Introduction to Computing

CSCC 101

Anthony T. Imatong
1st Semester 2021

College of Computer Science

DMMMSU - SLUCDon Mariano Marcos Memorial State
University – South La Union Campus
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COURSE
DESCRIPTION
This course provides an overview of the Computing Industry and Computing profession
including Research and Applications in different fields: 1) an Appreciation of Computing in
different fields such as Biology, Sociology, Environment and Gaming; 2) an Understanding of
ACM Requirements; and 3) an Appreciation of history of computing and Knowledge on the Key
Components of Computer Systems (Organization and Architecture), Malware, Computer
Security, Internet and Internet Protocols, HTML 4/5 and CSS (CMO No. 25, Series of 2015).

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1. explain fundamental principles, concepts and evolution of computing systems as
they relate to different fields;

2. expound on the recent developments in the different computing knowledge

areas; and

3. analyze solutions employed by organizations to address different computing

issues.

COURSE
✔ REQUIREMENTS
1. Regularly attend the class (online and face-to-face)
2. Have active class participation
3. Take the quizzes and laboratory activities
4. Take and pass the required periodical examination; and
5. Submit the required final project before the end of the term

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GRADING SYSTEM

Class Standing
MIDTERM 60%
Learning Activities
GRADE Summative Test
40% MIDTERM EXAM

Class Standing
60%
FINAL GRADE 40% Learning Activities
20% Summative Test
40% FINAL EXAM

Midterm Grade = CS + Midterm Exam

Final Term Grade = CS + Final Exam
Final Grade = 50% of Midterm Grade + 50% of Final Term Grade

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Module I Introduction

Module II Computer System, Network and

Security

Module III Web Development using HTML and CSS

Module IV Computer Organization and

Architecture

Books:

Arora, A. (2015). Computer Fundamentals and Applications. Vikas Publishing

House Pvt. Ltd.

Bansal, S.K. (2016).Dictionary of Computer and Information Technology. APH

Publishing.

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Fillard,J.P(2017). Brain vs computer: the challenge of the century. World

Scientific

Hunt, M.S. et al. (2016). Illustrated Microsoft Office 365 & Office 2016:
Fundamentals. Cengage Learning.

Hunter, J. (2017).Computer and Information Science .Larsen & Keller.

Nishit, M. (2016).Dictionary of Computer Science. APH Publishing.

Parsons, J. (2018).New Perspectives Computer Concepts 2018: Introductory.

Cengage Learning.

Rajaraman, et al. (2015). Fundamentals of Computers . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

Schneider, G.M. et al. (2015). Invitation to Computer Science. Cengage Learning

Vermaat, M. E. et al.(2017). Enhanced Discovering Computers. Cengage Learning

Wempen, F. (2015). Computing Fundamentals: Introduction to Computers . John

Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Online Resources:

https://sites.google.com/view/ccselibrary

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Module 1: Introduction

Lesson 1 Field in CS/IT/IS

Information Technology, the

Lesson 2 Internet, and You

The Internet, Web and

Lesson 3 Electronic Commerce

Lesson 4 Computer Software

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INTRODUCTION

This course module presents the overview in the development of technology. It

is expected that you will learn about the specialization in the fields of CS/IT/IS,
meaning of Information Technology, Internet, the Web and Electronic Commerce and
also computer software.

OBJECTIVES

After studying the module, you should be able to:

1. Differentiate the different fields and specialization of CS, IS, and IT

2. Describe career opportunities , jobs and responsibility in technology
3. Discuss the role of information technology in our daily life.
4. Explain the use of internet in accessing the web and e-commerce.

DIRECTIONS/MODULE
ORGANIZER
There are four lessons in the module. Read each lesson carefully then answer the
exercises/learning activities to find out how much you have benefited from it. Work
on these exercises carefully and submit your output to your instructor.

Good luck and happy reading!!!

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Lesson 1
Field in CS/IT/IS

Objectives:

On completion of this module, you will learn to …

- Differentiate and compare the programs: CS, IS and IT.

- Describe career opportunities available in these segments of the computer industry;
Technology careers and technology fields
- Identify job titles and responsibilities for various technology jobs

COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT PROGRAMS

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Source: Association for Computing Machinery

Information Technology (IT) Computer Science (CS) Information Systems (IS)

IT professionals possess the right This offers a foundation that It is concerned with the
combination of knowledge and permits graduates to adapt to new information that computer
practical, hands-on expertise to take technologies and new ideas. systems can provide to aid a
care of both an organization’s company, non-profit or
information technology that uses governmental organization in
it. The work of computer scientists defining and achieving its goals.
falls into three categories:
They assume responsibility for
selecting hardware and software a) Designing and building
products appropriate for an software;
organization.
b) Developing effective ways to
solve computing problems

c) Devising new and better ways of

using computers and addressing
particular challenges in areas such
as robotics, computer vision, or
digital forensics

TECHNOLOGY CAREERS
With billions of dollars in annual revenue, the technology industry is a major source of career
opportunities worldwide. This industry has created thousands of high tech career opportunities,
even in organizations whose primary business is not technology related. As technology changes
so do the available careers and requirements. New careers are available in social media and
mobile technologies that did not exist a few years ago. For this reason, you should stay up to
date with technology developments.
Most medium and large businesses and government organizations have an IT Department. They
are responsible for ensuring that all computer operations, mobile devices, and networks run
smoothly. They also determine when and if the organization requires new hardware, mobile
devices or software. Usually, these jobs are divided into the following area:

● Management –directs planning, research, development, evaluation, and integration of

technology.
● Research and software development – analyzes, designs, develops, implements new
information technology and maintains and improves existing systems.

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● Technical support services – evaluates and integrates new technologies, administers

the organization’s data resources, and supports the centralized computer operating
system and servers.
● Operations – operates the centralized computer equipment and administers the
network including both data and voice communications
● Training/ Support – teaches employees how to use components of the information
system of answers specific user questions.
● Information security services- develop and enforce policies that are designed to
safeguard an organization’s data and information from unauthorized users.
● Marketing/ Strategy – directs and implements Internet and social media marketing,
and manages customer relationships.

FIELDS IN TECHNOLOGY

1. Technology Equipment field consists of manufacturers and distributors of

computers, mobile devices and other hardware, such as magnetic and optical drives,
monitors, printers, and communications and networking devices. Careers include
designing and fabricating chips, testing internal components, assembling computers
and devices and packing finished products.

2. Software and application field consists of companies that develop, manufacture,

and support a wide range of software and apps for computers, the web and mobile
devices. Some companies specialize in a particular type, such as productivity
software or tools, or focus on device type. Larger firms like Microsoft produce and
sell many types of software that work with both computers and mobile devices and
may use Internet services to sync data among devices or provide collaborative
features.

3. Technology Service and Repair provides preventive maintenance, component

installation and repair services to customers. Some technology service technicians
possess general knowledge that enables them to work with a variety of devices from
different manufacturers. Many technology equipment manufacturers include
diagnostic software with their computers and devices that assists technicians in
identifying problems.

4. Technology Sales field, people with this job must possess a general understanding
of technology and a specific knowledge of the product they are selling. Strong people
skills are important, including a keen listening ability and superior verbal
communications. They generally determine buyers’ needs and direct buyers toward
devices, computers and apps that meet their needs. The technology salesperson in
a retail store often is a suitable entry level job for students working towards a
certificate or degree in computer relates fields.

5. Technology Education, Training and Support field, Schools, colleges, universities

and private companies all need qualified educators to provide technology-related
education and training. Corporate trainers teach employees how to use software and

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apps, design and develop systems, write programs, integrate and sync data from
apps used on multiple devices, and perform other technology-related activities.

6. IT Consulting field, technology professionals sometimes become IT consultants after

gaining experience in one or more technology areas, such as software development,
systems analysis and design, network configuration, developing mobile devices,
using social media or web development. An IT consultant, typically hired based on
expertise, provides technology services to his or her clients and must possess strong
technical skills in their specialized area.

JOB TITLES AND DESCRIPTIONS

The following sections briefly describe some of the more popular technology relates job
titles for several categories of IT Careers:
1. System Development. Careers in systems development require you to analyze or
create software, apps, databases, websites and web-based development platforms
and networks.

System Development Jobs

Job Title Job Description

Cloud Architect Identifies business requirements, strategies and solutions for

cloud storage and services that meet company’s goals or
needs

Cognitive Engineer Develops artificial-intelligence based machines and programs

based on data analysis to mimic human thought processes

Database Engineer Specifies the structure, interface and requirements of a

large-scale database; determines security and permissions
for users

Program and App Specifies designs, implements, tests and documents

Developer programs and apps in a variety of fields, including robotics,
operating systems, animation and applications

Systems Analyst Works closely with users to analyze their requirements,

designs and develops new information systems and
incorporates new technologies

Systems Installs and maintains operating systems software and

Programmer provides technical support to the programming staff

Web Designer Designs the layout, navigation and overall appearance of a

website with a focus on user experience; specifies a

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website’s appearance using HTML5, JavaScript, CSS, media

and other web design technologies

Web Developer Analyzes, develops, and supports the functionality of a

website including applications that often interact with
databases or other online resources

2. Technology Operations. Careers in technology operations require you to have

knowledge about hardware, software and networks function. Some careers are
below.

Technology Operations Jobs

Job Title Job Description

Computer Installs, maintains, and repairs hardware and servers;

Technician installs, upgrades, and configures software; troubleshoots
hardware problems.

Helpdesk Answers technology-related questions in person, on the

Specialist/Helpdesk phone, or via email or an online chat room
Technician

Network Installs, configures and maintains LANs, WANs, wireless

Administrator/ networks, intranets, internet systems, and network software,
Engineer identifies and resolves connectivity issues.

Technical Project Guides design, development, and maintenance tasks; serves

Manager as interface between programmers/ developers and
management

3. Web Marketing and Social media. Careers in web marketing and social media
require you to be knowledgeable about web-based development platforms, social
media apps, and marketing strategies.

Web Marketing and Social Media Jobs

Job Title Job Description

Customer Integrates apps and data related to customer inquiries,

Relationship purchases, support requests, and behaviors in order to
Management (CRM) provide a complete application that manages a company’s
Specialist relationship with its customers

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Internet/Social Directs and implements an organization’s use of Internet and

Media Marketing social media marketing, including Facebook Pages, twitter
Specialist feeds, blogs, and online advertisements

Search Engine Writes and develops web content and website layouts so that
Optimization (SEO) they will appear at the beginning of search results when users
Expert search for content

User Experience Plans and designs software and apps that consider a user’s
(UX) Designer reaction to a program and its interface, including its
efficiency, its effectiveness and its ease of use

4. Data Storage, Retrieval and Analysis. Careers in data storage and analysis require
you to be knowledgeable about collecting, analyzing, and reporting data from
databases or the web.

Data Storage, Retrieval and Analysis Jobs

Job Title Job Description

Data Scientist Uses analytics and other Big Data techniques to interpret a
company’ data from a variety of sources to better understand
its performance make recommendations for improvement
and predict future outcomes.

Database Creates and maintains data dictionary; monitors database

Administrator performance

Database Analyst Uses data modeling techniques and tools to analyze and
specify data usage

Digital Forensics Collects and analyzes evidence found on computers,

Examiner networks, mobile devices and databases

Web Analytics Collects and measures Internet data, such as website traffic
Expert patterns and advertising and develops reports that
recommend strategies to maximize an organization’s web
presence

5. Information and Systems Security. Careers in information and systems security

require you to be knowledgeable about potential threats to a device or network,

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including viruses and hacking. Security specialist need to know the tools and
techniques to protect against threats.

Information and Systems Security Jobs

Job Title Job Description

Computer Security Creates logs, documentation, and recovery plans based on

Incident Responder cybersecurity threats and incidents

Computer Security Responsible for the security of data and information stored
Specialist/Mobile on computers and mobile devices within an organization
Security Specialist

Digital Forensics Inspects electronics data to recover documents and files from
Analyst data storage devices that may have been damaged or
deleted, in order to use them as evidence in a crime
investigation

Network Security Configures routers and firewalls; specifies web protocols and
Administrator enterprise technologies

Security Analyst Implements security procedures and methods, looks fir flaws
in security of a company’s devices and networks, works with
and trains employees at all levels, and assigns permissions
and network settings.

Security System Develops and maintains programs and tools designed to

Project Manager provide security to a network

6. Application Development and Mobile Technologies. Careers in app development

and mobile technologies require you to have knowledge about trends in the desktop
and mobile market, as well as the ability to develop secure apps for a variety of
computers and mobile devices.

App Development and Mobile Technologies Jobs

Job Title Job Description

Desktop or Mobile Converts the system design into the appropriate application
Application development language, such as Visual Basic, Java C#, and
Programmer/ Objective C, and tool kits for various platforms
Developer

Games Designer/ Designs games and translates designs into a program or app
Programmer using an appropriate application development language

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Mobile Strategist Integrates and expands the company’s initiatives for mobile
users

Mobile Technology Develops and directs an organization mobile strategy,

Expert including marketing and app development

Virtual Reality Designs applications that incorporate technologies (Such as

Engineer VR and 3-D) with tools such Google Cardboard to create story
telling tools and apps

Learning Activity

REVIEW QUESTIONS
What is the difference of IT/CS/ IS profession?
List and describe the areas found in an IT Department.
Describe the technology/ equipment field. And list possible jobs in
this area.
Explain different types of companies in the software and apps field.
Explain security issues that arise when using unlicensed software.
List criteria needed to be a technology salesperson. Describe various
careers in this field.
Describe the role of a corporate trainer.
Explain the responsibilities and educational requirements of a
helpdesk specialist.
Define the roles an IT consultant might fulfill.
List requirements and available careers for the following area:
system development; technology operations; web marketing and social
media; data storage, retrieval and analysis, information and systems
security, and app development and mobile technologies.

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Lesson 2
Information Technology,
the Internet, and You

Objectives:

On completion of this module, you will learn to …

- Explain the parts of an information system: people, procedure, software,

hardware, data, and the internet.
- Distinguish between system software and application software.
- Differentiate between the three kinds of system software
- Define and compare general-purpose, specialized, and mobile applications.
- Identify the four types of computers and the five types of personal computers.
- Describe the different types of computer hardware, including the system unit,
input and, output, storage, and communication devices.
- Define data and describe document, worksheet, database and presentation
files.
- Explain computer connectivity, the wireless revolution, the internet, cloud
computing and Internet of Things.

Information System

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We deal with information systems in our daily life. Think of all things you can do online
like registering for classes, paying bills, searching for jobs, or making travel
reservations. Those examples show that IS are integral to our daily lives. Thanks to IS
we may have a simpler life.
Before stating the importance of Information Systems, you should get a little picture of
the difference between Information Systems (IS) and Information Technology (IT). IS is
an umbrella term for the systems, people and processes. The field of information
systems bridges business and computer science. Meanwhile IT falls under the IS
umbrella but deals with the technology involved in the systems themselves. IT can be
defined as the study, design, implementation, support or management of computer-
based information systems. Many people assume that Information Technology (IT) and
Information Systems (IS) are the same, because people assume they are all computer-
based.
IS improves our quality of life. IS provides flexibility of time and location. A student can
do their homework at home; check assignments from their teachers even no face to
face meeting done that day. Indirectly, it affects our quality of life.
To understand more about Information system, the diagram below and components are
presented in detailed.

Components of Information System

The six (6) Components of Information system

People

Connectivity Procedures

Information
System

Data Software

Hardware

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1. People - the end users of the computer system.

2. Procedures– the rules or guidelines for people to follow when using software,
hardware, and data are procedures.
3. Software – a program consists of the step-by-step instructions that tell the
computer how to do its work. Software is another name for a program or
programs. The purpose of software is to convert data (unprocessed facts) into
information (processed facts).
o For example, a payroll program would instruct the computer to take the
number of hours you worked in a week (data) and multiply it by your pay
rate (data) to determine how much you are paid for the week
(information).
4. Hardware - the equipment that processes the data to create information. It
includes the keyboard, mouse, monitor, system unit, and other devices.
Hardware is controlled by software.
5. Data - the raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds,
are called data. Processed data yields information. Using the previous example
of a payroll program, the data (number of hours worked and pay rate) is
processed (multiplied) to yield information (weekly pay).
6. Connectivity - typically uses the Internet and allows users to greatly expand the
capability and usefulness of their information systems.

Two major kinds of software

❖ System Software - The user interacts primarily with application software.

- enables the application software to interact with the computer hardware.
- it is "background" software that helps the computer manage its own internal
resources.
- it is not a single software rather it is a collection of programs.

Types of System Software

1. Operating systems are programs that coordinate computer
resources, provide an interface between users and the computer,
and run applications. Microsoft's Windows 8 and Apple's Mac OS X
are two of the best-known operating systems for today's
microcomputer users.
2. Utilities perform specific tasks related to managing computer
resources. One of the most essential utility programs that every
computer system should have is an antivirus program. These
programs protect your computer system from viruses or malicious
programs that are all too often deposited onto your computer from
the Internet. These programs can damage software and hardware,
as well as compromise the security and privacy of your personal

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data. If your computer does not have an antivirus program installed

on it, you need to get one. To see how you can install a free
antivirus program on your computer, see Making IT Work for You:
Installing a Free Antivirus Program on page 10.
3. Device drivers are specialized programs designed to allow
particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of
the computer system.

❖ Application Software- might be described as end user software.

Types of Application Software
1. General-purpose applications are widely used in nearly all career
areas. They are the kinds of programs you have to know to be
considered computer competent. One of these general-purpose
applications is a browser to navigate, explore, and find
information on the Internet. The three most widely used browsers
are Mozilla's Firefox, Microsoft's Internet Explorer, and Google's
Chrome.

2. Specialized applications include thousands of other programs that

are more narrowly focused on specific disciplines and occupations.
Two of the best known are graphics and web authoring programs.

Mobile apps or mobile applications are small programs designed for mobile
devices such as smart phones, tablet computers, and other mobile devices.
There are over half a million apps. The most popular mobile apps are for text
messaging, Internet browsing, and connecting to social networks.
Four Types of Computers
● Supercomputers are the most powerful type of computer. These machines are
special high-capacity computers used by very large organizations. IBM's Blue
Gene supercomputer is one of the fastest computers in the world.
● Mainframe computers occupy specially wired, air-conditioned rooms. Although
not nearly as powerful as supercomputers, mainframe computers are capable of
great processing speeds and data storage. For example, insurance companies use
mainframes to process information about millions of policyholders.
● Midrange computers, also referred to as servers, are computers with processing
capabilities less powerful than a mainframe computer yet more powerful than a
microcomputer. Originally used by medium-size companies or departments of
large companies to support their processing needs, today midrange computers
are most widely used to support or serve end users for such specific needs as
retrieving data from a database or supplying access to application software.
● Microcomputers are the least powerful, yet the most widely used and fastest-
growing type of computer.

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Four types of microcomputers

1. Desktop computers are small enough to fit on top of or alongside a desk
yet are too big to carry around.
2. Notebook computers, also known as laptop computers, are portable and
lightweight and fit into most briefcases.
3. Tablets, also known as tablet computers, are the newest type of
computer. They are smaller, lighter, and generally less powerful than
notebooks. The best-known tablet is Apple's iPad.
4. Handheld computers are the smallest and are designed to fit into the
palm of one hand. Personal digital assistants (PDAs) and smartphones are
the most widely used handheld computers.

Categories of Microcomputer Hardware

1. System unit. The system unit is a container that houses most of the electronic
components that make up a computer system.

o Two important components of the system

▪ Microprocessor - controls and manipulates data to produce
information.
▪ Memory is a holding area for data, instructions, and information.
● One type, random-access memory (RAM), holds the
program and data that is currently being processed.
o This type of memory is sometimes referred to as
temporary storage because its contents will typically
be lost if the electric power to the computer is
disrupted.

2. Input/output. Input devices translate data and programs that humans can
understand into a form that the computer can process. The most common input
devices are the keyboard and the mouse.
o Output devices translate the processed information from the computer
into a form that humans can understand. The most common output
devices are monitors and printers.
3. Secondary storage. Unlike memory, secondary storage holds data and
programs even after electric power to the computer system has been turned
off.
o Kinds of secondary media
▪ Hard disks are typically used to store programs and very large data
files. Using rigid metallic platters and read/write heads that move
across the platters, data and information are stored using
magnetic charges on the disk's surface.
▪ Solid-state storage in contrast does not have any moving parts, is
more reliable, and requires less power. It saves data and

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information electronically similar to RAM except that it is not

volatile.
● Three types of solid-state drives (SSDs):
o Flash memory cards that are widely used in portable
devices;
o USB drives that are a widely used compact storage
medium for transporting data and information
between computers and a variety of specialty
devices; and
o Optical discs use laser technology to store data and
programs.
▪ Three types of optical discs
1. compact discs ( CDs),
2. digital versatile (or video) discs (DVDs),
3. Blu-ray discs.

4. Communication: A modem is a widely used communication device that modifies

audio, video, and other types of data communications into a form that can be
processed by a computer. Modems also modify computer output into a form that
can be transmitted across standard cable and telephone lines.

Data
Data is raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds. As we
mentioned earlier, processed data becomes information. When stored
electronically in files, data can be used directly as input for the system unit.
Four common types of files
1. Document files - created by word processors to save documents such as memos,
term papers, and letters.
2. Worksheet files - created by electronic spreadsheets to analyze things like
budgets and to predict sales.
3. Database Files – typically created by database management programs to contain
highly structured and organized data. For example, an employee database file
might contain all the workers' names, Social Security numbers, job titles, and
other related pieces of information.
4. Presentation files - created by presentation graphics programs to save
presentation materials. For example, a file might contain audience handouts,
speaker notes, and electronic slides.

Connectivity
Central to the concept of connectivity is the network. A network is a
communications system connecting two or more computers. The largest network in

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the world is the Internet. It is like a giant highway that connects you to millions of
other people and organizations located throughout the world.
The web provides a multimedia interface to the numerous resources available
on the Internet.
Cloud computing uses the Internet and the web to shift many computer activities
from a user's computer to computers on the Internet.

Learning Activity
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Which part of an information system is the most important?
Describe the two major kinds of software.
Describe three types of system software programs.
Define and compare general-purpose, specialized, and mobile
applications.
What are the four types of computers?
Describe the four types of microcomputers.
Describe the four basic categories of microcomputer hardware.

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Lesson 3
The Internet, Web and
Electronic Commerce

Objectives:

On completion of this module, you will learn to …

- Differentiate the common uses of Internet and Web

- Explain the gaining in accessing the Internet

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Internet
– It is the actual network that is made up of wires, cables, satellites, and rules
for exchanging information between computers connected to the network
(being online).
– Connects millions of computers throughout the world.
Web
– A multimedia interface to the resources available on the internet.

COMMON USES OF INTERNET AND WEB:

Communicating
• You can exchange e-mail, photos, and videos with your family and
friend from almost anywhere in the world.
Shopping
• You can window shop, look for the latest fashions, search for
bargains, and make purchases.
Searching
• You can access some of the world’s largest libraries directly from
your home computer.
• You can find the latest local, national, and international news.
Education or e-learning
• You can take classes on almost any subject.
Entertainment
• You can find music, movies, magazines, and computer games.

What do you need to gain access to the internet?

A. Providers
● The most common way to access the internet is through an Internet Service
Provider (ISP).
o The providers are already connected to the internet and provide a path
or connection for individuals to access the internet.
● The most widely used commercial ISP use telephone lines, cable, and/or
wireless connections.
● Some of the well-known providers are PLDT/Smart/Sun Cellular, Globe,
Eastern Telecoms, Bayantel and Sky Broadband.

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B. Browsers
● Browsers are programs that provide access to web resources.
● It allows you to explore or to surf the web by easily moving from one
website to another.
● Some of the well-known browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, MS
Internet Explorer and Apple Safari.

C. Uniform Resource Locators (URL)

● It is the address of a specific webpage or file on the internet.
● For browser to connect to the resources, the location or address of the
resource must be specified.

Two (2) basic parts of URL:

• Protocol
– Used to connect to the resource.
– HTTP is used for web traffic and is the most widely used internet protocol.
• Domain Name
– It indicates the specific address where the resource is located.
– The last part of the domain name following the dot is the top-level
domain (TLD). Also known as web suffix.

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Types of Top-level Domains

HTML and Web Pages

• Hypertext Markup Language

(HTML)
– A markup language for displaying web pages.
– Once the browser has connected to the website, a document typically
contains HTML.
• Web pages
– Present information about the site along with the references and
hyperlinks or links that connect to other documents containing related
information.
• Text files
• Graphic images
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Search Engines

Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing can be defined as delivering computing power (CPU,

RAM, Network Speeds, Storage OS software) a service over a network (usually on
the internet) rather than physically having the computing resources at the
customer location.

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Example: AWS, Azure, Google Cloud

Example of cloud computing

Whenever you travel through a bus or train, you take a ticket for your
destination and hold back to your seat till you reach your destination. Likewise
other passengers also takes ticket and travel in the same bus with you and it
hardly bothers you where they go. When your stop comes you get off the bus
thanking the driver. Cloud computing is just like that bus, carrying data and
information for different users and allows to use its service with minimal cost.

Why the Name Cloud?

The term “Cloud” came from a network design that was used by
network engineers to represent the location of various network devices and
there inter-connection. The shape of this network design was like a cloud.

Benefits of cloud computing:

1. Lower IT infrastructure and computer costs for
users
2. Improved performance
3. Fewer Maintenance issues
4. Instant software updates
5. Improved compatibility between Operating
systems
6. Backup and recovery
7. Performance and Scalability
8. Increased storage capacity
9. Increase data safety

Types of Clouds

There are four different cloud models that you can subscribe according to
business needs:

1. Private Cloud: Computing resources are deployed for one particular

organization. This method is more used for intra-business interactions. Where
the computing resources can be governed, owned and operated by the same
organization.
2. Community Cloud: Computing resources are provided for a community and
organizations.

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3. Public Cloud: This type of cloud is used usually for B2C (Business to Consumer)
type interactions. Here the computing resource is owned, governed and
operated by government, an academic or business organization.
4. Hybrid Cloud: This type of cloud can be used for both type of interactions
- B2B (Business to Business) or B2C ( Business to Consumer). This deployment
method is called hybrid cloud as the computing resources are bound together
by different clouds.

Internet of Things (IoT)

● Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or people called
"things" that are embedded with software, electronics, network, and sensors
that allows these objects to collect and exchange data.
● The goal of IoT is to extend to internet connectivity from standard devices like
computer, mobile, tablet to relatively dumb devices like a toaster.
● IoT makes virtually everything "smart," by improving aspects of our life with the
power of data collection, AI algorithm, and networks.

Four fundamental components of an IoT system:

1. Sensors/Devices: Sensors or devices are a key component that helps you to
collect live data from the surrounding environment. All this data may have
various levels of complexities. It could be a simple temperature monitoring
sensor, or it may be in the form of the video feed. A device may have various
types of sensors which performs multiple tasks apart from sensing.
o Example, A mobile phone is a device, which has multiple sensors like
GPS, camera but your smartphone is not able to sense these things.
2. Connectivity: All the collected data is sent to a cloud infrastructure. The
sensors should be connected to the cloud using various mediums of
communications.
o These communication mediums include mobile or satellite networks,
Bluetooth, WI-FI, WAN, etc.
3. Data Processing: Once that data is collected, and it gets to the cloud, the
software performs processing on the gathered data. This process can be just
checking the temperature, reading on devices like AC or heaters.
4. User Interface: The information needs to be available to the end-user in some
way, which can be achieved by triggering alarms on their phones or sending
them notification through email or text message. The user sometimes might
need an interface, which actively checks their IOT system.
o For example, the user has a camera installed in his home. He wants to
access video recording and all the feeds with the help of a web server.

Challenges of IoT
● Insufficient testing and updating
● Concern regarding data security and privacy

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● Software complexity
● Data volumes and interpretation
● Integration with AI and automation
● Devices require a constant power supply which is difficult
● Interaction and short-range communication

Key benefits of IoT technology

● Technical Optimization: IoT technology helps a lot in improving technologies
and making them better. Example, with IoT, a manufacturer is able to collect
data from various car sensors. The manufacturer analyzes them to improve its
design and make them more efficient.
● Improved Data Collection: Traditional data collection has its limitations and
its design for passive use. IoT facilitates immediate action on data.
● Reduced Waste: IoT offers real-time information leading to effective decision
making & management of resources. For example, if a manufacturer finds an
issue in multiple car engines, he can track the manufacturing plan of those
engines and solves this issue with the manufacturing belt.
● Improved Customer Engagement: IoT allows you to improve customer
experience by detecting problems and improving the process.

Disadvantages IOT
● Security: IoT technology creates an ecosystem of connected devices. However,
during this process, the system may offer little authentication control despite
sufficient security measures.
● Privacy: The use of IOT, exposes a substantial amount of personal data, in
extreme detail, without the user's active participation. This creates lots of
privacy issues.
● Flexibility: There is a huge concern regarding the flexibility of an IoT system.
It is mainly regarding integrating with another system as there are many
diverse systems involved in the process.
● Complexity: The design of the IOT system is also quite complicated. Moreover,
it's deployment and maintenance also not very easy.
● Compliance: IOT has its own set of rules and regulations. However, because of
its complexity, the task of compliance is quite challenging.

Learning Activity
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Make a list of the latest technological devices you are familiar

with or have used. Identify at least 3 technology trends and write
down their pros and cons. You can provide pictures if you want.

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Lesson 4
Computer Software

Objectives:

On completion of this module, you will learn to …

- Describe the differences between system software and application software

- Define application Software
- Define system software

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Application Software

As we discussed on previous lesson, there are two kinds of software. System software
works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the
majority of technical details. Application software can be described as end-user
software and is used to accomplish a variety of tasks.
Three categories of Application software
● General purpose applications, includes word processing programs,
spreadsheets, database management systems, and presentation graphics.
● Specialized applications, includes thousands of other programs that tend to be
more narrowly focused and used in specific disciplines and occupations.
● Mobile applications are add-on features or programs designed for a variety of
mobile devices including smart phones and tablets.

USER INTERFACE
A user interface is the portion of the application that allows you to control and
to interact with the program.
Almost all applications use a graphical user interface (GUI) that displays
graphical elements called icons to represent familiar objects and a mouse.
A window is simply a rectangular area that can contain a document, program,
or message. More than one window can be opened and displayed on the computer
screen at one time.
Software programs uses system menus, toolbars, and dialog boxes. These are the
following:
● Menus present commands that are typically displayed in a menu bar at the top
of the screen.
● Toolbars typically appear below the menu bar and include small graphic
elements called buttons that provide shortcuts for quick access to commonly
used commands.

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● Dialog boxes provide

additional
information and
request user input.

● Ribbons replace menus and toolbars by organizing commonly used commands

into set of tabs. These tabs display command buttons that are the most relevant
to the tasks being performed by the user.
● Tabs are used to divide the ribbon into major activity areas. Each tab is then
organized into groups that contain related items.
o contextual tabs - only appear when they are needed and anticipate the
next operations to be performed by the user.
● Galleries simplify the process of making a selection from a list of alternatives.

Common Features
Most applications provide a variety of features to make entering/presenting, editing,
and formatting documents easy. Some of the most common features include:
● Spell checkers—look for misspelled words
● Alignment—either centers, right-aligns, or left-aligns numbers and characters
● Font and font sizes (perhaps use character effects)—specifies the size and style
of entered numbers and text
● Tables—presents numbers and text in table format
● Reports—provides a variety of different types and styles to report information

General-Purpose Applications
1. Word processors create text-based documents and are one of the most
flexible and widely used software tools.
Microsoft Word is the most widely used word processor. Examples of MS Word
are Corel WordPerfect, Apple Pages, OpenOffice Writer, and Google Docs.

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2. Spreadsheets organize, analyze, and graph numeric data such as budgets and
financial reports. Microsoft Excel is the most widely used spreadsheet program.
Other spreadsheet applications include Apple Numbers and OpenOffice Calc.
3. Database Management Systems. A database is a collection of related data.
It is the electronic equivalent of a file cabinet. Database management system
(DBMS) or database manager is a program that sets up, or structures, a
database. It also provides tools to enter, edit, and retrieve data from the
database.
● All kinds of individuals use databases, from hospital administrators
recording patient information to police officers checking criminal
histories.
● Colleges and universities use databases to keep records on their students,
instructors, and courses. Organizations of all types maintain employee
databases.
Example of Database management system
1. Microsoft Access
2. OpenOffice Base
3. Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS)
4. Oracle RDBMS
5. SQL Developer
6. IBM Informix
7. Altibase
8. EMS SQL Manager
9. IBM DB2
10. Teradata

Presentation Graphics
Presentation graphics are programs that combine a variety of visual objects to create
attractive, visually interesting presentations. They are excellent tools to communicate
a message and to persuade people.
Example of presentation graphics
1. Microsoft PowerPoint
2. OpenOffice Impress
3. Apple Keynote
4.
Specialized Applications

⮚ Graphics programs
⮚ Web authoring programs.

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Graphics
Graphics are widely used by professionals in the graphic arts profession. They use
desktop publishing programs, image editing programs, illustration programs, and image
galleries.
● Desktop publishing programs, or page layout programs, allow you to mix text
and graphics to create publications of professional quality.
Example of desktop publishing programs
1. Adobe Publisher
2. QuarkXPress
● Image editors, also known as photo editors, are specialized graphics programs
for editing or modifying digital photographs.
● They are often used to touch up photographs to remove scratches and
other imperfections.
● The photographs consist of thousands of dots or pixels that form images
often referred to as bitmap or raster images. One limitation of bitmap
images, however, is that when they are expanded, the images can become
pixelated, or jagged on the edges.

● Illustration programs, also known as drawing programs, are used to create and
edit vector images. While bitmap images use pixels to represent images, vector
images, also known as vector illustrations, use geometric shapes or objects.
● These objects are created by connecting lines and curves. Because these
objects can be defined by mathematical equations, they can be rapidly
and easily resized, colored, textured, and manipulated.
● An image is a combination of several objects.
Examples of Illustration programs
1. Adobe Illustrator
2. Core1DRAW
3. Inkscape. (See Figure 3-11.)
Image galleries are libraries of electronic images.
o These images are used for a wide variety of applications from illustrating
textbooks to providing visual interest to presentations.

Web Authoring Programs

Web authoring – creating a site/website.
Blogs – online diaries or commentaries
● There are over a billion websites on the Internet, and more are being added
every day.
● Corporations use the web to reach new customers and to promote their products.
Website is an interactive multimedia form of communication.

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● Designing a website begins with determining the site's overall content.

● The content is then broken down into a series of related pieces of information.
● The overall site design is commonly represented in a graphical site map.
● Multimedia elements are added to individual pages to enhance interest and
interactivity.
● One multimedia element found on many websites is moving graphics
called animations.
● These animations can be simple moving text or complicated interactive
features.
● There are many specialized programs available to aid in the creation of
animation. One type of interactive animation is produced using software
called Adobe Flash.

Other Professional Specialized Applications

Numerous specialized applications
● Accounting – help companies record and report their financial operations.
● personal finance – help individuals track their personal finances and
investments.
● project management applications –help coordinate and plan complicated
projects.
Mobile Apps
Mobile apps or mobile applications are add-on programs for a variety of mobile
devices including smartphones and tablets.
● Sometimes referred to simply as apps, mobile apps have been widely used for
years.
● The traditional applications include address books, to-do lists, alarms, and
message lists.

Apps
● The breadth and scope of available mobile applications for smartphones and
other mobile devices are ever expanding.
● There are over 500,000 apps just for Apple's iPhone alone.
o most widely used Apps are social networking, messaging, web browsing,
e-mail, photo sharing, and games.
● One of the fastest-growing apps is QR code readers.
o These readers allow mobile devices to use their digital cameras to scan
QR codes. QR codes, also known as quick response codes, are graphics
that typically appear as black and white boxes that automatically link
mobile devices to a variety of different content including games, text,
videos, and websites.

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App Stores
App store is typically a website that provides access to
specific mobile apps that can be downloaded either for a
nominal fee or free of charge.
● Three of the best-known stores are
o Apple's App Store
o Google Play
o Windows Phone Marketplace.
System Software
System software works with end users, application software, and computer hardware
to handle the majority of technical details.
End users use application software to accomplish specific tasks. For example, we use
word processing programs to create letters, documents, and reports.
System software is not a single program. Rather it is a collection or a system of
programs that handle hundreds of technical details with little or no user intervention.
Four types of programs of System software:
1. Operating systems coordinate computer resources, provide an interface between
users and the computer, and run applications.
2. Utilities perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources.
3. Device drivers are specialized programs that allow particular input or output
devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system.
4. Language translators convert the programming instructions written by
programmers into a language that computers understand and process.

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Operating System
An operating system is a collection of programs that handle many of the technical
details related to using a computer. In many ways, an operating system is the most
important type of computer program. Without a functioning operating system, your
computer would be useless.

Functions
Every computer has an operating system and every operating system performs a variety
of functions. These functions can he classified into three groups:
● Managing resources: Operating systems coordinate all the computer's resources
including memory, processing, storage, and devices such as printers and
monitors. They also monitor system performance, schedule tasks, provide
security, and start up the computer.
● Providing user interface: Operating systems allow users to interact with
application programs and computer hardware through a user interface. Many
older operating systems used a character-based interface in which users
communicated with the operating system through written commands such as
"Copy A: assign.doc C:". Almost all newer operating systems use a graphical user
interface (GUI).
● Running applications: Operating systems load and run applications such most
operating systems support multitasking, or the ability to switch between

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different applications stored in memory. With multitasking, you could have Word
and Excel running at the same time and switch easily between the two
applications. The program that you are currently working on is described as
running in the foreground. The other program or programs are running in the
background.

Features
Starting or restarting a computer is called booting the system. There are two ways to
boot a computer: a warm boot and a cold boot. A warm boot occurs when the computer
is already on and you restart it without turning off the power. A warm boot can be
accomplished in several ways. For many computer systems, they can be restarted by
simply pressing a sequence of keys. Starting a computer that has been turned off is
called a cold boot.
You typically interact with the operating system through the graphical user
interface. Most provide a place, called the desktop that provides access to computer
resources. Operating systems have several features in common with application
programs, including
● Icons—graphic representations for a program, type of file, or function.
● Pointer—controlled by a mouse, trackpad, or touch screen, the pointer changes
shape depending on its current function. For example, when shaped like an
arrow, the pointer can be used to select items such as an icon.

● Windows—rectangular areas for displaying information and running

programs.
● Menus—provide a list of options or commands.
● Tabs—divide menus into major activity areas.

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● Dialog boxes—provide information or request input. Help—provides

online assistance for operating system functions and procedures.
● Gesture control ability to control operations with finger movements,
such as swiping, sliding, and pinching.

Most operating systems store data and programs in a system of files and folders.
Files are used to store data and programs. Related files are stored within a
folder, and, for organizational purposes, a folder can contain other folders. For
example, you might organize your electronic files in the Documents folder on
your hard disk. This folder could contain other folders, each named to indicate
its contents. One might be "Computer Class" and could contain all the files you
have created (or will create) for this course.

Categories
While there are hundreds of different operating systems, there are only three basic
categories: embedded, network, or stand-alone.
● Embedded operating systems are used for handheld devices such as
smartphones, cable and satellite television tuner boxes, video game systems,
and other small electronics. The entire operating system is stored within
Handheld devices have embedded operating systems or embedded in the device.
● Network operating systems (NOS) are used to control and coordinate computers
that are networked or linked together. Many networks are small and connect
only a limited number of microcomputers. Other networks, like those at colleges

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and universities, are very large and complex. These networks may include other
smaller networks and typically connect a variety of different types of computers.
Network operating systems are typically located on one of the connected
computers' hard disks. Called the network server, this computer coordinates all
communication between the other computers. Popular network operating
systems include Linux, Windows Server, and UNIX.
● Stand-alone operating systems also called desktop operating systems, control
a single desktop or notebook computer. These operating systems are located on
the computer's hard disk. Often desktop computers and notebooks are part of a
network. In these cases, the desktop operating system works with the network's
NOS to share and coordinate resources. In these situations, the desktop operating
system is referred to as the client operating system.
The operating system is often referred to as the software environment or software
platform. Almost all application programs are designed to run with a specific platform.
For example, Apple's iMovie software is designed to run with the Mac OS environment.
Many applications, however, have different versions; each designed to operate with a
particular platform. For example, one version of Microsoft Office is designed to operate
with Windows. Another version is designed to operate with Mac OS.
Mobile Operating Systems

Mobile operating systems, also known as mobile OS, are a type of embedded operating
system. Just like other computer systems, mobile computers including smartphones and
tablets require an operating system. These mobile operating systems are less
complicated and more specialized for wireless communication. While there are
numerous mobile operating systems, some of the best known are Android, BlackBerry
OS, iOS, WebOS, and Windows Phone.
● Android was introduced in 2007. It was originally developed by Android Inc. and
later purchased by Google. Android is widely used in many of today's 1
smartphones.
BlackBerry OS, also known as RIM OS, was first introduced in 1999 by a small
Canadian firm called Research in Motion.Originally designed as the platform for
the 131ackBerry handheld computer, it has evolved into a powerful mobile
operating system. iOS, formerly known as iPhone OS, was originally developed
in 2007 by Apple. It is based on Mac OS and is used as the platform for Apple's
iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad.
● WebOS was originally developed in 2009 by Palm, Inc. and later purchased by
the Hewlett-Packard Company. Originally developed for Palm's handheld
computers, it has evolved to support HewlettPackard's smartphones and tablet
computers.
Windows Phone 8 was introduced in 2012 by Microsoft to support a variety of mobile
devices, including smartphones. It has the ability to run many powerful programs
designed for desktop and laptop computers.

Desktop Operating System

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Every microcomputer has an operating system controlling its operations. The most
widely used desktop operating systems are Windows, Mac OS, Unix, and Linux.
Windows
Microsoft's Windows is the most widely used microcomputer operating system. Because
its market share is so large, more application programs are developed to run under
Windows than any other operating system. Windows comes in a variety of different
versions and is designed to run with a variety of different microprocessors. There are
many versions of Windows. The two recent versions are Windows 7 and Windows 8.
• Windows 7 was released in 2009 and has a traditional user
interface similar to previous versions of Windows.

• Windows 8 was released in 2012 and was created to better

integrate Microsoft's desktop operating systems with its mobile
operating systems. It provided support for gestures, cloud
integration, and apps.

● Windows 10 was created in 2015 and released in 2019

successor of Windows 8.1.

Mac OS
Apple has been the leader in the development of powerful and easy-to-use
microcomputer operating systems since its introduction of the Macintosh
microcomputer in 1984. Designed to run only with Apple computers, Mac OS is not as
widely used as the Windows operating system. As a result, fewer application programs

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have been written for it. With dramatically increasing sales of Apple computers,
however, the use of Mac OS has been rapidly increasing and is widely recognized as one
of the most innovative operating systems.
● Mac OSX is the most widely used Mac OS. Its two most recent versions are:
o OS X Lion was released in 2011 and introduced several powerful features,
including Launchpad to display and provide direct access to applications,
Mission Control to display all running applications, and gestures.
o OS X Mountain Lion was released in 2012 and designed for desktops and
laptops. Its user interface is very similar to the interface used with its
tablets and smartphones. The functionality of Mountain Lion is similar to
Windows 8 although it is generally regarded as easier to use.

UNIX and Linux

The UNIX operating system was originally designed to run on minicomputers in network
environments. Now, it is widely used by servers on the web, mainframe computers, and
very powerful microcomputers. There are a large number
for use on servers and desktop of different versions of UNIX.
Linux is an operating system that extended one of the UNIX
versions. It was originally developed by a graduate student
at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds, in 1991. Linux
is an open source and it is a popular and powerful
alternative to the Windows operating system. Linux has
been the basis of several other operating systems. For
example, Google's Chrome OS is based on Linux. This
operating system is designed for netbook computers and
other mobile devices. Chrome OS focuses on Internet
connectivity and cloud computing.
Virtualization
When a single physical computer runs a special program known as virtualization
software, it operates as though it were two or more separate and independent
computers, known as virtual machines. Each virtual machine appears to the user as a
separate independent computer with its own operating system.
The operating system of the physical machine is known as the host operating
system.

Learning Activity

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REVIEW QUESTIONS
Discuss desktop publishing programs, image editors, and illustration
programs.
What are image galleries? Stock photos? Clip art?
What are blogs? What is web authoring? What are animations?
What are mobile apps?
What are some of the most common applications? What are QR codes
and QR code readers?
What are app stores?
What is a mobile operating system?
List the five most widely used mobile operating systems.
Which mobile operating system works with the 'Phone?
Which mobile operating system was developed by Microsoft?

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SUMMARY

Lesson IV, you have learned about application software and system software wherein
both reiterates different types of software.

Congratulations! You have just studied Module II. Now you are ready to
evaluate how much you have benefited from your reading by answering the
summative test. Good Luck!!!

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Summative Test

I. Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the best answer from the
given choices. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided.
The keyboard, mouse, monitor, and system unit are:
a. hardware c. storage devices
b. output devices d. software
2. Programs that coordinate computer resources, provide an interface, and run
applications are known as:
a. application programs c. storage systems
b. operating systems d. utility programs
3. A browser is an example of a:
a. general-purpose application c. system application
b. specialized program d. utility program
4. Although not as powerful as a supercomputer, this type of computer is capable
of great processing speeds and data storage.
a. mainframe c. notebook
b. midrange d. tablet
5. The smallest type of microcomputer:
a. handheld c. midrange
b. notebook d. tablet
6. RAM is a type of:
a. computer c. network
b. memory d. secondary storage
7. Unlike memory, this type of storage holds data and programs even after electric
power to the computer system has been turned off.
a. primary c. ROM
b. RAM d. secondary
8. The type of file created by word processors to save, for example, memos, term
papers, and letters.
a. database c. presentation
b. document d. worksheet
9. Uses the Internet and the web to shift many computer activities from a user's
computer to computers on the Internet.
a. cloud computing c. network
b. high definition d. USB
10. The largest network in the world is Ethel:
a. Facebook c. web
b. Internet d. USB

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