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Reception of FSK can be either phase coherent or phase non coherent.
4. FSK reception uses
a) Correlation receiver
b) PLL
c) Correlation receiver & PLL
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Frequency shift keying uses correlation receiver and phase locked loop.
5. In non coherent reception _____ is measured.
a) Phase
b) Energy
c) Power
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In non coherent reception of FSK, energy in each frequency is measured.
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6. Every frequency has ____ orthogonal functions.

a) One
b) Two
c) Four
d) Six
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Every frequency has two orthogonal functions – sine and cosine.
7. If we correlate the received signal with any one of the two orthogonal function, the obtained
inner product will be
a) In phase
b) Quadrature
c) Zero
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: If we correlate the received signal with only one of the orthogonal function for
example sine, the inner product obtained will be zero.
8. If we correlate the received signal with both orthogonal function the inner product will be
a) In phase
b) Quadrature
c) In phase and quadrature
d) Unity
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: If we correlate the received signal with both the orthogonal function, the two inner
products obtained will be in phase and quadrature.
9. Simulation is used to determine
a) Bit error rate
b) Symbol error rate
c) Bit error
d) Symbol error
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A simulation of digital communication system is used to estimate bit error rate.
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10. Matched filter is a _____ technique.

a) Modulation
b) Demodulation
c) Modulation & Demodulation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Matched filter is a demodulation technique with LTI.
11. Which is called as on-off keying?
a) Amplitude shift keying
b) Uni-polar PAM
c) Amplitude shift keying & Uni-polar PAM
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Amplitude shift keying and uni-polar PAM both schemes are called as on off keying.
12. QAM uses ______ as the dimensions.
a) In phase
b) Quadrature
c) In phase & Quadrature
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: QAM uses in phase and quadrature which is cosine and sine respectively as the
dimensions.
13. Which has same probability of error?
a) BPSK and QPSK
b) BPSK and ASK
c) BPSK and PAM
d) BPSK and QAM
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: BPSK is similar to bipolar PAM and both have same probability of error.
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14. Which system uses QAM?

a) Digital microwave relay
b) Dial up modem
c) Digital microwave relay & Dial up modem
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Digital microwave relay, dial up modem and etc uses QAM modulation
1. Pseudorandom signal ________ predicted.

a) Can be
b) Cannot be
c) maybe
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Random signals cannot be predicted whereas pseudorandom sequence can be
predicted.
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2. The properties used for pseudorandom sequence are

a) Balance
b) Run
c) Correlation
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The three basic properties that can be applied for pseudorandom sequence are
balance, run and correlation properties.
3. The shift register needs to be controlled by clock pulses.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The shift register operation is controlled by clock pulses.
4. A linear feedback shift register consists of
a) Feedback path
b) Modulo 2 adder
c) Four stage register
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A linear feedback shift register consists of four stage register for storage and
shifting, modulo 2 adder and feedback path.
5. If the initial pulse of 1000 is fed to shift register, after how many clock pulses does the sequence
repeat?
a) 15
b) 16
c) 14
d) 17
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If the initial pulse 1000 is given to shift register, the foregoing sequence repeats after
15 clock pulses.
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6. The sequences produced by shift register depends on

a) Number of stages
b) Feedback tap connections
c) Initial conditions
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The sequences produced by shift register depends on the number of stages, the
feedback tap connections and initial conditions.
7. For maximal length sequence, the sequence repetition clock pulses p is given by
a) 2n + 1
b) 2n -1
c) 2n
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For maximal length sequence, produced by n stage linear feedback shift register the
sequence repetition clock pulses p is given by 2n -1 .
8. For any cyclic shift, the auto-correlation function is equal to
a) 1/p
b) -1/p
c) –p
d) p
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For any cyclic shift the auto-correlation function is equal to -1/p.
9. Which method is better?
a) To share same bandwidth
b) To share different bandwidth
c) To share same & different bandwidth
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If the jammer noise shares the same bandwidth, the result could be destructive.
10. Pulse jammer consists of
a) Pulse modulated excess band noise
b) Pulse modulated band-limited noise
c) Pulse width modulated excess band noise
d) Pulse width modulated band-limited noise
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Pulse jammer consists of pulse modulated band-limited noise.
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11. Which are the design options for anti jam communicator?
a) Time diversity
b) Frequency diversity
c) Special discrimination
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The design options for anti-jam communicator are time diversity, frequency diversity
and special discrimination.
12. The ratio (J/S)reqd gives the measure of
a) Vulnerability to interference
b) Invulnerability to interference
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The ratio (J/S)reqd gives the measure of how invulnerable the system is to
interference.
13. The system should have
a) Larger (J/S)reqd
b) Greater system’s noise rejection capability
c) Larger (J/S)reqd & Greater system’s noise rejection capability
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The system will be efficient if it has greater (J/S)reqd and larger system’s noise
rejection capability.
14. The broadband jammer jams the entire
a) W
b) Wss
c) W & Wss
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The broadband jammer or wide-band jammer is the one which jams the entire Wss
with its fixed power.
15. To increase error probability, the processing gain should be
a) Increased
b) Decreased
c) Exponentially increased
d) Exponentially decreased
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In a system, to increase the error probability the processing gain should be
increased.
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16. Which jamming method produces greater degradation?

a) Broadband jamming
b) Partial jamming
c) Broadband & Partial jamming
View Answer
17. The jammer which monitors a communicator’s signal is known as
a) Frequency follower jammers
b) Repeat back jammers
c) Frequency follower & Repeat back jammers
View Answer
1. DS/BPSK includes
a) Despreading
b) Demodulation
c) Despreading & Demodulation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: DS/BPSK is a two step precess which includes despreading and demodulation.
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2. In direct sequence process which step is performed first?

a) De-spreading
b) Demodulation
c) Despreading & Demodulation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In direct sequence process, De-spreading correlator is followed by a modulator.
3. The processing gain is given as
a) Wss/R
b) R/Wss
c) Wss/2R
d) R/2Wss
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The processing gain is given by the ratio of the minimum bandwidth of the data to
data rate.
4. Chip is defined as
a) Shortest uninterrupted waveform
b) Largest uninterrupted waveform
c) Shortest diversion
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A chip is defined as the shortest uninterrupted waveform in the system.
5. Processing gain is given as
a) Wss/R
b) Rch/R
c) Wss/R & Rch/R
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Processing gain is given as both as the ratio of the minimum bandwidth of the data
to data rate and also the by the ratio of code chip rate and data rate as minimum bandwidth is
approximately equal to code chip rate.
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6. Which modulation scheme is preferred for direct sequence spread spectrum process?
a) BPSK
b) QPSK
c) BPSK & QPSK
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Both the modulation scheme BPSK and QPSK can be used for direct sequence
spread spectrum process.
7. The frequency hopping system uses ______ modulation scheme.
a) FSK
b) BPSK
c) MFSK
d) MPSK
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The frequency hopping spread spectrum system uses M-ary frequency shift keying
modulation scheme.
8. The minimum spacing between consecutive hop positions gives the
a) Minimum number of chips necessary
b) Maximum number of chips necessary
c) Chip rate
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The minimum spacing between consecutive hop positions given the minimum
number of chips necessary in the frequency word.
9. Which system allows larger processing gain?
a) Direct sequence
b) Frequency hopping
c) Direct sequence & Frequency hopping
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Frequency hopping spread spectrum system allows greater processing gain than
direct sequence spread spectrum technique.
10. In which technique is phase coherence hard to maintain?
a) Direct sequence
b) Frequency hopping
c) Direct sequence & Frequency hopping
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In frequency hopping spread spectrum phase coherence is hard to maintain from
hop to hop.
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11. Which type of demodulator is used in the frequency hopping technique?

a) Coherent
b) Non coherent
c) Coherent & Non coherent
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: As it is difficult to maintain phase coherence, non coherent demodulator is used.
12. Robustness gives the inability of a signal to withstand the impairments.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Robustness gives the ability of a signal to withstand the impairments such as noise,
jamming etc.
13. Chips are the
a) Repeated symbols
b) Non repeated symbols
c) Smallest length symbols
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The repeated symbols are called as chips.
14. Slow frequency hopping is
a) Several hops per modulation
b) Several modulations per hop
c) Several symbols per modulation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Slow frequency hopping is several modulation per frequency hop.
15. Fast frequency hopping is
a) Several modulations per hop
b) Several modulations per symbol
c) Several symbols per modulation
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Fast frequency hopping is several frequency hops per modulation.
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16. Which duration is shorter?

a) Hop duration
b) Symbol duration
c) Chip duration
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In frequency hopping technique hop duration is shorter than the symbol duration.
1. Acquisition is a process of bringing two spreading signals into _______ alignment.

a) Fine
b) Coarse
c) Fine & Coarse
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Acquisition is a process of bringing two spreading signals into coarse alignment with
one another.
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2. Tracking maintains the possible waveform ______ alignment using a feedback loop.
a) Fine
b) Coarse
c) Fine & Coarse
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Tracking continuously maintains the best possible waveform fine alignment by
means of a feedback loop.
3. Acquisition can be of ______ type.
a) Coherent
b) Non coherent
c) Coherent & Non coherent
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Acquisition can be categorized as two types coherent and non coherent.
4. Uncertainty in the distance between transmitter and receiver translates into uncertainty in
a) Frequency
b) Propagation delay
c) Efficiency
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: uncertainty in the distance between the transmitter and the receiver translates into
uncertainty in the propagation delay.
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5. Acquisition uses ______ likelihood algorithm for acquiring the code.

a) Minimum
b) Maximum
c) Minimum & Maximum
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It considers all possible code positions in parallel and maximum likelihood algorithm
is used to acquire the code.
6. Acquisition can be accomplished ________ as all possible codes are examined ______
a) Slowly, one by one
b) Rapidly, simultaneously
c) Slowly, simultaneously
d) Rapidly, one by one
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Acquisition can be accomplished rapidly as all possible codes are examined
simultaneously.
7. Matched filter does ______ search.
a) Serial
b) Parallel
c) Serial & Parallel
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A single correlator or matched filter does serial search.
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8. How many correlators are used for despreading and code tracking function?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The design of code tracking function or despreading function needs only one
correlator.
9. Which has worse signal to noise performance?
a) Delay locked loop
b) Tau-dither loop
c) Delay locked & Tau-dither loop
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The signal to noise performance of TDL is a bit worse than DDL.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Digital Communications.
1. Spread spectrum is a ______ technique.

a) Encoding
b) Decoding
c) Encoding & Decoding
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Spread spectrum is an important encoding technique for a wireless communication
system.
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2. Spread spectrum can be used to transmit

a) Analog data
b) Digital data
c) Analog & Digital data
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Spread spectrum is used to transmit analog data and digital data using analog signal.
3. Spread spectrum makes ______ difficult.
a) Jamming
b) Interception
c) Jamming & Interception
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Spread spectrum makes jamming and interception difficult and provides improved
reception.
4. Spread spectrum has immunity from
a) Noise
b) Multi-path distortion
c) Noise & Multi-path distortion
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Spread spectrum has immunity to noise and multi-path distortion.
5. The width of each channel in frequency hopping spread spectrum corresponds to
a) Bandwidth of input signal
b) Pseudorandom sequence used
c) Carrier frequency
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The width of the channel in frequency hopping spread spectrum corresponds to
bandwidth of the input signal.
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6. The transmitter of frequency hopping system is fed with encoding scheme such as
a) Frequency shift keying
b) Binary phase shift keying
c) Frequency & Binary phase shift keying
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For transmission, the binary data is fed into modulator using modulation scheme
such as frequency shift keying or binary phase shift keying.
7. Which filter is used to get the final FHSS signal?
a) Low pass filter
b) High pass filter
c) Band pass filter
d) Band stop filter
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Band pass filter is used to block difference frequency and allow the sum frequency to
yield final FHSS signal.
8. In CDMA the incoming signal is _____ with the spreading code.
a) Added
b) Multiplied
c) XOR-ed
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In CDMA, the incoming signal is multiplied with the spreading code.
9. The original bandwidth of the unspread signal in spread spectrum is ____ to data rate.
a) Proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Not related
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In spread spectrum, the original bandwidth of the unspread signal is proportional to
the data rate.
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10. In DSSS the signal is recovered using

a) Low pass filter
b) High pass filter
c) Band pass filter
d) Band stop filter
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In direct sequence spread spectrum, band pass signal at the demodulator can be
used to recover the original signal.
switching network are path
1) In uniform quantization process
a. The step size remains same
b. Step size varies according to the values of the input signal
c. The quantizer has linear characteristics
d. Both a and c are correct
ANSWER: (d) Both a and c are correct
2) The process of converting the analog sample into discrete form is called
a. Modulation
b. Multiplexing
c. Quantization
d. Sampling
ANSWER:(c) Quantization
3) The characteristics of compressor in μ-law companding are

a. Continuous in nature
b. Logarithmic in nature
c. Linear in nature
d. Discrete in nature
ANSWER: (a) Continuous in nature
4) The modulation techniques used to convert analog signal into digital

signal are
a. Pulse code modulation
b. Delta modulation
c. Adaptive delta modulation
d. All of the above
ANSWER: (d) All of the above
5) The sequence of operations in which PCM is done is

a. Sampling, quantizing, encoding
b. Quantizing, encoding, sampling
c. Quantizing, sampling, encoding
d. None of the above
ANSWER:(a) Sampling, quantizing, encoding
6) In PCM, the parameter varied in accordance with the amplitude of the

modulating signal is
a. Amplitude
b. Frequency
c. Phase
ANSWER: (d) None of the above
7) One of the disadvantages of PCM is

a. It requires large bandwidth
b. Very high noise
c. Cannot be decoded easily
d. All of the above
ANSWER: (a) It requires large bandwidth
8) The expression for bandwidth BW of a PCM system, where v is the

number of bits per sample and fm is the modulating frequency, is given by
a. BW ≥ vfm
b. BW ≤ vfm
c. BW ≥ 2 vfm
d. BW ≥ 1/2 vfm
ANSWER: (a) BW ≥ vfm
9) The error probability of a PCM is

a. Calculated using noise and inter symbol interference
b. Gaussian noise + error component due to inter symbol interference
c. Calculated using power spectral density
d. All of the above
10) In Delta modulation,

a. One bit per sample is transmitted
b. All the coded bits used for sampling are transmitted
c. The step size is fixed
d. Both a and c are correct
ANSWER: (d) Both a and c are correct
11) In digital transmission, the modulation technique that requires

minimum bandwidth is
a. Delta modulation
b. PCM
c. DPCM
d. PAM
ANSWER: (a) Delta modulation
12) In Delta Modulation, the bit rate is

a. N times the sampling frequency
b. N times the modulating frequency
c. N times the nyquist criteria
ANSWER: (a) N times the sampling frequency
13) In Differential Pulse Code Modulation techniques, the decoding is

performed by
a. Accumulator
b. Sampler
c. PLL
d. Quantizer
ANSWER: (a) Accumulator
14) DPCM is a technique

a. To convert analog signal into digital signal
b. Where difference between successive samples of the analog signals are
encoded into n-bit data streams
c. Where digital codes are the quantized values of the predicted value
d. All of the above
15) DPCM suffers from

a. Slope over load distortion
b. Quantization noise
c. Both a & b
ANSWER:(c) Both a & b
16) The noise that affects PCM

a. Transmission noise
b. Quantizing noise
c. Transit noise
d. Both a and b are correct
ANSWER: (d) Both a and b are correct
17) The factors that cause quantizing error in delta modulation are
a. Slope overload distortion
b. Granular noise
c. White noise
ANSWER:(d) Both a and b are correct
18) Granular noise occurs when

a. Step size is too small
b. Step size is too large
c. There is interference from the adjacent channel
d. Bandwidth is too large
ANSWER: (b) Step size is too large
19) The crest factor of a waveform is given as –

a. 2Peak value/ rms value
b. rms value / Peak value
c. Peak value/ rms value
d. Peak value/ 2rms value
ANSWER: (c) Peak value/ rms value
20) The digital modulation technique in which the step size is varied
according to the variation in the slope of the input is called
a. Delta modulation
b. PCM
c. Adaptive delta modulation
d. PAM
ANSWER: (c) Adaptive delta modulation
21) The digital modulation scheme in which the step size is not fixed is
a. Delta modulation
b. Adaptive delta modulation
c. DPCM
d. PCM
ANSWER:(b) Adaptive delta modulation
22) In Adaptive Delta Modulation, the slope error reduces and

a. Quantization error decreases
b. Quantization error increases
c. Quantization error remains same
ANSWER: (b) Quantization error increases
23) The number of voice channels that can be accommodated for

transmission in T1 carrier system is
a. 24
b. 32
c. 56
d. 64
ANSWER: (a) 24
24) The maximum data transmission rate in T1 carrier system is

a. 2.6 megabits per second
b. 1000 megabits per second
c. 1.544 megabits per second
d. 5.6 megabits per second
ANSWER: (c) 1.544 megabits per second
25) T1 carrier system is used

a. For PCM voice transmission
b. For delta modulation
c. For frequency modulated signals
ANSWER: (a) For PCM voice transmission
26) Matched filter may be optimally used only for

a. Gaussian noise
b. Transit time noise
c. Flicker
d. All of the above
ANSWER:(a) Gaussian noise
27) Characteristics of Matched filter are

a. Matched filter is used to maximize Signal to noise ratio even for non
Gaussian noise
b. It gives the output as signal energy in the absence of noise
c. They are used for signal detection
d. All of the above
28) Matched filters may be used

a. To estimate the frequency of the received signal
b. In parameter estimation problems
c. To estimate the distance of the object
d. All of the above
29) The process of coding multiplexer output into electrical pulses or

waveforms for transmission is called
a. Line coding
b. Amplitude modulation
c. FSK
d. Filtering
ANSWER:(a) Line coding
30) For a line code, the transmission bandwidth must be

a. Maximum possible
b. As small as possible
c. Depends on the signal
ANSWER: (b) As small as possible
31) Regenerative repeaters are used for

a. Eliminating noise
b. Reconstruction of signals
c. Transmission over long distances
d. All of the above
ANSWER:(d) All of the above
32) Scrambling of data is
a. Removing long strings of 1’s and 0’s
b. Exchanging of data
c. Transmission of digital data
d. All of the above
ANSWER: (a) Removing long strings of 1’s and 0’s
33) In polar RZ format for coding, symbol ‘0’ is represented by

a. Zero voltage
b. Negative voltage
c. Pulse is transmitted for half the duration
d. Both b and c are correct
ANSWER: (d) Both b and c are correct
34) In a uni-polar RZ format,

a. The waveform has zero value for symbol ‘0’
b. The waveform has A volts for symbol ‘1’
c. The waveform has positive and negative values for ‘1’ and ‘0’ symbol
respectively
ANSWER: (d) Both a and b are correct
35) Polar coding is a technique in which

a. 1 is transmitted by a positive pulse and 0 is transmitted by negative pulse
b. 1 is transmitted by a positive pulse and 0 is transmitted by zero volts
c. Both a & b
ANSWER: (a) 1 is transmitted by a positive pulse and 0 is transmitted by
negative pulse
36) The polarities in NRZ format use

a. Complete pulse duration
b. Half duration
c. Both positive as well as negative value
d. Each pulse is used for twice the duration
ANSWER: (a) Complete pulse duration
37) The format in which the positive half interval pulse is followed by a
negative half interval pulse for transmission of ‘1’ is
a. Polar NRZ format
b. Bipolar NRZ format
c. Manchester format
ANSWER: (c) Manchester format
38) The maximum synchronizing capability in coding techniques is

present in
a. Manchester format
b. Polar NRZ
c. Polar RZ
d. Polar quaternary NRZ
ANSWER: (a) Manchester format
39) The advantage of using Manchester format of coding is

a. Power saving
b. Polarity sense at the receiver
c. Noise immunity
ANSWER: (a) Power saving
40) Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) is also known as

a. Pseudo ternary coding
b. Manchester coding
c. Polar NRZ format
ANSWER:(a) Pseudo ternary coding
41) In DPSK technique, the technique used to encode bits is

a. AMI
b. Differential code
c. Uni polar RZ format
d. Manchester format
ANSWER: (b)Differential code
54) Overhead bits are

a. Framing and synchronizing bits
b. Data due to noise
c. Encoded bits
ANSWER: (a) Framing and synchronizing bits
55) ISI may be removed by using

a. Differential coding
c. Polar NRZ
ANSWER: (a) Differential coding
56) Timing jitter is

a. Change in amplitude
b. Change in frequency
c. Deviation in location of the pulses
d. All of the above
ANSWER: (c) Deviation in location of the pulses
57) Probability density function defines

a. Amplitudes of random noise
b. Density of signal
c. Probability of error
d. All of the above
ANSWER: (a) Amplitudes of random noise
58) Impulse noise is caused due to
a. Switching transients
b. Lightening strikes
c. Power line load switching
d. All of the above
59) In coherent detection of signals,

a. Local carrier is generated
b. Carrier of frequency and phase as same as transmitted carrier is generated
c. The carrier is in synchronization with modulated carrier
d. All of the above
60) Synchronization of signals is done using

a. Pilot clock
b. Extracting timing information from the received signal
c. Transmitter and receiver connected to master timing source
d. All of the above
ANSWER:(d) All of the above
75) Orthogonality of two codes means

a. The integrated product of two different code words is zero
b. The integrated product of two different code words is one
c. The integrated product of two same code words is zero
ANSWER: (a) The integrated product of two different code words is zero
85) In Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) is

a. 0 is encoded as positive pulse and 1 is encoded as negative pulse
b. 0 is encoded as no pulse and 1 is encoded as negative pulse
c. 0 is encoded as negative pulse and 1 is encoded as positive pulse
d. 0 is encoded as no pulse and 1 is encoded as positive or negative pulse
ANSWER: (b) 0 is encoded as no pulse and 1 is encoded as positive or
negative pulse
86) Advantages of using AMI

a. Needs least power as due to opposite polarity
b. Prevents build-up of DC
c. May be used for longer distance
d. All of the above
ANSWER: (d)All of the above
87) The interference caused by the adjacent pulses in digital transmission

is called
a. Inter symbol interference
b. White noise
c. Image frequency interference
d. Transit time noise
ANSWER: (a) Inter symbol interference
88) Eye pattern is
a. Is used to study ISI
b. May be seen on CRO
c. Resembles the shape of human eye
d. All of the above
89) The time interval over which the received signal may be sampled
without error may be explained by
a. Width of eye opening of eye pattern
b. Rate of closure of eye of eye pattern
c. Height of the eye opening of eye pattern
d. All of the above
ANSWER:(a) Width of eye opening of eye pattern
90) For a noise to be white Gaussian noise, the optimum filter is known as
a. Low pass filter
b. Base band filter
c. Matched filter
d. Bessel filter
ANSWER:(c) Matched filter
91) Matched filters are used

a. For maximizing signal to noise ratio
b. For signal detection
c. In radar
d. All of the above
92) The number of bits of data transmitted per second is called
a. Data signaling rate
b. Modulation rate
c. Coding
ANSWER: (a) Data signaling rate
93) Pulse shaping is done

a. to control Inter Symbol Interference
b. by limiting the bandwidth of transmission
c. after line coding and modulation of signal
d. All of the above
94) The criterion used for pulse shaping to avoid ISI is

a. Nyquist criterion
b. Quantization
c. Sample and hold
d. PLL
ANSWER: (a) Nyquist criterion
95) The filter used for pulse shaping is

a. Raised – cosine filter
b. Sinc shaped filter
c. Gaussian filter
d. All of the above
96) Roll – off factor is defined as

a. The bandwidth occupied beyond the Nyquist Bandwidth of the filter
b. The performance of the filter or device
c. Aliasing effect
ANSWER: (a) The bandwidth occupied beyond the Nyquist Bandwidth of
the filter
97) Nyquist criterion helps in

a. Transmitting the signal without ISI
b. Reduction in transmission bandwidth
c. Increase in transmission bandwidth
d. Both a and b
ANSWER: (d) Both a and b
98) The Nyquist theorem is

a. Relates the conditions in time domain and frequency domain
b. Helps in quantization
c. Limits the bandwidth requirement
d. Both a and c
ANSWER: (d) Both a and c
99) The difficulty in achieving the Nyquist criterion for system design is
a. There are abrupt transitions obtained at edges of the bands
b. Bandwidth criterion is not easily achieved
c. Filters are not available
ANSWER: (a) There are abrupt transitions obtained at edges of the bands
100) Equalization in digital communication

a. Reduces inter symbol interference
b. Removes distortion caused due to channel
c. Is done using linear filters
d. All of the above
101) Zero forced equalizers are used for

a. Reducing ISI to zero
b. Sampling
c. Quantization
d. None of the abov
ANSWER: (a)Reducing ISI to zero
102) The transmission bandwidth of the raised cosine spectrum is given by

a. Bt = 2w(1 + α)
b. Bt = w(1 + α)
c. Bt = 2w(1 + 2α)
d. Bt = 2w(2 + α)
ANSWER: (a) Bt = 2w(1 + α)
103) The preferred orthogonalization process for its numerical stability is

a. Gram- Schmidt process
b. House holder transformation
c. Optimization
d. All of the above
ANSWER: (b) House holder transformation
104) For two vectors to be orthonormal, the vectors are also said to be
orthogonal. The reverse of the same
a. Is true
b. Is not true
c. Is not predictable
ANSWER: (b) Is not true
105) Orthonormal set is a set of all vectors that are

a. Mutually orthonormal and are of unit length
b. Mutually orthonormal and of null length
c. Both a & b
ANSWER: (a) Mutually orthonormal and are of unit length
106) In On-Off keying, the carrier signal is transmitted with signal value
‘1’ and ‘0’ indicates
a. No carrier
b. Half the carrier amplitude
c. Amplitude of modulating signal
ANSWER: (a) No carrier
107) ASK modulated signal has the bandwidth

a. Same as the bandwidth of baseband signal
b. Half the bandwidth of baseband signal
c. Double the bandwidth of baseband signal
ANSWER: (a) Same as the bandwidth of baseband signal
108) Coherent detection of binary ASK signal requires

a. Phase synchronization
b. Timing synchronization
c. Amplitude synchronization
d. Both a and b
ANSWER: (d) Both a and b
109) The probability of error of DPSK is ______________ than that of
BPSK.
a. Higher
b. Lower
c. Same
d. Not predictable
ANSWER: (a) Higher
110) In Binary Phase Shift Keying system, the binary symbols 1 and 0 are
represented by carrier with phase shift of
a. Π/2
b. Π
c. 2Π
d. 0
ANSWER: (b) Π
111) BPSK system modulates at the rate of

a. 1 bit/ symbol
b. 2 bit/ symbol
c. 4 bit/ symbol
ANSWER: (a) 1 bit/ symbol
112) The BPSK signal has +V volts and -V volts respectively to represent
a. 1 and 0 logic levels
b. 11 and 00 logic levels
c. 10 and 01 logic levels
d. 00 and 11 logic levels
ANSWER: (a) 1 and 0 logic levels
113) The binary waveform used to generate BPSK signal is encoded in

a. Bipolar NRZ format
c. Differential coding
ANSWER: (a) Bipolar NRZ format
114) The bandwidth of BFSK is ______________ than BPSK.

a. Lower
b. Same
c. Higher
d. Not predictable
ANSWER: (c) Higher
115) In Binary FSK, mark and space respectively represent

a. 1 and 0
b. 0 and 1
c. 11 and 00
d. 00 and 11
ANSWER: (a) 1 and 0
116) The frequency shifts in the BFSK usually lies in the range
a. 50 to 1000 Hz
b. 100 to 2000 Hz
c. 200 to 500 Hz
d. 500 to 10 Hz
ANSWER: (a) 50 to 1000 Hz
117) The spectrum of BFSK may be viewed as the sum of

a. Two ASK spectra
b. Two PSK spectra
c. Two FSK spectra
ANSWER: (a) Two ASK spectra
118) The maximum bandwidth is occupied by

a. ASK
b. BPSK
c. FSK
ANSWER: (c) FSK
119) QPSK is a modulation scheme where each symbol consists of

a. 4 bits
b. 2 bits
c. 1 bits
d. M number of bits, depending upon the requireme
ANSWER: (b) 2 bits
120) The data rate of QPSK is ___________ of BPSK.

a. Thrice
b. Four times
c. Twice
d. Same
ANSWER: (c) Twice
121) QPSK system uses a phase shift of

a. Π
b. Π/2
c. Π/4
d. 2Π
ANSWER: (b) Π/2
122) Minimum shift keying is similar to

a. Continuous phase frequency shift keying
b. Binary phase shift keying
c. Binary frequency shift keying
d. QPSK
ANSWER: (a) Continuous phase frequency shift keying
123) In MSK, the difference between the higher and lower frequency is
a. Same as the bit rate
b. Half of the bit rate
c. Twice of the bit rate
d. Four time the bit rate
ANSWER: (b) Half of the bit rate
124) The technique that may be used to reduce the side band power is
a. MSK
b. BPSK
c. Gaussian minimum shift keying
d. BFSK
ANSWER: (c) Gaussian minimum shift keying
Blake: MCQ in Digital Communications
pinoybix.org/2019/12/mcq-in-digital-communications-blake.html
December 31, 2019
(Last Updated On: March 27, 2020)
This is the Multiple Choice Questions in Chapter 7: Digital Communications from the
book Electronic Communication Systems by Roy Blake
. If you are looking for a reviewer in Communications Engineering this will definitely
help. I can assure you that this will be a great help in reviewing the book in preparation
for your Board Exam. Make sure to familiarize each and every questions to increase the
chance of passing the ECE Board Exam.
See also: MCQ in Electronic Communication Systems by George Kennedy
Kennedy: MCQ in Digital Communications

1/21
Start Practice Exam Test Questions
Choose the letter of the best answer in each questions.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The first digital code was the:
a. ASCII code
b. Baudot code
c. Morse code
d. none of the above
View Answer:
Answer: Option C
Solution:
2. In digital transmission, signal degradation can be removed using:
a. an amplifier
b. a filter
c. a regenerative repeater
d. all of the above
View Answer:
Answer: Option C
Solution:
3. TDM stands for:
a. Time-Division Multiplexing
b. Time-Domain Multiplexing
c. Ten-Digital Manchester
d. Ten Dual-Manchester
View Answer:
Answer: Option A
Solution:
2/21
4. Hartley’s Law is:
a. I = ktB
b. C = 2B log2M
c. C = B log2(1 + S/N)
d. SR = 2fmax
View Answer:
Answer: Option A
Solution:
5. The Shannon-Hartley theorem is:
a. I = ktB
b. C = 2Blog2M
c. C = Blog 2(1 + S/N)
d. SR = 2fmax
View Answer:
Answer: Option B
Solution:
6. The Shannon Limit is given by:
a. I = ktB
b. C = 2Blog2M
c. C = Blog 2(1 + S/N)
d. SR = 2fmax
View Answer:
Answer: Option C
Solution:
7. The Nyquist Rate can be expressed as:
a. I = ktB
b. C = 2Blog2M
3/21
c. C = Blog 2(1 + S/N)
d. SR = 2fmax
View Answer:
Answer: Option D
Solution:
8. Natural Sampling does not use:
a. a sample-and-hold circuit
b. true binary numbers
c. a fixed sample rate
d. an analog-to-digital converter
View Answer:
Answer: Option A
Solution:
9. Which is true about aliasing and foldover distortion?
a. They are two types of sampling error.
b. You can have one or the other, but not both.
c. Aliasing is a technique to prevent foldover distortion.
d. They are the same thing.
View Answer:
Answer: Option D
Solution:
10. Foldover distortion is caused by:
a. noise
b. too many samples per second
c. too few samples per second
d. all of the above
View Answer:
Answer: Option C
4/21
Solution:
11. The immediate result of sampling is:
a. a sample alias
b. PAM
c. PCM
d. PDM
View Answer:
Answer: Option B
Solution:
12. Which of these is not a pulse-modulation technique:
a. PDM
b. PWM
c. PPM
d. PPS
View Answer:
Answer: Option D
Solution:
13. Quantizing noise (quantization noise):
a. decreases as the sample rate increases
b. decreases as the sample rate decreases
c. decreases as the bits per sample increases
d. decreases as the bits per sample decreases
View Answer:
Answer: Option C
Solution:
14. The dynamic range of a system is the ratio of:
a. the strongest transmittable signal to the weakest discernible signal
5/21
b. the maximum rate of conversion to the minimum rate of conversion
c. the maximum bits per sample to the minimum bits per sample
View Answer:
Answer: Option A
Solution:
15. Companding is used to:
a. compress the range of base-band frequencies
b. reduce dynamic range at higher bit-rates
c. preserve dynamic range while keeping bit-rate low
d. maximize the useable bandwidth in digital transmission
View Answer:
Answer: Option C
Solution:
16. In North America, companding uses:
a. the Logarithmic Law
b. the A Law
c. the α Law (alpha law)
d. the µ Law (mu law)
View Answer:
Answer: Option D
Solution:
17. In Europe, companding uses:
a. the Logarithmic Law
b. the A Law
c. the α Law (alpha law)
d. the µ Law (mu law)
6/21
View Answer:
Answer: Option B
Solution:
18. Codec stands for:
a. Coder-Decoder
b. Coded-Carrier
c. Code-Compression
View Answer:
Answer: Option A
Solution:
19. A typical codec in a telephone system sends and receives:
a. 4-bit numbers
b. 8-bit numbers
c. 12-bit numbers
d. 16-bit numbers
View Answer:
Answer: Option B
Solution:
20. Compared to PCM, delta modulation:
a. transmits fewer bits per sample
b. requires a much higher sampling rate
c. can suffer slope overload
d. all of the above
View Answer:
Answer: Option D
Solution:
21. In delta modulation, “granular noise” is produced when:

7/21
a. the signal changes too rapidly
b. the signal does not change
c. the bit rate is too high
d. the sample is too large
View Answer:
Answer: Option B
Solution:
22. Compared to PCM, adaptive delta modulation can transmit voice:
a. with a lower bit rate but reduced quality
b. with a lower bit rate but the same quality
c. only over shorter distances
d. only if the voice is band-limited
View Answer:
Answer: Option B
Solution:
23. Which coding scheme requires DC continuity:
a. AMI
b. Manchester
c. unipolar NRZ
d. bipolar RZ
View Answer:
Answer: Option C
Solution:
24. Manchester coding:
a. is a biphase code
b. has a level transition in the middle of every bit period
c. provides strong timing information
8/21
d. all of the above
View Answer:
Answer: Option D
Solution:
25. The number of framing bits in DS-1 is:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 8
View Answer:
Answer: Option A
Solution:
26. Framing bits in DS-1 are used to:
a. detect errors
b. carry signaling
c. synchronize the transmitter and receiver
d. all of the above
View Answer:
Answer: Option C
Solution:
27. So-called “stolen” bits in DS-1 are used to:
a. detect errors
b. carry signaling
c. synchronize the transmitter and receiver
d. all of the above
View Answer:
Answer: Option B
Solution:
9/21
28. The number of bits per sample in DS-1 is:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 8
View Answer:
Answer: Option D
Solution:
29. The number of samples per second in DS-1 is:
a. 8 k
b. 56 k
c. 64 k
d. 1.544 x 106
View Answer:
Answer: Option A
Solution:
30. The bit rate for each channel in DS-1 is:
a. 1.544 Mb/s
b. 64 kb/s
c. 56 kb/s
d. 8 kb/s
View Answer:
Answer: Option B
Solution:
31. In DS-1, bits are transmitted over a T-1 cable at:
a. 1.544 MB/s
b. 64 kb/s
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c. 56 kb/s
d. 8 kb/s
View Answer:
Answer: Option A
Solution:
32. A T-1 cable uses:
a. Manchester coding
b. bipolar RZ AMI coding
c. NRZ coding
d. pulse-width coding
View Answer:
Answer: Option B
Solution:
33. The number of frames in a superframe is:
a. 6
b. 12
c. 24
d. 48
View Answer:
Answer: Option B
Solution:
34. A typical T-1 line uses:
a. twisted-pair wire
b. coaxial cable
c. fiber-optic cable
d. microwave
View Answer:
Answer: Option A
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Solution:
35. “Signaling” is used to indicate:
a. on-hook/off-hook condition
b. busy signal
c. ringing
d. all of the above
View Answer:
Answer: Option D
Solution:
36. A vocoder implements compression by:
a. constructing a model of the transmission medium
b. constructing a model of the human vocal system
c. finding redundancies in the digitized data
d. using lossless techniques
View Answer:
Answer: Option B
Solution:
37. Compared to standard PCM systems, the quality of the output of a vocoder is:
a. much better
b. somewhat better
c. about the same
d. not as good
View Answer:
Answer: Option D
Solution:
COMPLETION
1. Digitizing a signal often results in ____________________ transmission quality.
12/21
View Answer:
Answer: improved / better
Solution:
2. To send it over an analog channel, a digital signal must be

____________________ onto a carrier.
View Answer:
Answer: modulated
Solution:
3. To send it over a digital channel, an analog signal must first be

____________________.
View Answer:
Answer: digitized
Solution:
4. In analog channels, the signal-to-noise ratio of an analog signal gradually

____________________ as the length of the channel increases.
View Answer:
Answer: decreases / get worse
Solution:
5. The ____________________ value of a pulse is the only information it carries on

a digital channel.
View Answer:
Answer: binary
Solution:
6. A ____________________ repeater is used to restore the shape of pulses on a

digital cable.
View Answer:
Answer: regenerative
Solution:
7. There are techniques to detect and ____________________ some errors in

digital transmission.
View Answer:
13/21
Answer: correct
Solution:
8. Converting an analog signal to digital form is another source of

____________________ in digital transmission systems.
View Answer:
Answer: error / noise
Solution:
9. ____________________-division multiplexing is easily done in digital

transmission.
View Answer:
Answer: Time
Solution:
10. All practical communications channels are band-____________________.
View Answer:
Answer: limited
Solution:
11. ____________________ Law gives the relationship between time, information

capacity, and bandwidth.
View Answer:
Answer: Hartley’s
Solution:
12. Ignoring noise, the _________________________ theorem gives the

maximum rate of data transmission for a given bandwidth.
View Answer:
Answer: Shannon-Hartley
Solution:
13. The ____________________ limit gives the maximum rate of data transmission
for a given bandwidth and a given signal-to-noise ratio.
View Answer:
Answer: Shannon
Solution:
14/21
14. ____________________ sampling is done without a sample-and-hold circuit.
View Answer:
Answer: Natural
Solution:
15. The ____________________ Rate is the minimum sampling rate for converting
analog signals to digital format.
View Answer:
Answer: Nyquist
Solution:
16. ____________________ distortion occurs when an analog signal is sampled at

too slow a rate.
View Answer:
Answer: Foldover
Solution:
17. ____________________ means that higher frequency baseband signals from

the transmitter “assume the identity” of low-frequency baseband signals at the receiver
when sent digitally.
View Answer:
Answer: Aliasing
Solution:
18. The output of a sample-and-hold circuit is a pulse-____________________

modulated signal.
View Answer:
Answer: amplitude
Solution:
19. ____________________ modulation is the most commonly used digital

modulation scheme.
View Answer:
Answer: Pulse-code
Solution:
20. ____________________ noise results from the process of converting an analog

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signal into digital format.
View Answer:
Answer: Quantizing
Solution:
21. ____________________ is used to preserve dynamic range using a reasonable

bandwidth.
View Answer:
Answer: Companding
Solution:
22. In North America, compression is done using the ____________________-law

equation.
View Answer:
Answer: µ / mu
Solution:
23. In Europe, compression is done using the ____________________-law

equation.
View Answer:
Answer: A
Solution:
24. A ____________________ is an IC that converts a voice signal to PCM and vice

versa.
View Answer:
Answer: codec
Solution:
25. In a PCM system, the samples of the analog signal are first converted to
____________________ bits before being compressed to 8 bits.
View Answer:
Answer: 12
Solution:
26. The number of bits per sample transmitted in delta modulation is

____________________.
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View Answer:
Answer: 1 / one
Solution:
27. Delta modulation requires a ____________________ sampling rate than PCM

for the same quality of reproduction.
View Answer:
Answer: higher
Solution:
28. ____________________ noise is produced by a delta modulator if the analog

signal doesn’t change.
View Answer:
Answer: Granular
Solution:
29. In delta modulation, ____________________ overload can occur if the analog

signal changes too fast.
View Answer:
Answer: slope
Solution:
30. The ____________________ size varies in adaptive delta modulation.
View Answer:
Answer: step
Solution:
31. Adaptive delta modulation can transmit PCM-quality voice at about

____________________ the bit rate of PCM.
View Answer:
Answer: half
Solution:
32. Unipolar NRZ is not practical because most channels do not have
____________________ continuity.
View Answer:
Answer: DC
17/21
Solution:
33. In AMI, binary ones are represented by a voltage that alternates in

____________________.
View Answer:
Answer: polarity
Solution:
34. Long strings of ____________________ should be avoided in AMI.
View Answer:
Answer: zeros
Solution:
35. Manchester code has a level ____________________ in the center of each bit
period.
View Answer:
Answer: transition
Solution:
36. Manchester coding provides ____________________ information regardless of

the pattern of ones and zeros.
View Answer:
Answer: timing
Solution:
37. There are ____________________ channels in a DS-1 frame.
View Answer:
Answer: 24
Solution:
38. DS-1 uses a ____________________ bit to synchronize the transmitter and

receiver.
View Answer:
Answer: framing
Solution:
39. In DS-1, each channel is sampled ____________________ times per second.
18/21
View Answer:
Answer: 8000
Solution:
40. Data is carried over a T-1 line at a rate of ____________________ bits per
second.
View Answer:
Answer: 1.544 x 106
Solution:
41. A group of 12 DS-1 frames is called a ____________________.
View Answer:
Answer: superframe
Solution:
42. From a group of twelve frames, signaling bits are “stolen” from every
____________________ frame.
View Answer:
Answer: sixth
Solution:
43. ____________________ compression transmits all the data in the original

signal but uses fewer bits to do it.
View Answer:
Answer: Lossless
Solution:
SHORT ANSWER
1. Use Hartley’s Law to find how much time it would take to send 100,000 bits over a
channel with a bandwidth of 2,000 hertz and a channel constant of k = 10.
View Answer:
Answer: 5 seconds
Solution:
2. Use the Shannon-Hartley theorem to find the bandwidth required to send 12,000 bits
per second if the number of levels transmitted is 8.
View Answer:
19/21
Answer: 2000 hertz
Solution:
3. What is the Shannon Limit of a channel that has a bandwidth of 4000 hertz and a
signal-to-noise ratio of 15?
View Answer:
Answer: 16 kbps
Solution:
4. What is the minimum required number of samples per second to digitize an analog
signal with frequency components ranging from 300 hertz to 3300 hertz?
View Answer:
Answer: 6600 samples/second
Solution:
5. What is the approximate dynamic range, in dB, of a linear PCM system that uses 12
bits per sample?
View Answer:
Answer: 74 dB
Solution:
6. What is the approximate data rate for a system using 8 bits per sample and running at
8000 samples per second?
View Answer:
Answer: 64 kbps
Solution:
7. If bits were “stolen” from every DS-1 frame, what would the useable data-rate be for
each channel in the frame?
View Answer:
Answer: 56 kbps
Solution:
8. Assuming maximum input and output voltages of 1 volt, what is the output voltage of
a µ-law compressor if the input voltage is 0.388 volt?
View Answer:
Answer: 0.833 volt
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Solution:
Complete List of MCQ in Electronic Communication Systems by Blake

Multiple Choice Questions in Electronic Communication Systems – Blake
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1. Which circuit is called as regenerative repeaters?

2. What are the advantages of digital circuits?

10. Source coding block is used for?

1. SQNR can be improved by _______ sampling rate.

2. Which offers better SQNR?

6. Shot noise is avoidable when current is

10. Which has the same power spectral density?

2. Capacity of a channel can be increased by

10. Which consists of less ISI?

2. Advantages of digital communication are

6. Which system uses digital transmission?

10. Digital system includes

2. What conditions must be fulfilled in a good digital communication system?

6. What are the main features of a transmitter?

10. Matched filter can also be used as least squares estimator.

2. The basic transmission-reception system is a ______ system.

6. Ground wave communication occurs in

2. The power spectral density function of the stochastic process is

11. The weighing matrix is

16. Voltage generated by lightning is an example for

2. Properties of impulse function are

6. In down-conversion multiplication with cosine wave is followed by

11. A band-pass signal has a Fourier transform equal to

16. Which are non negative functions?

1. The sampling process includes methods such as

2. The output of sampling process are called as ________

6. The effects of aliasing are ________

2. The distortion in quantization is called as

6. The reasons for the threshold effect are

10. Signal to noise ratio is infinite when

2. The length of the code-word obtained by encoding quantized sample is equal to

10. Sample resolution for LPCM ____ bits per sample.

2. Uniform quantization provides better quantization for

6. Companding is the process of

6. Which method is preferred in magnetic tape recording?

6. Which waveform scheme introduces bandwidth compression?

10. Some of the M-ary waveforms are

6. The duobinary filter, He (f) is called as

10. Source encoding procedure does

6. Non uniform quantization includes

10. In which mixing is easier?

2. Using ARMA filter

6. Reconstruction filter is difficult to implement in hardware.

2. The causes for error performance degradation in communication systems are

10. The channel may be affected by

10. Examples of double side band signals are

6. Optimum threshold value is given by

10. Example for antipodal bandpass signaling is

2. Amplitude distortion occurs when

6. The filters used with the equalizer is of ______ types.

11. Performance of BFSK signal is ________ than BPSK.

16. Which is easier to implement and is preferred?

1. Wavelength and antenna size are related as

2. The detection method where carrier’s phase is given importance is called as

2. The minimum nyquist sampling rate is given as, fs =

6. The minimum required spacing is the difference between the

10. The error probability of DPSK is ________ worse than PSK.

2. Noise figure is a parameter that represents a ______ of the system.

6. Which parameter is referred to as receiver sensitivity?