CE 3155 Lecture Notes

CE 3155 Structural Analysis: Pt 2

Lecture Notes 2
Basic Matrix Analysis

Kevin Kuang Sze Chiang

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Room E2-04-11, Tel: 6516 4683, Email: [email protected]

Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek

 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
2. Background information 2

27 members (unknowns) + 3 reactions (unknowns) = 30 unknowns

15 joints (2 equations/joint)  30 equations
Hence statically determinate
Hence, determinate.

Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek

 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
2. Background information 3

L cos 

L L

3 members (unknowns) + 6 reactions (unknowns) = 9 unknowns

4 joints (2 equations/joint)  8 equations
Hence, statically indeterminate to the 1st degree.
Further equations from the compatibility/geometric consideration (1 eqn )
and materials law (2 eqns)
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
2. Why indeterminate structures? 4

80% reduction in the

max bending deflection

67% reduction in the

max bending moment

Clive L. Dym, Structural Modeling and Analysis

St ti ll Determinate
Statically D t i t Statically Indeterminate

Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek

 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
2. Why indeterminate structures? 5

Statically Determinate Statically Indeterminate

Statically Unstable Statically Determinate

Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek

 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
2. Why indeterminate structures? 6

Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek

 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
Basic Matrix Analysis
7

Example: For the given planar truss, compute the member forces,
and the support reactions. Use EA/L = 5000 kN/m for all members.

Degree of Indeterminacy
j = 3 joints (6 equations) 7 kN
n = 3 members (3 unknown)
R = 4 unknown support reactions C
S= n + R – 2j = 3 + 4 – 6 = 1
I d t
Indeterminate
i t to th 1st degree
t the d 6m
3 2
The above planar truss is statically-
indeterminate which means that the
indeterminate, 9 kN
A B
equilibrium equations are not sufficient
1
to solve for the support reactions and
th member
the b iinternal
t l fforces. 3.5 m 4.5 m

In addition to the basic equilibrium equations, Compatibility and

material law equations have to be used to determine the member
forces and the support reactions.
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
Basic Matrix Analysis
8

(1) Equilibrium
Support reactions, member forces and joint loads have to be in static
equilibrium (truss has 3 joints
equilibrium. joints, 2 eqns/joint
eqns/joint, total = 6 eqns) vs 7 unknowns
(2) Compatibility
Joint displacements have to be compatible with member deformation.
deformation
(truss has 3 members, total = 3 eqns based on geometry) + 5 unknowns
( ) Material Law
(3)
Member deformation and member forces are related through
Hooke’s law. (truss has 3 members, total = 3 eqns) + 0 more unknowns
P2
Total Number of Equations: 12
R4
C
Total Number of Unknowns: 12
(1) Support Reactions: 4 (R1, R2, R3, R4) 3
(2) Member Forces: 3 (F1, F2, F3)
((3)) Member Deformation: 3 ((1, 2, 3) R2 R3 2

(4) Joint Displacements: 2 (X1, X2)

R1 A B P1
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek 1
 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
Basic Matrix Analysis
9

12 independent equations, 12 unknowns → solvable.

12 equations written in matrix form and solved → Basic Matrix Analysis.
(1) Equilibrium at each jo int

 Fx  0  R1  F1  0.8
0 8 F3  0 F3
A R1
F1
 Fy  0  R2  0.6 F3  0
A R2
P2
 Fx  0   F1  0.6 F2  P1  0
B R4
Joint Conditions C
 Fy  0  R3  0.8 F2  0
B 3
 Fx  0  R4  0.8 F3  0.6 F2  0 R2 R3 2
C
 Fy  0  0.8
0 8F2  00.6
6 F3  P2  0 R1 A B P1
C 1
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
Basic Matrix Analysis
10

In matrix form, Re-arranging,

 1 0 0.8  R1  We can  1 0.6 0   P1 
 0 R   06 P 
0 0.6  partition into

0 0 8 0.6
0.8
  F1   2 
   F1   2  two set of
 1 0.6 0     P1   1 0 0.8    R1 
   F2    
equations,    F2    
0.8 0     R3  one having  0 0 0.6     R2 
 0 08
 F3 
 R3 
0.6 0.8     R4   
F3 applied loads 0.8
 0 0 0
    and the other    
 0 0.8 0.6   P2  the reactions.  0 0.6 0.8   R4 

 R1   1 0 0.8 
 F1       F1 
 1 0.6 0     P1   R2   0 0 0.6  
  F2     and     F2 

 0 0.8 0.6     P2   R3   0 0.8 0  
 F3   R4   0 0.6 0.8 
  F3 

EP
ER

Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek

 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
Basic Matrix Analysis
11

3. Form the Member Stiffness Matrix S Recall the

Material Law relationship:
 = FL/EA
  EA   EA  
 1 F      
 L 
1
 0 0 
 1
F1   L 1  1 
  EA      EA    
 2 
F   
 2  2  F  0   0   2  L
  L  F    L 
2
 3
2
 3 
  EA   0  EA   
 3 
F   3  0  
   L  
 L 3    3 F
S
F1  1 0 0 1  ∆i is the deformation of each member. Of
  EA     importance is that the deformation must
 F2    0 1 0  2  be related to the geometry of the truss.
F  L 0 0 1   That is, no matter how they deform, they
 3     3  must still join back to form a truss!
S
→ that is, consider compatibility
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
Basic Matrix Analysis
12

4. Form the Compatibility Matrix C

 1  X 1  1   1 0
      X1 
Compatibility  2  0.8 X 2  0.6 X 1   2    0.6 0.8  
  0.6 X    0 0.6  X2
 3 2  3     
Use sin B=0.8, cos B=0.6 C
Assume change
g in angle
g is small 0.6X2
C1
C 
0.8X2 X2
0.6 C3
2 0.8
3 C2 C
0 8X1
0.8X 0.8
B2 
A 0.6X1  0.6
1 B1 0.6 
B 08
0.8
X1 A 
B
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
Basic Matrix Analysis
13

5. Build the Structure Stiffness Matrix [K]

Equilibrium Material Law
Compatibility
F   EA 
1 0.6 0   1   P1   L 0 0  1   1 0 
0 0.8 0.6   F2    P   F1    1       X1 

 2   
  X 2 
0.6 0.8
  F3   2 
     
0   2 
EA
  F2    0   3   0 0 6 
EP  F3   L
 0.6
EA   3 
 0 0  C
 L 
 P2—X2
 EA  S
 L 0 0 
  1 0  C
1 0.6 0   EA   0.6 0.8  X1    P1 
0 0.8
0 8 00.66  
0 0
   X 2   P2 
 L
    0 0.6 
EP  0
EA
 
0
 L  C
 P1—X1
S A B
 
K

EA 1*1  0.6 * 0.6 0.6 * 0.8   X1   P1  EA  1.36 0.48  X1   P1 

    X   P      X   P 
    2   2   
  2   2 
L  0.8 * ( 0.6) 0.8 * 0.8 0.6 * 0.6 L  0.48 1.0
 
K K
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
Basic Matrix Analysis
14

6. Solve for the Joint Displacements

EA  1.36  0.48  X 1   P1   X 1  10.94 L   P1  9kN  

         with    
L  0.48 1.0   X 2   P2  
  2 
X 12 .25  EA   P2  7 kN  
K
7. Solve for the Member Deformations

 1   1 0 
  X1 
Compatibility  2    0.6 0.8   0.00219
    0 0 .6   X 2  0.00065
 3  
0.00147
C  ET
P

8. Solve for the Member Forces

8  EA  F
 0 0 
 F1   L 
(Make use of EA/L = 5000 kN/m)
  EA   1  10.942
 F2    0 0   2  3.237
F   L  
 3  EA   3  7.351
0 0
 L

S
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
Basic Matrix Analysis
15

9. Solve for the External Reactions

 R1   1 0  0.8 F
R     F1  10.942
 2  0 0  0.6    with
    F2  3.237
 R3   0  0.8 0   F  7.351
 R4   0 0.6 0.8   3 
  
E
R 7 kN
7.82 kN
C
R
-16.823
-4.411
-2.589
2 589 4 41 kN
4.41
7.823 2.59
16.82 kN A kN B
10.94
09 9 kN
kN

Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek

 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
Using EXCEL to do matrix multiplication 16

B C D E F G H I J K
2 Ep matrix S matrix C matrix
3 1 -0.6 0 1 0 0 1 0
4 0 0.8 0.6 0 1 0 -0.6 0.8
5 0 0 1 0 0.6
6
7 Ep*S Ep*S*C
8 1 -0.6 0 1.36 -0.48
9 0 0.8 0.6 -0.48 1
10
Kinverse*
11 invert K P vector P
12 0.885269 0.424929 9 10.94193
13 0.424929 1.203966 7 12.25212

Matrix multiplication: = MMULT(AleftTOP:Aright BOT,BleftTOP:BleftBOT)

Example Ep*S: if size of Ep(u,v), size of S(w,x) [for above Ep(2,3), S(3,3)]
(1) select an area of size (u,x)
(u x) [for above (2
(2,3)];
3)]; (2) PRESS F2 BUTTON
(3) Type “=MMULT(B3:D4,F3:H5)” (4) PRESS CTRL-SHIFT-ENTER KEYS
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
Using EXCEL to do matrix inversion 17

B C D E F G H I J K
2 Ep matrix S matrix C matrix
3 1 -0.6 0 1 0 0 1 0
4 0 0.8 0.6 0 1 0 -0.6 0.8
5 0 0 1 0 0.6
6
7 Ep*S Ep*S*C
8 1 -0.6 0 1.36 -0.48
9 0 0.8 0.6 -0.48 1
10
Kinverse*
11 invert K P vector P
12 0.885269 0.424929 9 10.94193
13 0.424929 1.203966 7 12.25212

Matrix inversion: = MINVERSE(KleftTOP:Kright BOT)

Example invert Ep*S*C: if size of K(u,u) [for above K(2,2)]
(1) select an area of size (u
(u,u)
u) [for above (2
(2,2)];
2)]; (2) PRESS F2 BUTTON
(3) Type “=MINVERSE(F8:G9)” (4) PRESS CTRL-SHIFT-ENTER KEYS
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
Tutorial Problems
18

Problem 4—Use Basic Matrix Analysis to analyse the given planar

trusses. Use EA = 200,000 kN for all members.

0.6
1 6m 0.8 15 kN
1
12 kN
6m
0.6 15 kN
5
0.8
12
12 m
12 m
(a) (b)

Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek

 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
SUMMARY OF BASIC MATRIX ANALYSIS 19

We have revised statically indeterminate structural analysis through an

example of a truss structure using matrices.
(1) form
f the
th internal
i t l force
f – external
t l lload
d matrix
t i relation
l ti using
i equilibrium
ilib i
equations
(2) form the member force-displacement relation matrix
(3) form member deformation – nodal displacement matrix relation using
compatibility equations
((4)) form the structural stiffness matrix byy multiply
p y the 3 matrices
(5) the stiffness matrix and solve for nodal displacements
Material Law Compatibility
Equilibrium  EA  1   1 0 
 L 0 0    
     X1 
F   F1    1   2  0.6 0.8
  X 2 
1 0.6 0   1   P1      
0 0.8   F2    P   F2    0
EA
0   2  3   0 0.6 
  F   2 
0 8 0.6
0 6 L   
 3  F3   
EA   3  C
EP  0 0 
 L 
S

Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek

 CE 3155 Lecture Notes
SUMMARY OF BASIC MATRIX ANALYSIS 20

(4) form the structural stiffness matrix by multiply the 3 matrices

(5) Invert the stiffness matrix and solve for nodal displacements
(6) compute t member b ddeformation
f ti and d member
b fforces
(7) Compute external reactions
 EA 
 L 0 0 
  1 0 
 X1  10.94  L
1 0.6 0   EA   0.6 0.8  X1    P1 
0 0.8   
6  
0 0
   X 2   P2  .
0 8 00.6
 
L
 0 0.6   2 
X 12 25  EA
EA  
EP  0 0 
 L  C

 S 
K
 EA   R1   1 0  0.8
0 0 R     F1 
1   1 0   F1   L   
 1   2  0 0  0.6   
  
   . .   X1   
 F2    0
EA
0   2      F2 
 2   X   R3   0  0.8 0   F 
0 6 0 8
F   L  
   0
 3   0.6   2   3 
0 0
EA   3 
 R4   0 0.6 0.8   3 
 L   

C  ETP S E
R

Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek