Sample 13655

First Year Engineering
Semester – II
(Common to All Branches)
As per the new revised syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University

w.e.f. academic year 2015-2016
M.Sc (Maths) Ph.D. (Maths)

Professor and First Year Head,
Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s,
Sinhgad Academy of Engineering, Kondhwa, Pune - 411048
Download your free e-Book here
Gigatech Publishing House

Igniting Minds
Engineering Mathematics - II
First Year Engineering (Semester – II)
(Common to All Branches)
As per the new revised syllabus of SPPU w.e.f. academic year 2015-2016
Dr. Daljeet Kaur.
First Edition : 2018

Published By : Gigatech Publishing House
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Preface
This Book Engineering Mathematics-II is intended to be a textbook for
students of First Year Engineering. In most sciences, one generation years down
what another has built and what one has established another undoes. In
Engineering Mathematics-II, each generation adds a new story to the old
structure. Keeping this in mind, this book is written to have a better introduction
of the Engineering Mathematics-II. This book is presented with simple but exact
explanation of subject matter, application of each topic to real life, engineering
problems, large number of illustrative examples followed by well graded exercise.
We have tried to be rigorous and precise in presenting the concepts in very
simple manner. We hope that the students will not only learn some powerful
concepts, but also will develop their ability to understand the concept and apply
it properly to solve engineering problems. We feel that faculty member will also
enjoy reading this book which is enriched with application of each topic.
Acknowledgment
We are grateful to the Savitribai Phule Pune University, the Examining
Body, whose ‘Syllabus Draft’ and Examination Questions have been included in
this book for the purpose of illustration and right direction.
We express our sincere thanks to Hon. Prof. M. N. Navale, Founder-
President STES, Hon. Dr. (Mrs.) Sunanda M. Navale, Founder- Secretary STES,
Hon. Mr Rohit Navale, Vice president (HR), STES and Hon. Mrs. Rachana Navale
– Ashtekar, Vice President (Admin), STES as they are constant source of
inspiration to us right from the first day of our teaching carreer. We would also
like to thank Principal SCOE, SKNCOE, NBNSOE, SAE, SITS, RMDSOE, SIT,
SKNSITS for their co-operation and support.
I express my sincere thanks to my student Mangesh Ghaisas, Second year
E & TC from PICT, Pune who has helped in creating the Crossword of curve
tracing. We would also thank our department colleagues for their suggestions
and timely help.
Any suggestions for the improvement of this book will be sincerely
acknowledged and incorporated in the next edition.
We remain obliged to them forever for their kind co-operation and valuable
guidance. We are especially thankful to our colleagues and students for their
timely kind cooperation.
We hope the book; an off-shoot of joint venture, will cater all the
requirement of students to crack the nut-shell of the subject. We are also
thankful to Gigatech Publishing House TEAM for their continuous support,
hard work and patience in preparing this book.
SYLLABUS
Unit - I : (09 Hrs.)
Differential Equations (DE) : Definition, Order and Degree of DE, Formation of DE. Solutions of
Variable Separable DE, Exact DE, Linear DE and reducible to these types.
Unit - II : (09 Hrs.)

Application of DE : Applications of DE to Orthogonal Trajectories, Newton’s Law of Cooling,
Kirchoff’s Law of Electrical Circuits, Motion under Gravity, Rectilinear Motion, Simple Harmonic
Motion, One-Dimensional Conduction of Heat, Chemical problems.
Unit – lll : (09 Hrs.)

Fourier Series : Definition, Dirichlet’s conditions, Full Range Fourier Series, Half Range Fourier
Series, Harmonic Analysis and Applications to Problems in Engineering.
Integral Calculus : Reduction formulae, Beta and Gamma functions.
Unit – IV : (09 Hrs.)

Integral Calculus : Differentiation Under the Integral Sign, Error functions.
Curve Tracing : Tracing of Curves, Cartesian, Polar and Parametric Curves. Rectification of Curves.
Unit - V : (09 Hrs.)

Solid Geometry : Cartesian, Spherical Polar and Cylindrical Coordinate Systems. Sphere, Cone and
Cylinder.
Unit - VI : (09 Hrs.)

Multiple Integrals and their Applications : Double and Triple integrations, Applications to Area,
Volume, Mean and Root Mean Square Values, Mass, Center of Gravity and Moment of Inertia.
Recommended by SPPU Text Books and Reference Books

Text Books :
1. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 7e, by Peter V. O’Neil (Thomson Learning).
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics by B. S. Grewal (Khanna Publication, Delhi).
Reference Books :
1. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyszig (Wiley Eastern Ltd.).
2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Wylie C.R. & Barrett L.C. (McGraw-Hill, Inc.).
3. Higher Engineering Mathematics by B. V. Ramana (Tata McGraw-Hill).
4. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 2e, by M. D. Greenberg (Pearson Education).

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Differential Equations (DE)
1.3 Applications of Differential Equations
1.4 Geometrical Interpretation of the Differential Equation
1.6 Ordinary Differential Equations of First order and First Degree
1.6.1 (I) Variable Separable form (V.S. Form)
1.6.2 (II)Differential Equations Reducible to Variable Separable form using
a Substitution
1.6.3 [III] Homogeneous DE
1.6.4 (IV) Non – Homogeneous Differential Equation
1.6.5 (V) Exact Differential Equations
1.6.6 (VI) Differential Equations Reducible to exact DE using Integrating
Factors (IF)
1.6.7 (VII) Linear Differential Equations of First Order
1.6.8 (VIII) Equations Reducible to Liner Differential Equations Bernoulli’s
Differential Equations
1.6.9 (IX) Transformation to Polar Co-ordinate
2.1 Orthogonal Trajectories:

2.2 Newton’s Law of Cooling:
2.2.1 Statement of Newton’s Law of Cooling
2.2.2 Applications of Newton’s Law of Cooling
2.3 Growth and Decay
2.4.1 Kirchhoff’s Law
2.4 Simple Electrical Circuits
2.5 Heat Flow
2.6 Rectilinear Motion
2.7 (A) Simple Harmonic Motion (S. H. M.)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fourier Series
3.3 Applications of Fourier Series
3.4 Definition of Fourier Series
3.5 Determination of Fourier coefficients a0, an, bn
3.6 Type 2 : f (x) is defined in arbitrary period (0,2L) and (–L,L) [Length of the
Interval is not 2]
3.7 Type 3 : Half Range Fourier Sine And Cosine Expansions
3.8 Practical Harmonic Analysis
4.1 Introduction to Reduction Formulae

4.2 Application of Reduction Formulae
4.3 Reduction Formulae of some Standard Functions
4.4 Gamma Functions
4.5 Application of Gamma Function
4.6 Beta Functions
5.1 Introduction of Differentiation under the Integral sign (DUIS)

5.2 Rule I : Integral with Limits (a, b) as constants :
5.3 Rule 2 : Integral with Limits as Functions of the Parameters
[Leibnitz’s Rule]
5.4 Error Function
5.5 Applications of Error Function
5.6 Properties of Error Function
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Terms in Curves Tracing
6.3 Application of Curve Tracing
6.4 Tracing of Cartesian Curves (Explicit Relations)
6.5 Type 2 : Tracing of Cartesian Curves (Implicit Form)
6.6 Types 3 : Tracing of Cartesian Curves (Parametric Equation)
6.7 Type 4 : Tracing of Polar Curves r = f ()
6.8 Types 5 : Tracing of Polar Curves (Rose Curves)
6.9 Rectification of Curves
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cartesian Co-ordinate system, Spherical polar and Cylindrical polar
co-ordinate
7.3 Basic Results from Co-ordinate Geometry
7.4 Introduction to Co–ordinate Geometry
7.5 Application of Co–ordinate Geometry
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Equations of The sphere in Different Forms
8.3 Equation of the Tangent Plane
8.4 Intersection of Two Spheres
9.1 Introduction to Cone

9.2 Right Circular Cone
9.3 Cylinder
9.4 Right Circular Cylinder
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Type 1 : Evaluation of Double integrals when limits are provided
10.3 Type 2 : Limits are not Provided but Region of Integration is given
10.4 Type 3 : Change of Order of Integration
10.5 Type 6 : Conversion of Cartesian Co-ordinates To polar Co-ordinates
10.6 Type 7: Conversion To Polar Co – ordinates [ Limits are Not Provided]
10.7 Triple Integral
11.1 Application of Double Integration

11.2 Application of Triple Integral Volume
11.3 Mean and Root Mean Square Values
12.1 Definition
12.2 (I) Evaluation of Mass
12.3 Centre of Gravity (C.G)
12.4 (I) Moment of Inertia of a plane lamina
May 2013 ........................................................................................... Q.1 – Q.2

Dec. 2013............................................................................................ Q.1 – Q.2
May 2014 ........................................................................................... Q.1 – Q.2
Nov. 2014 ............................................................................................ Q.1 – Q.3
May 2015 ............................................................................................ Q.1 – Q.3
Nov. 2015 ............................................................................................ Q.1 – Q.3
May 2016 ............................................................................................ Q.1 – Q.3
Dec. 2016............................................................................................ Q.1 – Q.3
Dec. 2017............................................................................................ Q.1 – Q.3

List of Formulae
n+1
1.  xn dx = nx + 1 + c (n  1)
2.  1x dx = log x + c
3.  ex dx = ex + c
x
4.  ax dx = loga a + c
5.  sin x dx = – cos x + c
6.  cos x dx = sins x + c
7.  tan x dx = log sec x + c
8.  cot x dx = log sin x + c
9.  sec2 x dx = tan x + c
10.  cosec2 x dx = – cot x + c
11.  sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

12.  cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + c
13.  sec x dx = log (sec x + tan x) + c
14.  cosec x dx = log (cosec x – cot x) + c
1 –1 x
15.  2
a –x2 dx = sin
a
+c
1
16.  x2 – a2
dx = log (x + x2 – a2) + c
dx x
17.  2
x +a2 = log (x + x2 + a2) + c OR sin–1 a + c
18.  a2dx 1
– x2 = 2a
a+x 1 x
log a – x + c OR a tanh–1 a + c
 
19.  x2 1– a2 dx = 2a
1 x–a
log x + a + c

Igniting Minds
Engineering Mathematics - II 2 List of Formulae
20.  a2 +1 x2 1 x
dx = a tan–1 a + c
 
x a2 x
21.  a2 – x2 dx = a a2 – x2 + 2 sin–1 a + c
 
x a2
22.  2 2
x – a dx = a x – a – 2 log [x + x2 – a2] + c
2 2
x a2
23.  2 2
x + a dx = 2 x + a + 2 log [x + x2 + a2] + c
2 –2
24.  ex [f (x) + f (x)] dx = ex f (x)

x
25.  eax sin bx dx = a2 e+ b2 (a sin bx – cos bx)
ax
26.  eax cos bx dx = a2e+ b2 (a cos bx + b sin bx)
du
27.  u  v dx = u  v dx –  dx   v dx

dx + c
n+1
28.  [f (x)]n f (x) dx = [f n(x)]
+1 ,n–1
29.  ff (x)

(x)
dx = log f (x)
30.  ef(x) f (x) dx = ef(x)

31.  sin (f (x)) f (x) dx = – cos (f (x))
32.  cos (f (x)) f (x) dx = sin (f (x))
f (x)
33.  f (x)
dx = 2 f (x)
2
34.  f (x)  f (x) dx = 3 [f (x)]3/2
a a
35.  f (x) dx =  f (a – x) dx
0 0
b c b
36.  f (x) dx =  f (x) dx +  f (x) dx, a < c < b
a a c

Igniting Minds
2a a a
37.  f (x) dx =  f (x) dx +  f (2a – x) dx
0 0 0
a a
38.  f (x) dx = 2  f (x) dx if f (x) is even
–a 0
=0, if f (x) is odd


a
39.  e–ax cos bx dx = a2 + b2
0

b
40.  e–ax sin bx dx = a2 + b2
0
/2 /2
n–1 n–3 n–5 3 1 
41.  cos n
x dx =  sinn x dx = n  n – 2 n – 4 …. 4  2 . 2 , if n is even
0 0
n–1 n–3 n–5 n 2
= n  n – 2  n – 4 …. 5  3  1 if n is odd
 /2
42.  n
sin x dx = 2  sin2 x dx for all n integral values of n
0 0
 /2
43.  cos n
x dx = 2  cosn x dx, if n is even integer
0 0
= 0, if n is an odd integer
2 /2
44.  sin n
x dx = 4  sin2 x dx, if n is even integer
0 0
= 0, if n is odd integer
2 /2
45.  cos n
x dx = 4  cosn x dx if n is even integer
0 0
= 0, if n is an odd integer
/2
{(m – 1) (m – 3) ... 2 or 1} {(n – 1) (n – 3) .. 2 or 1}
46.  sinm x cosn x dx = (m + n) (m + n – 2) (m + n – 4) ... 2 or 1 p
0

Igniting Minds

Where , P = 2 if m and n are both even
= 1 for all other values of m and n

/2 /2
1
47.  p
sin x cos x dx = p + 1 =  cosp x  sin x  dx
0 0
 /2
48.  sin m n
x cos x dx = 2  sinm x  cosn x dx if n = even m = even or odd
0 0
= 0 if n = odd, m even or odd

2 /2
49.  sin m n
x cos x dx = 4  sinm x  cosn x dx if m, n = even
0 0
= 0 otherwise
2a a
50.  f (x) dx = 2  f (x) dx if f (x) = f (2a – x)
0 0
2a
 f (x) dx = 0 if f (x) = – f (2a – x)

0


Igniting Minds
Unit – I
Chapter No. Chapter Name
1. Differential Equations
Unit I
Syllabus :
Differential Equations (D.E.) : Definition, Order and Degree of D.E., Formation of D.E.
Solutions of Variable Separable D.E. Exact D.E., Linear D.E. and reducible to these types.
Objectives:
After studying this chapter the student should be able to
 Understand ordinary differential equations, the basic concepts related to
differential equations.
 Understand the applications of differential equations.
 Form the differential equation whose solution is given.
 Use different methods to solve first order first degree differential equations.
 Identify integrating factors in some simple cases which makes the given
differential equation exact.
 Solve linear DE and reducible to linear DE.
 Understand the need to convert to polar co-ordinates.
Structure:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition of differential equations and basic concepts related to differential
equations.
1.3 Application of differential equations.
1.4 Geometrical Interpretation of DE.
1.5 Formation of differential equations.
1.6 Differential equations of first order and first degree.
(a) Variable Separable form.
(b) DE reducible to variable separable form using substitution.
(c) Homogenous DE.
(d) Non-Homogenous DE

Igniting Minds
Engineering Mathematics - II 1.2 Differential Equations
(e) Exact DE
(f) Integrating Factors
(g) Linear DE
(h) Bernoulli’s DE
(I) Transformation to polar co-ordinates
1.1 Introduction :
Suppose we know, how a certain quantity (for example, the temperature of tea in a cup,
the number of people infected with a virus, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere) changes with time. Derivatives give the rate of change of one variable with
respect to another variable, so we can find out how quickly the temperature changes, how
quickly the number of infected people changes, how quickly the concentration of carbon
dioxide changes. Now suppose instead we know the value of the quantity and we wish to
predict its value in the future. To do this we must know how quickly the quantity is changing.
But the rate of change of a quantity will depend on the quantity inself. This gives rise to a
Differential equation (DE) – an equation relating the derivative of a quantity to its value.
Differential equations form the language in which the basic laws of physical science are
expressed. More generally, differential equations are basis for every meaningful physical
theory in existence. Differential equations are the mathematical language to express how a
physical system changes from one instant to the next. All of our physical observations are in
terms of how things change. If you translate the observed changes in the physical world
carefully into mathematics you have a differential equation. Many interesting geometrical and
physical problems are proposed as problems in differential equations and solutions of these
equations give a complete picture of the state of these problems. The theory of differential
equations then provides us with the tools and techniques to take this short term information
and obtain the long term overall behaviour of the system. The art and practice of differential
equations involves the following sequence of steps.
Fig. 1.1
Differential equations arise in many areas of science and technology whenever a
relationship involving some continuously changing quantities and their rates of change is

Igniting Minds
known or formed. For instance, in classical mechanics, the motion of a body is described by its
position and velocity as the time varies. Newton’s law allows one to relate the position,
velocity, acceleration and various forces acting on the body and this relation can be expressed
as a differential equation for the unknown position of the body as a function of time.
Differential equations are mathematically studied from several different perspectives. Some
examples where differential equations have been used to solve real life problems include the
diagnosis of diseases and the growth of various populations.
We first define the basic concepts needed throughout this chapter.
1.2 Differential Equations (DE) :
(1) Definition of Differential Equation
An equation containing the dependent variable, the independent variable and the
derivatives or differential coefficients of various orders is called a differential equation (D.E)
Some example of differential equations :
dy y d2y dy
1. dx x+ = 0 2. dx2+ 3
dx + 2y = 0
3 2 3
3. d y3 + dy + 4y = 0 4. (x + y) dx + (x – y) dy =0
dx  dx
3 d2y 2z 2
dy 2 z
5. dx2 = 6. +p 2=0
dx x2 y
2
u u y 2 u
7. x +y = nu 8. =c 2
x y t x
DE is classified into various types. The most obvious classification of DE is based on
the nature of the dependent variable and it’s derivatives in the equation.
DE are of two types
(A) Ordinary Differential Equations
(B) Partial Differential Equations
(A) Ordinary Differential Equations : are DE containing derivatives with respect to only
one independent variable and one or more dependent variables.
(B) Partial Differential Equations : are DE containing two or more independent variables
and one or more dependent variables and their partial derivatives with respect to the
independent variables. In the above examples of DE, (1) to (5) are ordinary DE and (6)
to (8) are partial DE.
Differential equations are classified in terms of order and degree.’
(2) Order of a Differential Equation.
Definition :
The order of a DE is the order of the highest derivative appearing in the equation.

Igniting Minds
(3) Degree of a differential Equation.

Definition :
The degree of a DE is the power or exponent of the highest order derivative/ differential
coefficients provided the differential coefficients are free from fractions and radicals.
Some Examples on concepts of order and degree of DE :
3 2 2 3
(i) d y3  + 2 d y2 + dy = 0  Order = 3, Degree = 2
 dx  dx dx
d2y dy
(ii) dx2 - dx + y = 0  Order = 2, Degree = 1
d3y 3 dy 5
(iii) dx3 + dx + 4y = 0  Order = 3, Degree = 3
   
2 3/2
d4y  dy 
(iv) 4 = 1 + Squaring on both sides, we get
dx  dx 
4 2 2 3
d y4 = 1 + dy   Order = 4, Degree = 2
dx   dx 
2u u3 u
(v) +  + =0  Order = 2. Degree = 1
x2 x y
The principal task of the theory of DE is to find all the solutions of a given DE. But then
it is natural to ask as to what exactly is the meaning of a solution of a DE.
(4) Solution of a Differential Equation.
A solution of a DE is a relation between the dependent and the independent variables
which is free from derivatives and satisfies the differential equation.
(5) General solution of a Differential Equation.
The general solution of a DE is a relation between the dependent and the independent
variables, which is free from derivatives, satisfies a DE and the number of arbitrary
constants is equal to the order of the DE.
(6) Particular Solution of a Differential Equation.
The particular solution is obtained from the general solution by giving particular values
to the arbitrary constants in the general solution.
1.3 Applications of Differential Equations :
1. Differential equations are used to find the exponential growth of population and decay.
They are used to describe the half life of radioactive isotopes, the population growth of
species etc. When biological scientists explore population growth in species, they do no
just depend on exponential growth and decay, they also use differential equations to
explore the relationships between species and total size of population.
Igniting Minds
For example : Differential equations can describe the relationship of predators and prey
in an ecosystem, the rates of hybrid selection or the consequences of over population,
under population or over harvesting in various species.
2. Medical science uses similar equations to determine the rates of growth of tumors and to
try to understand cancer growth.
3. In Engineering, DE describe how current changes as a function of time, say for example
in a circuit involving an inductor.
4. In chemistry, DE describe the rates of chemical reactions.
5. In physics the Newton’s second law (F = ma) is a DE and similarly his law of cooling.
The Einstein field equations that describe his theory of relativity also depend on DE.
When physicists describe waves of light, sound and water they use differential wave
equations.
6. DE is used to predict the spread of disease through populations. Population usually
grows in an exponential fashion at first. However, populations do not continue to grow
forever because food, water and resources get used up over time. DE are used to predict
population of people, animals bacteria and viruses that are being affected by external
events.
1.4 Geometrical Interpretation of the Differential Equation :
dy
Equation = f (x, y) of first order and first Degree.
dx
dy
Consider dx = f (x, y) ….(I)
dy
Let (x1, y1) be any point in the XY plane. Substituting this point in (1), the value of dx
at (x1, y1) say m1 is obtained which is the slope (or direction) of the tangent at (x1, y1).
Suppose the point move from (x1, y1) in the direction m1, (that is; along the tangent at
(x1, y1) for an infinitesimal distance to a point (x2, y2). Let m2 be the slope of the tangent at
(x2, y2) determined from (I) Let the point move in the direction m2 for an infinitesimal distance
to a point (x3, y3). Let m3 be the slope of the tangent at (x3, y3) determined from (I).
Fig. 1.2
Let the point move in the direction m3 for an infinitesimal distance to a point (x4, y4).
Proceeding like this, the points will describe a curve, the co-ordinates of every point of
which and the direction of the tangent will satisfy DE (1).

Igniting Minds
Since (x1, y1) is any point in the XY plane through every point in the plane there will
dy
pass a particular curve, for every point of which x, y, dx will satisfy (1).
The equation of each curve is a particular solution of (1). The equation of the system of
such curves is the general solution of (1). All the curves represented by the general solution
taken together form the locus of the DE (1).
1.5 Formation of a Differential Equation :
The prime problem in the study of differential equation is to find the solution to a given
DE, but the converse problem is also interesting i.e. the problem of finding a DE which is
satisfied by a given solution. A DE is formed by eliminating the arbitrary constants in the
general solution and differentiating it as many times as the number of arbitrary constants in the
general solution.
Note that an Engineer’s approach to differential equations is different from a
mathematician. While a mathematician is interested in the mathematical solution, an Engineer
should be able to interpret the result physically. So, an Engineer’s approach can be divided
into three phases.
(a) Formulating of a DE from a given physical situation
(b) Solving the DE and evaluating the constants using given conditions.
(c) Interpreting the results physically for implementation.
 Illustrative Examples
Example : 1
From the DE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from y = 4 (x – A)2 May 2007
Solution :
Consider y = 4 (x – A)2 .…(I)
There is one arbitrary constant. Therefore we can differentiate only once.
Step 1 : Differentiating w.r.t. x,
dy
dx = 8 (x – A)
1 dy
 (x – A) = 8 dx
Step 2 : Substitute in (1)
1 dy 2 1 dy 2 1 dy 2
y = 4 8 dx = 4 . 64 dx = 16 dx
     
2 2
16y = dy dy – 16y = 0 is the required DE.
dx dx
Igniting Minds
Example 2 :
Obtain the differential equation of which y2 = 4A (x + A) is a solution
Solution :
Consider y2 = 4A (x + A) …(I)
Step 1: differentiating w.r.t. x,
dy
2y dx = 4A
y dy
 A = 2 dx
Substitute in (1)
dy y dy
y2 = 2y dx x + 2 dx
 
dy dy 2
y2 = 2xy dx + y2dx
 
dy 2 dy
 y2dx + 2xy dx - y2 = 0 is the required DE
 
dy 2 dy
Divide by y  y dx + 2x dx  y = 0 is the required DE.
 
Example 3 :
Form the DE by eliminating the arbitrary constant from y = c x + c2 – c3.
Solution :
Consider y = cx + c2 – c3 .…(I)
Step 1: differentiating w.r.t. x
dy
dx = c
Step 2 : Substitute the value of c in (1)
dy dy 2 dy 3
y = x dx + dx - dx is the required DE.
   
Example 4 :
B
Form the DE whose general solution is y = Ax + x Dec. 2009
Solution :
B
Consider y = Ax + x .…(1)
There are two arbitrary constants

Igniting Minds
 We differentiate twice
Step 1: Differentiating w.r t, x
dy B
dx = A - x2 .…(2)
Step 2: Differentiating w.r t. x

d2y -3
dx2 = 0 – B (-2x )
d2y 2B
dx2 = x3
x3 d2y
 B = 2 dx2
Step 3: Substitute value of B in (2)

dy x3 1 d2y
 dx = A – 2 . x2dx2
dy x d2y
dx = A - 2 dx2
dy x d2y
 A = dx + 2 dx2
Step 4: Substitute value of A and B in (1)

dy x d2y 1 x2 d2y
y = dx + 2 dx2 x + x  2 dx2
   
2 2 2 2
dy x d y x d y
= x dx + 2 dx2 + 2 dx2
dy 2d2y
y = x dx + x dx2
d2y dy
 x2 dx2 + x dx - y = 0 is the required DE.
Example 5 :
From the DE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from y = log cos (x – a) + b where
aand b are arbitrary constants. Dec. 2005, May 2007, 2010
Solution :
Consider y = log cos (x – a) + b
Step 1: Differentiating with respect to x
dy 1 (- sin (x - a))
dx = cos (x - a)
dy
dx = - tan (x – a)

Igniting Minds

d2y 2
dx2 = - sec (x – a)
d2y
 dx2 = - [1 + tan2 (x – a)] ∵ 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
d2y  dy 2 dy
dx2 = - 1 + dx  ∵dx = tan (x – a)
   
d2y dy2
dx2 + dx + 1 = 0 is the required DE.
Example 6 :
Form the DE of which the general solution is Ax2 + By2 = 1. May 2004, Dec. 2010
Solution :
Consider Ax2 + By2 = 1
Differentiating with respect to x
dy
Step 1: 2Ax + 2By dx = 0
dy
Ax + By dx = 0
dy
Ax = - By dx
A y dy
-B = x dx
x dy - y (1)
y d y dy  dx
2 
0 = x dx2 + dx  
 x 2

2
y d y dy 1 dy y
0 = x dx2 + dx x dx - x2
 
y d2y 1 dy2 y dy
0 = x dx2 + x dx - x2 dx
Multiply by x
d2y dy 2 dy
0 = xy dx2 + x dx - y dx
 
d2y dy 2 dy
i.e xy dx2 + x dx - y dx = 0 is the required DE.
 

Igniting Minds
Example 7:
Form the DE of which the general solution is y = A cos (log x ) + B sin (log x)
Solution :
Consider y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x)
There are two arbitrary constants
 We differentiate twice
dy 1 1
dx = - A sin (log x). x + B cos (log x). x
dy
x dx = - A sin (log x) + B cos (log x)

d2y dy 1 1
x dx2 + dx = - A cos (log x) x - B sin (log x) x
Multiply by x
d2y dy
x2dx2 + x dx = - [A cos (log x) + B sin (log x)]
d2y dy
x2dx2 + x dx = - y (from given problem)
d2y dy
x2dx2 + x dx + y = 0 is the required DE
Example 8 :
Form the DE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from xy = aex + be-x + x2 May 10, Dec. 11
Solution :
Consider xy = aex + be-x + x2
There are two arbitrary constants, therefore we differentiate twice
Step 1 : Differentiating w.r. t. x
dy
X dx + y = aex – be-x + 2x
Step 2 : Differentiating w.r.t. x

d2y dy dy
x dx2 + dx + dx = aex + be-x + 2
d2y dy
x dx2 + 2 dx = xy – x2 + 2 (from given problem)
d2y dy
x dx2 + 2 dx - xy + x2 – 2 = 0 is the required DE.

Igniting Minds
Example : 9
Form the DE whose general solution is y = ae3x + be5x.
Solution :
Consider y = ae3x + be5x .…(1)
Step 1 : Differentiating with respect to x
dy 3x 5x
dx = 3ae + 5be .…(2)

d2y 3x 5x
dx2 = 9ae + 25be .…(3)
Step 3: Consider equation (1), (2) and (3)

ae3x + be5x – y = 0
d2y
3ae3x + 5be5x - dx2 = 0
d2y
9ae3x + 25be5x - dx2 = 0
Simplifying using determinants to eliminate a and b from equations (1), (2) and (3).
3x
e e5x -y
 dy

 3e3x 5e5x - dx 
= 0
 2
dy 
 9e3x 25e5x - dx2 
Taking e3x and e5x common from columns 1 and 2
1 1 -y
 dy


e3x e5x
3 5 - dx 
= 0
 2
dy 
 9 25 - dx2 
2 2
dy dy dy dy
e 1 - 5 dx2 + 25 dx - 1 - 3 dx2 + 9 dx - y (75 - 45) = 0
8x
     
d2y dy d2y dy
- 5 dx2 + 25 dx + 3 dx2 – 9 dx - 30 y = 0
d2y dy
- 2 dx2 + 16 dx - 30 y = 0 Divide by – 2
d2y dy
2–8
dx dx + 15y = 0 is the required DE.

Igniting Minds
Example 10 :
x2 y2
Form the DE whose general solution is a2 + b2 = 1. May 2011
Solution :
x2 y2
Consider a2 + b2 = 1 .…(1)

2x 2ydy
a2 + b2 dx = 0
Divide by 2
x y dy
a2 + b2dx = 0 .…(2)
Step 2 : Differentiating with respect to x.

1 y d2y 1 dy dy
a2 + b2dx2 + b2dx dx = 0
1 1  d2y dy2
 
a2 + b2y dx2 + dx  = 0 .…(3)
Step 3: Consider equations (1), (2) and (3)

x2 y2
a2 + b2 – 1 = 0 .…(1)
x y dy
a2 + b2dx = 0 .…(2)
1 1  d2y dy2
 
a + b2y dx2 + dx  = 0 .…(3)
Simplifying using determinants to eliminate a and b from equation (1), (2) and (3)
y2
 x2 dy 
 x
ydx
-1
0  = 0
 1 d2y dy2 0 
 ydx2 + dx
  
 d2y dy 2 dy
x2 (0) – y2 (0) – 1 xy dx2 + x dx - y dx = 0
   
d2y dy 2 dy
 xy dx2 + x dx - y dx = 0 is the required DE.
 

Igniting Minds
Example 11 :
Form the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from
y2 = c1 x2 + c2 x + c3.
Solution :
Consider y2 = c1 x2 + c2 x + c3 …(I)
dy
2y dx = 2c1 x + c2 …(2)

d2y dy dy
2 y dx2 + dx dx = 2 c1
    
d2y dy2
y dx + dx = 2 c1
2  
Step 3: Differentiating with respect to x.
d3y d2y dy dy d2y
y dx3 + dx2dx + 2 dxdx2 = 0
    
3
dy  d2ydy
y dx3 + 3 dx2 dx = 0 is the required DE.
  
Example 12
Find the DE of all circles passing through the origin and having their centres on the X
axis.
Solution :
Step 1: Let (a, 0) be the centre, then its radius will also be ‘a’ as the circle passes through the
origin.
 Equation of circle is (x – a)2 + (y – 0)2 = a2
 x2 – 2 ax + a2 + y2 = a2
 x2 + y2=2 ax .…(1)
dy
2x + 2y dx = 2a
Fig. 1.3
Igniting Minds
Step 3 : Substitute the value of 2a in (1)

dy
x2 + y2 = x 2x + 2y dx
 
dy
x2 + y2 = 2x2 + 2xy dx
dy
y2 – x2 = 2xy dx
dy
x2 + 2xy dx - y2 = 0 is the required DE.
Example : 13
Find the DE of all circles in the XOY plane which have their centres on X axis and have
given radius.
Solution :
Step 1: Let the centre on the x - axis be (a, 0) and given radius be r ; Therefore equation of
the circle is (x – a)2 + (y – 0)2 = r2 .…(1)
There is only one arbitrary constant. We differentiate only once.
dy
2 (x – a) + 2y dx = 0
Divide by 2
dy
(x – a) + y dx = 0
dy
(x – a) = - y dx
Step 3: Substitute the value of (x – a) in (1)

2
- y dy + y2 = r2
 dx 
dy 2
y2dx + y2 = r2 is the required DE.
 
Example : 14
Form the DE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from (x – A)2 + (y – B)2 = r2. May 2005
Solution :
Consider (x – A)2 + (y – B)2 = r2 .…(1)
There are two arbitrary constants. Therefore we differentiate twice.
dy
2 (x – A) + 2 (y – B) dx = 0

Igniting Minds
Divide by 2
dy
(x – A) + (y – B) dx = 0 .…(2)

d2y dydy
1 + (y – B) dx2 + dxdx = 0
d2y dy 2
1 + (y – B) dx2 + dx = 0
 
d2y dy 2
(y – B) dx2 = - 1 - dx
 
 dy2
1 + 
 dx 
(y – B) = - d2y
dx2
Step 3: Substitute (y – B) in equation (2)
 dy2 dy
1 + 
 dx  dx
(x – A) - d2y = 0
dx2
 dy2 dy
1 + 
 dx  dx
(x – A) = d2y
dx2
Step 4: Substitute (x – A) and (y – B) in (1)
2 2
1 + dy  dy - 1 + dy 
2 2
dx  dx  dx 
 dy  + dy 
2 2 = r2
 dx 2
  dx  2
2 2
 dy2 dy2  dy2
1 + dx  dx 1 + dx 
       
2 2 + 2 2 = r2
d y
 2 d y2
dx  dx 
2 2
 dy2 2 2
dy + 1 1 + dy  d2y 2
1 + dx  = r2dx2
   dx  dx   
2 2
 dy 
Taking 1 + dx  common.
  

Igniting Minds
2
 dy2  dy2 2 2
2d y
1 + dx  1 + dx  = r dx2
       
3
 dy2 d2y 2
1 + dx  = r2dx2 is the required DE.
    
Self Assessment Exercise 1.1

State the order and degree of the following DE:
dy d2y dy 2
1. dx = 2x – 3 2. dx2 – 7 dx + 2y = 0
 
3 2 3 3 d2y
3. d y3 + 2 dy + 6y = 3 4. 4.
dy
dx  dx dx2 = dx
2 3/2
d2y  dy  dy dy 2
5. 2 + 1 + =0 6. Y = x dx + 9 1 + dx
dx  dx   
2 3/2 2 1/3
d4y  2
d y2  d3y  dy 
7. 4 = c + 8. dx3 = 1 + dx 
dx  dx     
Form the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the following
equations :
d3y
1. y = A cos (x – B) Ans. : dx3 + y = 0
d2y
2. y = A sin (kx + B) where A and B are arbitrary constants. Ans. : dx2 + k2 y = 0
x -x d2y
3. y = c1 e + c2 e + 3x Ans. : dx2 – y +3x = 0
d2y
4. y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x Ans. : dx2 + 4y = 0
d2y dy
5. y = ax3 + bx2 Ans. : x2dx2 – 4x dx + 6y = 0
x d2y dy
6. Y = e (A cos x + B sin x) (Dec. 06, 07, 10, 11) Ans. : dx2 – 2 dx + 2y = 0
A d2y dy
7. y= x +B Ans. : x dx2 + 2 dx = 0
dy
8. y = Ax + x2 Ans. : x dx - x2 – y = 0
a dy 2 dy
9. y = a2 + x Ans. : y = x4dx - x dx
 

Igniting Minds
d2y dy
10. xy = c1 ex + c2 e-x Ans. : x dx2 + 2 dx - xy = 0
x 2 d2y d2y dy
11. y = e (c1 x + c2 x + c3) Ans. : dx3 – 3 dx2 + 3 dx - y = 0
d2y dy
12. y = a e-9x cos (3x + b) (May 04) Ans. : dx2 – 18 dx + 90y = 0
13. Form the DE of all circles which touch the y axis at the origin
dy
Ans. : x2 + 2xy dx - y2 = 0
14. Form the DE of all circles of radius 5 with centre on the axis.
dy 2
Ans. : x2 (x – 25) dx = 0
 
15. Form the DE of all circles having their centres on the line y = 2 and touching the X axis.
 dy 2
Ans. : (y – 2)21 + dx  = 22
   
t
16. Form the DE whose general solution is y = (c1 + c2 t) e . (Dec 2009)
2
dy dy
Ans. : dt2 – 2 dt + y = 0
17. Form the DE whose general is y = ae4x + be3x whose a and b are arbitrary constants.
d2y dy
(May 2011) Ans. : dx2 – 7 dx + 12y = 0
1.6 Ordinary Differential Equations of First order and First Degree :

An ordinary differential equation of first order and first degree is of the form
M dx + N dy = 0 where M and N are functions of x and y or constants. The method of solving
the differential equation depends upon the type to which it belongs.
1.6.1 (I) Variable Separable form (V.S. Form) :
A first order first degree differential equation is of the form M (x, y) dx + N (x, y)
dy = 0. Essentially, the technique of separation of variables is just what its name implies. If
the above differential equation can be put in the form f (x)dx = g (y) dy i.e. separate x terms
with dx and y terms with dy. Then integrate both sides and add a constant to any one of the
sides.
Note : The arbitrary constant can be written as c, log c, ec,tan-1 c, etc.

Igniting Minds
DE of 1st order and 1st Degree Mdx + Ndy = 0
Variable Separable form (V.S.) form DE reducible to V.S. form using substitution
Separate x terms with dx and y terms DE is of the form DE is of the DE is of the

with dy dy/dx = form form
(ax+by+c) dy/dx = (y/x) dx/dy =  (x/y)
Integrate both sides and add a Put ax + by + c = u Put y/x = u i.e. Put x/y = u i.e.
constant to any one of the sides diff. w.r.t.x We get y = ux x= uy diff
dy/dx diff w.r.t. x we w.r.t. y we get
get dy/dx dx/dy
DE reduces to V.S. form
Integrate both sides and a constant to any one of the sides
Resubstitute for u
Illustrative Examples
Example : 1
Solve 3ex tan ydx + (1 – ex) sec2 ydy = 0
Solution :
Consider
3e tan ydx + (1 – ex) sec2 y dy =
x
0
x
Step 1: 3e tan y dx = - 1 (1 – ex) sec2 y dy

Igniting Minds
x 2
3e sec y
- 1 - ex dx = tan y dy
Variable are separated
ex sec2 y
Step 2: - 3 ∫1 - ex dx = ∫ tan y dy
3 log (1 – ex) = log tan y + log c ∵∫ f' (x) dx = log f (x)
 f (x) 
log (1 – ex)3 – log tan y = log c
(1 - ex)3
log  tan y  = log c
 
(1 - ex)3
 c = tan y is the general solution.
Example : 2
Solve (ey + 1) cos x dx + ey sin x dy = 0 May 2010, 2011
y y
Solution : Consider (e + 1) cos x dx + e sin x dy=0
Step 1 : For separating the variables, the equation can be written as :
cos x ey
sin x dx + e + 1 dy = 0
y
Variables are separated.

Step 2 :
cos x ey ∵∫ f' (x) dx = log f (x)
∫ sin x dx + ∫ ey + 1 dy = 0
 f (x) 
log sin x + log (ey + 1) = log c
y
log [(sin x) (e + 1)] = log c
c = (sin x) (ey + 1) is the general solution.
Example : 3
dy
Solve dx = ex+y + x2 ey
Solution :
dy
Consider dx = ex + y + x2 ey
Step 1: To separate the variable, the equation can be written as :

dy x y 2 y
dx = e e + x e
dy y x 2
dx = e (e + x )

Igniting Minds
dy
ey = (ex + x2) dx
e-y dy = (ex + x2) dx

Variables are separated
Step 2: ∫ e-y dy = ∫ (ex + x2) dx
x3
-e-y = ex + 3 + c is the general solution.
Example : 4
dy 1 - y2
Solve dx + 1 - x2 = 0
Solution :
To separate the variables, the equation can be written as
dy 1 - y2
Step 1 : dx + 1 - x2 = 0
dy dx
2 + = 0
1-y 1 - x2
dy dx ∵ ∫ dx = sin-1 x
Step 2 : ∫ 2 + ∫ = c  
1-y 1 - x2  1 - x2 
sin-1 y + sin-1 x = c is the general solution.
Example 5:
dy x cos x
Solve dx = 2ey cosh y
Solution :
dy x cos x
Consider dx = 2ey cosh y
To separate the variables, the equation can be written as
Step 1 : 2ey coshy dy = x cos dx
ey + e-y ey + e-y
2ey 2  dy = x cos dx ∵ cosh y =
  2
(e2y + 1) dy = x cos x dx
Step 2 : ∫ (e2y + 1) dy = ∫ x cos x dx
2y
e + y = x sin x - ∫ sin x dx + c (Using integration by part)
2 
2y
e
2 +y = x sin x + cos x + c is the general solution.

Igniting Minds
Example : 6
dy
Solve : 1 + x2 + y2 + x2 y2 + y dx = 0
Solution :
dy
Consider 1 + x2 + y2 + x2 y2 + y dx = 0
Step 1 : To separate the variables the equation can be written as;

dy
(1 + x2) + y2 (1 + x2) + y dx = 0
dy
(1 + x2) (1 + y2) + y dx = 0
dy
1 + x2 1 + y2 + y dx = 0
ydy
1 + x2 dx + = 0
1 + y2
ydy
Step 2 : ∫ 1 + x2 dx + ∫ = c
1 + y2
x 2 1 2 2
2 1 + x + 2 log (x + 1 + x ) + 1 + y = c
∵ ∫ f' (x) dx = f (x) and ∫ a2 + x2 dx = x a2 + x2 + log (x + x2 + a2) + c
 2 
 f (x) 
x 1 + x2 + log (x + 1 + x2) + 2 1 + y2 = c1 is the general solution.
Example 7:
dy x (2 log x + 1)
Solvedx = sin y + y cos y Dec. 2011
Solution :
dy x (2 log x + 1)
Consider dx = sin y + y cos y
Step 1 : To separate the variables the equation can be written as
(sin y + y cos y) dy = (2x log x + x) dx
Step 2 : ∫ (sin y + y cos y) dy = 2 ∫ x log x dx + ∫ x dx
∫ sin y dy + ∫ y cos dy = 2 ∫ x log x dx + ∫ x dx
Integrate by parts
x2 x2 1 x2
[- cos y] [y sin y - ∫ sin y (1) dy] = 2 log x. 2 - ∫ 2 . x dx + 2 + c
 

Igniting Minds
2 2
x log x 1  +x +c
- cos y + y sin y + cos y = 2 - ∫ x dx
 2 2  2
x log x x  x2
2 2
y sin y = 2 2 - 4 + 2 +c
 
2 2
x x
y sin y = x2 logx - 2 + 2 + c
y sin y = x2 log x + c is the general solution.

Example : 8
dy
Solve : x y3 dx = (1 – x2) (1 + y2)
Solution :
dy
Consider xy3dx = (1 – x2) (1 – y2)
Step 1 : To separate the variable, the equation can be written as;

y3 dy 1 - x2
2 =
1+y x dx
Variable are separated.
y3 1 - x2
1 + y2 dy =  x  dx
 
Performing actual division on LHS.
-y 1
y + 1 + y2 dy = x - x dx
   
2
y 1 2 x2 ∙.∙  f' (x) dx = log f (x)
- log (1 + y ) = log x -
2 2 2  f (x) 
x2 y2 1 2
2 + 2 = log x + 2 log (1 + y ) + c
x2 y2 2
2 + 2 = log x + log 1 + y + c
Is the general solution.
Example : 9
dy dy
Solve : y – x dx = 3 1 - x2 dx
 
Solution :
dy dy
Consider y – x dx = 3 1 - x2 dx
 
Step 1 : To separate the variables, the equation can be written as.
dy dy
y – x dx = 3 – 3x2dx
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dy dy
y–3 = x dx - 3x2dx
dy
y–3 = x dx (1 – 3x)
dy dx
y-3 = x (1 - 3x)
dy dx
Step 2 : y - 3 = x (1 - 3x)
Solving RHS by partial fractions.

1 A B
Consider x (1 - 3x) = x + 1 - 3x
Multiply by LCM x (1 – 3x)

1 = A (1 – 3x) + Bx
x = 0;1=A
1 B
x = 3 ; 1 = 3  B = 3.
1 1 3
 x(1 - 3x) = x + 1 - 3x
dy 1 3
 DE becomes; y - 3 = x + 1 - 3x dx
 
dx dx
log (y – 3) =  x + 3 1 - 3x
log (1 - 3x)
log (y – 3) = log x + 3 -3 + log c
log (y – 3) = log x – log (1 – 3x) + log c

log (y – 3) + log (1 – 3x) = log x + log c
log [(y - 3) (1 - 3x)] = log xc
 (y – 3) (1 – 3x) = xc is the general solution
Example : 10
Solve : cosec x log y dy + x2 y2 dx = 0
Solution :
Consider cosec x log y dy + x2 y2 dx = 0
Step 1 : To separate the variables the equation can be written as
log y x2
2 dy +
y cosec x dx = 0

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log y 2
y2 dy + x sin x dx = 0

log y
Step 2 :  y2 dy +  x2 sin x dx = 0
1 log y
y y dy +  x2 sin x dx = 0
Put log y = t  y = et
Differentiating w.r.t.t.
1
y dy= dt
Step 3 :
t
 DE becomes; et dt +  x2 sin x dx = 0
 te-t dt +  x2 sin x dx = 0
Integrating by parts
t (-e-t) -  -e-t d (t) dt + [x2 (- cos x) -  - cos x ((2x) dx)] = c
 dt 
[-t e-t +  e-t dt] + [- x2 cos x + 2  x cos x dx] = c
Integrate by parts
[-t e-t -e-t] + [- x2 cos x + 2 (x sin x -  sin x dx)] = c
Resubstitute for t.
[- log ye- log y - e- log y ] - x2 cos x + 2 x sin x- 2 (- cos x) = c
-1 -1
[- log ye log y
- elog y ]–x 2
cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x = c
-1 -1 2
[-y log y - y ] – x cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x = c
-y-1[log y + 1] – x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x = c
1
- y [1 + log y] – x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x = c is the general solution .
Example : 11
dy y
Solve: dx = given y = 1 when x = 4
2 x
Solution :
dy y
Consider dx =
2 x
Step 1 : To separate the variables, the equation can be written as

Igniting Minds
-1
dy dx 1 2
y = = 2 x dx
2 x
-1
dy 1 2
Step 2 : y = 2  x dx
-1 1
1 x
2 + 1
1 x 
2
log y = 2  -1 +c = 2 1 + c
 2 + 1 2
log y= x + c  (1) is the general solution.
Step 3 : It is given y = 1, x = 4. i.e. we have to find the particular solution.
log 1 = 4 +c
0 = 2+c
 c = -2
Substitute c in (i)
 log y = x - 2 is the particular solution.
Example : 12
dy x
Solve : dx = 2 Given y = 5 when x = 4
x +9
Solution :
dy x
Consider dx = 2
x +9
x
Step 1 : dy = 2 dx
x +9
x
Step 2 :  dy =  2dx
x +9
f'(x)
y = x2 + 9 + c is the general solution. ∙.∙ = f (x) + c
f (x)
Step 3 : It is given y = 5, x = 4
5 = 42 + 9+ c
5 = 5+c
 c = 0
Substitute c in (1)
 y = x2 + 9is the particular solution.
Igniting Minds

Solve the following differential equation :
dy x2
1. dx = 1 – x – y + xy Ans. : x - 2 + log (1 – y) = c
dy x+1 x2 2 y
2
2. dx = y (y + 2) Ans. : 2 + x – y - 3 = c
2 dy 2
3. xex + ydx = 0 Ans. : ex + y2 = c
dy
4. x dx - y = 2x2 y Ans. : log y = log x + x2 + c
dy y2 + 1
5. dx = x2 + 1 Ans. : tan-1 y = tan-1 x + c
dy y
6. dx = y (y + 1) tan x Ans. : y + 1 = c sec x
dy dy
7. a x dx + 2y = 2xy dx Ans. : a log y + 2a log x – 2y = c
 
dy
8. ex – ydx + 1 = 0 Ans. : e-x – e-y = c
dy 1 xe3x e3x
9. e-3xdx + x sin 2y = 0 Ans. : 2 log (cosec 2y – cot 2y) + 3 - 9 + c
dy 3x2 + ex
10. dx = 4y3 Ans. : y4 = x3 + ex + c
dy log x 2 y4 (log x)2
11. dx = xy + xy3 Ans. : y + 4 = 2 + c
dy
12. (4 + e2x) dx = ye2x Ans. :y2 = c2 (4 +e2x)
y2 x2
13. (1 – x2) (1 + y) dx = xy (1 – y) dy Ans. : 2y - 2 - 2 log (y + 1) = log x - 2 + c
dy 2 2 3y 1 -3y x3
14. dx + x = x e Ans. : 3 log (1 – e ) = 3 + c
(1 - y2)
15. (x – y2 x) dx = (y – x2 y) dy Ans. : 1 - x2 = c
1.6.2 (II)Differential Equations Reducible to Variable Separable form

using a Substitution :
dy
(a) If the DE is of the form dx =  (ax + by + c), then put ax + by + c = u. Differentiate with
dy
respect to x; we get dx in terms of u and x. Substituting in the given DE, the problem
reduces to variable separable form.
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dy y y
(b) If the DE is of the form dx = x, then put x = u i.e. y = ux. Differentiate with respect
 
dy du
to x, we get dx = u + x dx . Substituting in the given DE, the problem reduces to the
variable separable form.
dy x x
(c) If the DE is of the form dx = y , then put y = u i.e. x = uy. Differentiate with respect
 
dx dy
to y, we get dy = u + y dy . Substituting in the given DE, the problem reduces to the
variable separable form.
Illustrative Examples
Example 1:
dy
Solve : (x + y)2 dx= a2
Solution :
dy
Consider (x + y)2 dx = a2
Step 1 : Put x+y = u

Differentiating with respect to x.
dy du
1 + dx = dx
dy du
 dx = dx - 1
du
Step 2 :  DE becomes : u2dx - 1 = a2
 
du
u2dx - u2 = a2
du
u2dx = u2 + a2
u2 du
u2 + a2 = dx

u2 + a2 - a2
Step 3 :  u2 + a2  du =  dx
 
2 2
u +a du
u2 + a2 du – a2u2 + a2 = x+c
1 u
 du – a2 . a tan-1a = x+c

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u
u – a tan-1a = x+c
Resubstitute for u.
x+y
x + y – a tan-1 a  = x+c
 
x+y
x – a tan-1 a  = c is the general solution.
 
Example 2:
dy
Solve : dx = 1 + tan (y – x)
Solution :
dy
Consider dx = 1 + tan (y – x)
Step 1 : Put y–x = u

Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy du
dx - 1 = dx
dy du
 dx = 1 + dx
du
Step 2 : DE becomes; 1 + dx = 1 + tan u
du
dx = tan u
du
tan u = dx
cot u du = dx
Step 3 :  cot u du =  dx + c
log sin u = x+c
Resubstitute for u.
Log sin (y – x) = x + c is the general solution.
Example 3 :
dy
Solve : dx = (4x + y + 1)2
Solution :
dy
Consider dx = (4x + y + 1)2

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Step 1 : Put 4x + y + 1 = u
dy du
4 + dx = dx
dy du
dx = dx - 4
Step 2 :  DE becomes;
du
dx - 4 = u2
du
dx = u2 + 4
du
u +4 =
2 dx

du
u2 + 4 =  dx
1 -1u dx 1 x
tan 2 = x + c ∙.∙  x2 + a2 = a tan-1 a
2  
Resubstitute for u.
1 -1
2 tan (4x + y + 1) = x+c
Example : 4
dy
Solve : sin-1 dx = x + y
 
dy
Solution : Consider sin-1dx = x+y
 
dy
Step 1 :  dx = sin (x + y)
Put x+y = u
dy du
1 + dx = dx
dy du
 dx = dx - 1
du
Step 2 : DE becomes; dx - 1 = sin u
du
dx = 1 + sin u

Igniting Minds
du
1 + sin u = dx Variables are separated.
du
Step 3 : 1 + sin u =  dx
(1 - sin u)
(1 - sin u) (1 + sin u) du = x+c
1 - sin u
1 - sin2 u du = x+c
1 - sin
 cos2 u u du = x+c
1 sin u
cos2 u du - cos2 u du = x+c
 sec2 u du -  sec u tan u du = x+c

tan u – sec u = x+c
Resubstitute for u.
tan (x + y) – sec (x + y) = x+c
Example : 5
dy
Solve : dx = sin (x + y) + cos (x + y) May 05, May 06
Solution :
dy
Consider dx = sin (x + y) + cos (x + y)

dy du
1 + dx = dx
dy du
 dx = dx - 1
du
Step 2 : DE becomes; dx - 1 = sin u + cos u
du
dx = 1 + sin u + cos u
du
1 + cos u + sin u = dx Variables are separated
du
Step 3 :  u u u =  dx
2 cos2 2 + 2 sin 2 cos 2

Igniting Minds
du
 u = x+c

u
sin 2

2 cos2 2 1 + u
 cos 2
1 2u
2 sec 2 du
 u = x+c
1 + tan 2
u ∙.∙  f'(x) dx = lo gf (x)

log 1 + tan 2 = x+c
   f (x) 
Resubstitute for u.
(x + y)
log 1 + tan 2  = x + c is the general solution.
 
Example : 6
dy
Solve : dx = tan2 (x + y) Dec. 2005
Solution :
dy
Consider dx = tan2 (x +y)

Differentiating w.r.t. x.
dy du
1 + dx = dx
dy du
 dx = dx - 1
Step 2 : DE becomes;
du
dx - 1 = tan2 u
du
dx = 1 + tan2 u
du
dx = sec2 u
du
sec2 u = dx

du
Step 3 : sec2 u =  dx
 cos2 u du =  dx
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1 + cos 2u
 du = x+c
 2 
1 1
2  du + 2  cos 2u du = x+c
u 1 sin 2u
2 +2 2 = x+c
Resubsitute for u.
x+y 1
2 + 4 sin 2 (x + y) = x+c
2x + 2y + sin (2x + 2y) = 4x c1

2y – 2x + sin (2x + 2y) = c1 is the general solution.
Example : 7
x + y - a dy x + y + a
Solve : x + y + b dx = x + y - b
Solution :
x + y - a dy x+y+a
Consider x + y + bdx = x+y-b
dy du
1 + dx = dx
dy du
 dx = dx - 1
u - a du  u+a
u + b dx - 1 = u-b
du (u + a) (u + b)
dx - 1 = (u - a) (u - b)
du (u + a) (u + b)
dx = (u - a) (u - b) + 1
du u2 + bu + au + ab
dx = u2 - bu - au + ab + 1
u2 + bu + au + ab + u2 - bu - au + ab
= u2 + ab - bu - au
du 2 (u2 + ab)
dx = 2
(u + ab) - u (a + b)
(u2 + ab) - u (a + b)
u2 + ab du = 2 dx

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2
(u + ab) - u (a + b)
Step 3 :  u2 + ab du = 2  dx
u2 + ab u du
 u2 + ab du – (a + b) u2 + ab = 2x + c
(a + b)
 du - 2 log (u2 + ab) = 2x + c
(a + b)
u- 2 log (u2 + ab) = 2x + c
Resubstitute for u
(a + b)
x+y- 2 log [(x + y)2 + ab] = 2x + c is the general solution .
Example : 8
x
Solve (1 + ex/y) dx + ex/y1 - y dy = 0 Dec. 2009
 
Solution :
x
Consider (1 + ex/y) dx + ex/y1 - y dy = 0
 
x
Step 1 : (1 + ex/y) dx = - ex/y1 - y dy
 
x
-ex/y 1 - y
dx  
dy = 1 + ex/y
x
Put y = u
 x = uy
Differentiating w.r.t. y
dx du
dy = u + y dy
du -eu (1 - u)
Step 2 : DE becomes, u + y dy = 1 + eu
du -eu + u eu
u + y dy = 1 + eu
du -eu + u eu
y dy = 1 + eu - u
-eu + ueu - u - ueu
= 1 + eu
du -eu - u - (eu + u)
y dy = 1 + eu = 1+ eu

Igniting Minds
u
1+e -dy
u + eu du = y
1 + eu dy
Step 3 : u + eu du = -y
log (u + eu) = - log y + log e ∙.∙ f' (x) = log f (x)

 f (x) 
log (u + eu) + log y = log c
u
log [(u + e ) y] = log c
 c = (u + eu) y
Resubstitute for u.
c = x + ex/y y
y 
 c = x + yex/y is the general solution.
Example : 9
x x
Solve : xy log y dx + y2 - x2 log y dy = 0
    
Solution : 
x x
Consider xy y dx + y2 - x2 log y dy = 0
    
x x2 log x - y2 dy
Step 1 : xy log y dx =
   y 
x
x2 log y - y2
dx  
dy = x
xy log y
 
x
Put y = u i.e. x = uy
Differentiating w.r.t y
dx du
dy = u + y dy
du u2 y2 log u - y2 u2 log u - 1
u + y dy = uy2 log u = u log u
du u2 log u - 1
y dy = u log u - u
u2 log u - 1 - u2 log u
= u log u
Igniting Minds
du -1
y dy = u log u
dy
u log u du = - y

dy
Step 3 :  u log u du = y
Integrating by parts
2 2
log u u -  u d log u du = - log y + c
 2 2 du 
u2 log u 1 2 1
2 - 2  u . u du = - log y + c
u2 log u 1
2 - 2  u du = - log y + c
u2 log u 1
2 - 2  u du = - log y + c
u2 log u 1 u2
-2 2 = - log y + c
2  
Resubstitute for u.
1x2 2
x - 1 x2 =
2 Log - log y + c is the general solution.
2y y 4 y 
Example : 10
dy dy
Solve : (x + y)2x dx + y = xy 1 + dx Dec. 2010
   
Solution :
dy dy
Consider (x + y)2x dx + y = xy 1 + dx
   
Step 1 : Put x+y = u and xy=v
Differentiating w.r.t. x differentiating w.r.t. x.
dy du dy dv
1 + dx = dx and x dx + y=dx
dv du
Step 2 : DE becomes; u2 dx = v dx
i.e. u2 dv = v du
dv du
v = u2

Igniting Minds
dv du
Step 3 :  v =  u2
u-2 + 1 -1
log v = -2+1+c= u +c
Resubstitute for u and v
-1
log xy = x+y +c
1
log xy + x + y = c is the general solution.
Example : 11
Solve : (x – 2 sin y + 3) dx + (2x – 4 sin y – 3) cos y dy = 0
Solution :
Consinder (x – 2 sin y + 3) dx + (2x – 4 sin y – 3) cos y dy = 0
dy
Step 1 : (x – 2 sin y + 3) + [2 (x – 2 sin y) – 3] cos y dx = 0
Put x – 2 sin y = u
Differentiating w.r.t.x.
dy du
1 – 2 cos y dx = dx
du dy
1 - dx = 2 cos y dx
1  du dy
 2 1 - dx = cos y dx
1 du
(u + 3) + [2u – 3] 2 1 - dx = 0
  
du
2 (u + 3) + (2u – 3) 1 - dx = 0
 
du
2u + 6 + 2u – 3 – (2u – 3) dx = 0
du
4u + 3 = (2u – 3) dx
2u - 3
4u + 3 du = dx

2u - 3
Step 3 : 4u + 3 du =  dx

Igniting Minds
2 6
4 (4u + 3) - 4-3
 4u + 3 du = x+c
1 (4u + 3) - 9
2 2
 4u + 3  du = x+c
 
1 4u + 3 9 du
2 4u + 3 du - 2 4u + 3 = x+c
1 9 log (4u + 3)
2  du - 2 4 = x+c
u 9
2 - 8 log (4u + 3) = x+c
4u – 9 log (4u + 3) = 8x + c1
Resubstitute for u
4 (x – 2 sin y) – 9 log [4 (x – 2 sin y) + 3] = 8x + c1
4x – 8 sin y – 9 log [4x – 8 sin y + 3] = 8x + c1
is the general solution.
Solve the following Differential Equations

dy
1. dx = sin (y – x) Ans. : sec (y – x) + tan (y – x) = - x + c
dy x2
2. dx + x tan (y – x) = 1 (Dce. 2008, 2009) Ans. : log sin (y – x) + 2 = c
x+y
3. cos (x + y ) dy = dx Ans. : tan  2  = y + c
 
dx 1 4x + y
4. (4x + y)2dy = 1 Ans. : 2 tan- 1 2  = x + c
 
dy y y
5. X dx = y + x2 tan x Ans. : log sin x = x + c
6. Yex/y dx = (xex/y + y2) dy (May 2007) Ans. : ex/y – y = c

y y y y dy y
7. y x cos x + y sin x - y sin x - x cos x x dx = 0 Ans. : xy cos x = c
   
dy dy
8. ex + yx dx + y - exy1 + dx = 0 (May 07) Ans. : e-xy = e-(x + y) + c
   

Igniting Minds
dy
9. x2dx + xy + 1 - x2 y2 = 0 Ans. : sin-1 (xy) + log x + c
dy 2 1 1
10. dx = (x – y + 1) + (x – y) (Dec. 2004) Ans. : x = 3 log (x – y) - 3 log (x – y + 3) +c
dy  x + y +1 2
11. dx = x + y + 3 Ans : y – x + log [x2 + 2y + y2 + 4x + 4y] = c
12. x dy - y cos y + x = 0 y
Ans. : sin x = - log x + c
 dx  x
dy
13. dx = x + y + 1 Ans. : log (x + y + 2) = x + c
1.6.3 [III] Homogeneous DE :

Consider a differential equation of the form M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0 where M and
N are functions of x and y. If in the above DE where M (x, y) and N (x, y) are each
homogenous in x and y of the same degree then it is called a homogeneous DE.
Method Put y = ux
dy u + x du
dx = dx
or
x = uy
dx u + y du
dy = dy
Substitute the values in the given DE. Separate the variables, Integrate both sides and add an
constant on any one side Substitute back the value of u.
Flow Chart for first order first Degree Homogeneous DE and – Homogeneous DE.

Igniting Minds
1st order 1st Degree DE Mdx + Ndy = 0
Non- Homogeneous De :
Homogeneous DE : Degree of
dy a1x + b1y +c1
each and every term is the same It is of the form dx = a x +b y + c
2 2 2
Put y = ux
diff w.r.t. x, a1 b1 a1 b1
Case 1 : a = b Case 2 : a ,  b , Put x = X + h,y =
dy/dx = u + x du/dx 2 2 2 2
or DE will have a Y +k where h and k are to

x = uy common factor of determined therefore dx = dX, dy =
the form /x + my dY
diff w.r.t. y
dx/dy = u + y du/dy
DE reduces to V.S. form in Put /x + my = u DE reduces to the form

variables u and x or u and y Diff. w.r.t. x dY (a1X + b1Y)+a1h+b1k+c1
we get dy/dx dX = (a2X + b2Y) + a2h+b2k+c2
Choose h and k such that

a1h + b1k + c1 = 0 and
DE reduces to V.S.
Integrate both sides and add a a2h + b2k + c2 = 0 DE
form in variables u
constant to any one of the sides reduces to
and x
dY a1X + b1Y
dX = a2X + b2Y
Integrate both sides

and add a constant
Resubstitude for u DE becomes a homogeneous DE
to any one of the
sides
Solve as in the case of homogeneous

Resubstitute for u
DE

Igniting Minds
Example : 1
Solve : (x4 + y4) dx - 2x3 y dy = 0
Solution :
Consider (x4 + y4) dx – 2x3 y dy = 0
Step 1 : This is a homogeneous DE of degree 4
 (x4 + y4)dx = 2x3 y dy
dy x4 + y4
 dx = 2x3 y
Put y = ux
dy du
dx = u + x dx
du x4 + u4 x4
u + x dx = 2x3 ux
du 1 + u4
u + x dx = 2u
du 1 + u4 1 + u4 - 2u2
x dx = 2u - u = 2u
2u du dx
u - 2u2 + 1
4 = x
2u du dx
(u2 - 1)2 = x
2u du dx
Step 3 : (u2 - 1)2 = x
Put u2 – 1 = t
Differentiating w.r.t. t.
2u du = dt
 Integral becomes
dt
 t2 = log x + c
t-2 + 1
-2+1 = log x +c

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1
 -t = log x + c
Resubstitute for t.
-1
u2 - 1 = log x + c
Resubstitute for u.
-1
y2 = log x + c
x2 - 1
- x2
y - x2
2 = log x + c is the general solution
Example : 2
dy
Solve : xy dx = x2 + 2y2
Solution :
dy
Consider xy dx = x2 + 2y2
Step 1 : This is a homogeneous DE of degree 2.

dy x2 + 2y2
 dx = xy
Put y = ux
dy du
dx = u + x dx
Step 2 : DE becomes ;
du x2 + 2u2 x2
u + x dx = xux
du 1 + 2u2
u + x dx = u
du 1 + 2u2
x dx = u -u
du 1 + 2u2 - u2
x dx = u
du 1 + u2
x dx = u
u du dx
1 + u2 = x

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u du dx
Step 3 : 1 + u2 = x
1 2
2 log (1 + u ) = log x + log c
log (1 + u2) = 2 log x + 2 log c

2
log (1 + u ) = log x2 + log c2
log (1 + u2) = log c2 x2
(1 + u2) = c2 x2
Resubstitute for u.
y2
1 + x2 = c2 x2
x2 + y2 = c2 x4 is the general solution.

Example : 3
Solve : x dy – y dx = x2 + y2 dx
Solution :
Consider x dy – y dx = x2 + y2 dx
Step 1 : This is homogeneous DE of degree 1.
x dy = y dx + x2 + y2 dx = (y + x2 + y2) dx
dy y + x2 + y2
dx = x
Put y = ux
Differenitating w.r.t. x
dy du
dx = u + x dx
du ux + x2 + u2 x2 ux + x 1 + u2
u + x dx = x = x
du
u + x dx = u + 1 + u2
du
 x dx = 1 + u2
du dx
= x Variables are separated.
1 + u2
du dx
Step 3 :  = x
1 + u2
log (u + 1 + u2) = log x + log c

Igniting Minds
log (u + 1 + u2 ) = log xc
2
u+ 1+u = xc
Resubstitute for u.
y y2
x + 1 + x2 = xc
y x2 + y2
x + x2 = xc
y x2 + y2
x + x = xc
 y + x2 + y2 = cx2 is the general solution

Example : 4
dy y3 + 3x2 y
Solve : dx = x3 + 3xy2
Solution :
dy y3 + 3x2 y
Consider dx = x3 + 3xy2
Put y = ux
dy du
dx = u + x dx
du u3 x3 + 3x2 ux
u + x dx = x3 + 3xu2 x2
du u3 x3 + 3ux3
u + x dx = x3 + 3u2 x3
du u3 + 3u
u + x dx = 1 + 3u2
du u3 + 3u u3 + 3u - u - 3u3
x dx = 1 + 3u 2 -u=
1 + 3u2
du 2u - 2u3 2u (1 - u2)
x dx = 1 + 3u2 = 1 + 3u2
1 + 3u2 dx
u (1 - u2) du = 2 x
1 + 3u2 dx
u (1 - u) (1 + u) du = 2 x

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2
1 + 3u dx
Step 3 : u (1 - u) (1 + u) du = 2x
Solving the integral on LHS by partial fractions.

1 + 3u2 A B C
Consider u (1 - u) (1 + u) = u + 1 - u + 1 + u
Multiply by LCM u (1 – u) (1 + u)
1 + 3u2 = A (1 – u) (1 + u) + Bu (1 + u) + Cu (1 – u)
u=0; 1 = A (1)  A = 1
u=1; 4 = B (2)  B = 2
u=- 1 ; 4 = - 2C  C=-2
2
1 + 3u 1 2 -2
 u (1 - u) (1 + u) = u + 1 - u + 1 + u
 Substituting in the integral on the LHS.
1 2 2 dx
 u + 1 - u - 1 + u du = 2x
 
log u – 2 log (1 – u) – 2 log (1 + u) = 2 log x + log c
2 2
log u – log (1 – u) – log (1 + u) = log x2 + log c
log u – [log (1 – u)2 + log (1 + u)2] = log cx2
log u – log [(1 – u)2 (1 + u)2] = log cx2
log u – log [(1 – u) (1 + u)]2 = log cx2
log u – log (1 – u2)2 = log cx2
u
log (1 - u2)2 = log cx2
 
u
(1 - u2)2 = cx2
Resubstitute for u.
y
x
2 =
2
cx2
1 - y2
 x
y
x
(x - y2)2 =
2 cx2
x4
yx3
(x - y2)2
2 = cx2
yx = c (x2 – y2)2is the general solution.

Igniting Minds
Example : 5
x
Solve : x + y cot y dy – dx = 0
 
Solution :
x
Consider x + y cot y dy – y dx = 0
 
Step 1 :
This is homogeneous DE of degree 1
x + y cot x dy = y dx
 y
x
x + y cot y
dx
 dy = y
x
Put y = u  x = uy
Differentiating w.r.t . y
dx du
dy = u + y dy
Step 2 :
DE becomes;
du uy + y cot u
u + y dy = y
du
u + y dy = u + cot u
du
y dy = u + cot u – u = cot u
du dy
cot u = y
dy
tan u du = y Variables are separated
dy
Step 3 :  tan u du = y
log sec u = log y + log c = log yc

sec u = yc
Resubstitute for u.
x
sec y = yc is the general solution.

Igniting Minds
Example : 6
dy
Solve : x3 dx = y3 + y2 y2 - x2
dy
Solution : Consider x3 dx = y3 + y2 y2 - x2

dy y3 + y2 y2 - x2
dx = x3
Put y = ux
differentiating w.r.t. x
dy du
dx = u + x dx
du u3 x3 + u2 x2 u2 x2 - x2
u + x dx = x3
du u3 x3 + u2 x3 u2 - 1
u + x dx = x3 = u3 + u2 u2 - 1
du
x dx = u3 – u + u2 u2 - 1 = u (u2 – 1) + u2 u2 - 1
du dx
= x Variables are separated
u (u2 - 1) + u2 u 2- 1
du dx
Step 3 :  = x
u (u - 1) + u2 u2 - 1
2
du
 = log x + log c
u( u - 1) ( u2 - 1) + u2 u2 - 1
2
du
 = log x + log c
u u - 1 [ u2 - 1 + u]
2
( u2 - 1 - u) du
 = log x + log c
u u2 - 1 [( u2 - 1 + u) ( u2 - 1 - u)]
u2 - 1 - u
 du = log x + log c
u u2 - 1 [u2 - 1 - u2]
[ u2 - 1 - u]du = log x + log c
2
u -1 u du
- du +  = log x + log c
u u2 - 1 u u2 - 1
du du
-u + 2 = log x + log c
u -1

Igniting Minds
- log u + log (u + u2 - 1) = log x + log c

log (u + u2 - 1) = log x + log u + log c
log (u + u - 1) =
2
log x uc
2
u+ u -1 = xuc
Resubstitute for u.
y y2 y c
x + x2 - 1 = x x
 
2 2
y y -x
x + x = yc
y + y2 - x2 = xyc is the general solution.

Example : 7
dy
x dx = y [log y – log x + 1]
Solution :
dy
Consider x dx = y [log y – log x + 1]
Step 1 : This is homogenous DE of degree 1.

dy y y 
dx = x log x + 1
y
Put x = u
 y = ux
Differentiating w.r.t x
dy du
dx = u + x dx
du
u + x dx = u (log u + 1)
du
u + x dx = u log u + u
du
x dx = u log u + u – u
du
x dx = u log u
du dx
u log u = x
Igniting Minds
du dx
Step 3 :  u log u =  x
Put log u = t
Differentiating w.r.t. t.
1 du
u dt = 1
du
 u = dt
 Integral becomes;
dt dx
 t =  x
log t = log x + log c

log t = log x c
Resubstitute for t.
log (log u) = log xc
 log u = xc
Resubstitute for u.
y
log x = xc

Solve the following differential equations :
dy x2
1. (x2 + y2) dx = xy Ans. : 2y2 = log cy
y
2. y2 dx + (x2 – xy) dy = 0 (Dec. 2009 ) Ans. : x = log cy
dy dy 1 y
3. y – x dx = x + y dx Ans. : 2 log (x2 + y2) + tan-1x c
y y y
4. x sin x dy = y sin x - x dx Ans. : cos x = log x + c
       
y y x sin y + cos y dy = 0 y
5. cos dx - Ans : .y sin x = c
x x y x x
6. 2 yex/y dx + (y – 2xex/y) dy = 0 Ans. : log y + 2ex/y = c
7. (x2 + y2) dx + (x2 – xy) dy = 0 Ans. : xey/x = c (x + y)2
dy y (x - y) y 5 1 + 4y
8. dx = x (2x + 3y) Ans. : 2 log x - 4 log  x  = log x + c
 

Igniting Minds
dy
9. yx dx = x2 + 2y2 Ans. : (x2 + y2) = c2 x4
10. (x2 + xy) dy = (x2 + y2) dx Ans. : (x – y)2 + y = cx

dy 3xy + y2
11. dx = 3x2 Ans. : 3x + y log x + cy = 0
12. X3 dx – y3 dy = 3xy (y dx – x dy) Ans. : (x2 + y2)2 = c (x2 – y2)

13. (y4 - 2x3y) dx + (x4 – 2xy3) dy = 0 Dec 04, 05, 09, May 07 Ans. : x3 + y3 = cxy
1.6.4 (IV) Non – Homogeneous Differential Equation :

dy a1 x + b1 y + c1
A differential equation of the form dx = a x + b y + c Where a1, b1, c1, and a2, b2, c2
2 2 2
are constants is called a non- homogeneous differential equation.
a1 b1
Case I : a = b
2 2
Method :
In this case, the expressions (a1 x + b1 y) and (a2 x + b2 y) will have a common factor of
dy
the form lx + my. Then put lx + my = u. Differentiate with respect to x. We get dx in terms of
dy
u and x. Substituting the values of lx + my and dx in the given DE, it reduces to the variable
separate form then separate the variables u and x, integrate and then resubstitute the value of u.
a1 b1
Case II : a  b2
2
dy a1 x + b1 y + c1
Consider dx = a2 x + b2 y + c2
Method : Put x = X + h, y = Y+k where h and k are constants to be determined.
 dx = dX, dy = dY
dY a1 (X + h) + b1 (Y + k) + c1
 DE becomes; dX = a2 (X + h) + b2 (Y + k) + c2
dY (a1 X + b1 Y) + a1 h + b1 k + c1
dX = (a2 X + b2 Y) + a2 h + b2 k + c2
Equate the constant term in the Numerator and denominator on the RHS to zero and find
h and k
i.e. put a1 h + b1 k + c1 = 0 a2 h + b2 k + c2 = 0
Solving simultaneously, we get h and k.
dY a1 X + b1 Y
The DE is now homogeneous in variables X and Y. i.e. dX = a X + b Y .
2 2
Put Y = UX and proceed as in the case of homogeneous DE. Substitute back the values
of V, X, Y, h and k.

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a1 b1
Case I : a = b
2 2
Example : 1
dy x + 2y - 3
Solve : dx = 3x + 6y - 1 , Dec.2010
Solution :
dy x + 2y - 3
Consider dx = 3x + 6y - 1
Step 1 : This in non – homogeneous DE.
a1 1
a2 = 3,
b1 2 1
b2 = 6 = 3
a1 b1
 a2 = b2
dy x + 2y - 3
 DE becomes; dx = 3 (x + 2y) - 1 .…(I)
Put x + 2y = u
dy du
1 + 2 dx = dx
dy du
2 dx = dx - 1
dy 1 du 
dx = 2 dx - 1
dy
Step 2 : Substitute (x + 2y) and dx in (1)
1 du  u-3
2 dx - 1 = 3u - 1
du 2u - 6
dx - 1 = 3u - 1
du 2u - 6 2u - 6 + 3u - 1
dx = 3u - 1 + 1 = 3u - 1
du 5u - 7
dx = 3u - 1
3u - 1
5u - 7 du = dx Variables are separated.
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3u - 1
Step 3 :  5u - 7 du =  dx
3 (5u - 7) + 21 - 1
5 5 
  du = x + c
 5u - 7 
3 (5u - 7) + 16
5 5
  5u - 7
 du = x + c

3 5u - 7 16 du

5 5u - 7 du + 5 5u - 7 = x+c
3 16 log (5u - 7)

5  du 5 5 = x+c
3u 16
5 + 25 log (5u – 7) = x+c
15u + 16 log (5u – 7) = 25x + c1

Resubstitute for u.
15 (x + 2y) + 16 log [5 (x + 2y) – 7] = 25 x + c1
15x + 30y + 16 log [5x + 10y – 7) = 25x + c1
30y – 10x + 16 log (5x + 10y – 7) = c1
Divide by 2
15y – 5x + 8 log (5x + 10y – 7) = c1 is the general solution.
Example : 2
dy x+y+1
Solve : dx = 2x + 2y + 3
Solution :
dy x+y+1
Consider dx = 2x + 2y + 3 …..(I)
Step 1 : This is non – homogeneous DE

a1 1 b1 1
a2 = 2 , b2 = 2
a1 b1
 a2 = b2
 DE becomes;
dy x+y+1
dx = 2 (x + y) + 3
Put x+y = u

Igniting Minds
dy du
1 + dx = dx
dy du
 dx = dx - 1
dy
Step 2 : Substitute (x + y) and dx in (I)
du u+1
dx - 1 = 2u + 3
du u+1 u + 1 + 2u + 3
dx = 2u + 3 + 1 = 2u + 3
du 3u + 4
dx = 2u + 3
2u + 3
3u + 4 du = dx Variables are separated.
2u + 3
Step 3 :  3u + 4 du =  dx
2 (3u + 4) -8 + 3
3 3 
  du =  dx
 3u + 4 
2
 (3u + 4) +  1
3 3
  3u + 4  du = x + c
 
2 3u + 4 1 du
3  3u + 4 du + 3 3u + 4 = x + c
2 1 log (3u + 4)
3  du + 3 3 = x+c
2u 1
3 + 9 log (3u + 4) = x + c
6u + log (3u + 4) = 9x + c1
Resubstitute for u.
6 (x + y) + log [3 (x + y) + 4] = 9x + c1
6x + 6y + log (3x + 3y + 4) = 9x + c1
6y – 3x + log (3x + 3y + 4) = c1 is the general solution.
Example : 3
dy 2x + 3y + 4
Solve : dx =4x + 6y + 5 Dec.2011
Solution :
dy 2x + 3y + 4
Consider dx = 4x + 6y + 5
Igniting Minds

a1 2 1 b1 3 1
a2 = 4 = 2 , b2 = 6 = 2
a1 b1
 a2 = b2
 DE becomes ;
dy 2x + 3y + 4
dx = 2 (2x + 3y) + 5 ….(I)
Put 2x + 3y = u
dy du
2 + 3 dx = dx
dy du
3 dx = dx - 2
dy 1 du 
dx = 3 dx - 2
dy
Step 2 : Substitute (2x + 3y) and dx in (I)
1 du  u+4
 3 dx - 2 = 2u + 5
du 3u + 12
dx - 2 = 2u + 5
du 3u + 12 3u + 12 + 4u + 10
dx = 2u + 5 + 2 = 2u + 5
du 7u + 22
dx = 2u + 5
2u + 5
7u + 22 du = dx Variables are separated.
2u + 5
Step 3 :  7u + 22 du =  dx
2 -44
7 (7u + 22) 7 + 5
 7u + 22 du = x + c
2 -9
7 (7u + 22) 7
 7u + 22 du = x + c
2 7u + 22 9 du
7  7u + 22 du - 7 7u + 22 = x + c

Igniting Minds
2 9 log (7u + 22)

7  du - 7 7 = x+c
2u 9
7 - 49 log (7u + 22) = x+c
14u – 9 log (7u + 22) = 49x+ c1

Resubstitute for u.
14 (2x + 3y) – 9 log [7 (2x + 3y) + 22] = 49x + c1
28x + 42y – 9 log [14x + 21y + 22] = 49 x + c1
42y – 21x – 9 log [14x + 21y + 22] = c1
Divide by 3
14y – 7x – 3 log [14x + 21y + 22] = c1 is the general solution.

Solve the following differential equations
1. (x + y – 1) dx + (2x + 2y – 3) dy = 0 Ans. :x + 2y + log (x + y – 2) = c
2. (x + y) dx + (3x + 3y – 4) dy = 0 Ans. : x + 3y + 2 log (x + y – 2) = c
dy 6x - 4y + 3
3. dx = 3x - 2y + 1 Ans. : 2x – y – log (3x – 2y + 3) = c
dy x + 2y - 1
4. dx x + 2y + 1 Ans. : 3y – 3x + 2 log (3x + 6y – 1) = c
dy x + 2y + 1 1
5. =
dx 2x + 4y + 3 Ans. : 2y – x + 4 log (4x + 8y + 5) = c
dy 3x - 4y - 2
6. dx = 6x - 8y - 5 (May 05, Dec. 07) Ans. : log (6x – 8y – 7) + 2x – 4y = c
dy 8x + 6y + 12
7. dx = 4x + 3y + 2 Ans. : 15y – 30x – 12 log (20x + 15y + 22) = c
8. (x + y + 3) dy = (x + y – 3) dx Ans. : - x + y – 3 log (x + y) = c
9. (2x + y + 1) dx (4x + 2y – 1) dy = 0 Ans. : x + 2y log (2x + y – 1) = c
dy 4x - 6y + 3 3
10. dx = 6x - 9y - 1 Ans. : 2 (2x – 3y)2 – (2x – 3y) + 11 x = c
dy x-y+3
11. dx = 2x - 2y + 5 (Dec. 2009) Ans. : x – 2y + log (x – y + 2) = c
dy x+y+3
12. dx = 2x + 2y - 3 (May 2011) Ans. : 2y – x – 3 log (x + y) = c
13. (x + 2y) (dx – dy) = dx + dy (May 2010) Ans. : 3y – 3x + 2 log (3x + 6y – 1) = c

Igniting Minds
(B) Non Homogeneous Differential Equations :
a1 b1
Case 2 : a  b
2 2
Example : 1
dy x + 2y - 3
Solve : dx = 2x + y - 3
Solution : This is non homogeneous DE

a1 1 b1 2
Step 1 : a2 = 2 , b2 = 1
a1 b1
 a2  b2
Let x = X + h, y = Y + k where h and k are constants to be determined
dx = dX, dy = dY
dY X + h + 2 (Y + k) - 3
 DE becomes dX = 2 (X + h) + Y + k - 3
dY (X + 2Y) + h + 2k - 3
dX = (2X + Y) + 2h + k - 3
Chose h and such that
h + 2k – 3 = 0
2h + k – 3 = 0
Solving simultaneously we get h = 1, k = 1.
dY X + 2Y
 DE reduces to dX = 2X + Y
Step 2 : This is homogeneous DE
Put Y = UX
dY dU
dX = U + X dX
 DE becomes ;
dU X + 2 UX
U + dX = 2X + UX
dU 1 + 2U
U + X dX = 2+U
dU 1 + 2U
X dX = 2+U -U

Igniting Minds
2 2
dU 1 + 2U - 2U - U 1-U
X dX = 2+U = 2+U
2+U dX
1 - U2 dU = X Variables are separated.
2+U dX
Step 3 :  1 - U2 dU = X
Using Partial Fractions;

1 3
2 log (1 + U) - 2 log (1 – U) = log X + log c
log (1 + U) – 3 log (1 – U) = 2 log X + 2 log c

3
log (1 + U) – log (1 – U) = log X2 + log c2
1+U
log (1 - U)3 = log c2 X2
 
1+U
(1 - U)3 = c2 X 2
Y
Resubstitute for U = X
Y
1+X
3 = c2 X 2
1 - Y
 X
X+Y
(X - Y)3 = c2
But X = x – 1, Y = y – 1
x-1+y-1
[x - 1 - (y - 1)]3 = c2
x+y-2
(x - y)3 = c2
 x+y–2 = c2(x – y)3 is the general solution

Example : 2
dy y - x + 1
Solve : dx =y + x + 5
Solution :
dy y-x+1
Consider dx = y+x+5
a1 b1 a1 b1
a2 = 1, b2 = - 1  a2  b2
Igniting Minds
Let x = X + h, y = Y + k where h and k are constants to be determinded.

dx = dX, dy = dY
 DE becomes;
dY Y + k - (X + h) + 1
dX = Y+k+X+h+5
dY Y-X+k-h+1
dX = Y+X+k+h+5
Choose h and k such that
k – h + 1 = 0 and k + h + 5 = 0
Solving simultaneously we get h = - 2, k = - 3
dY Y-X
 DE reduces to dX = Y + X
Step 2 : This is homogeneous DE

Put Y = UX
dY dU
dX = U + X dX
 DE becomes;
dU UX - X U-1
U + X dX = UX + X = U + 1
dU U-1 U - 1 - U2 - U
X dX = U+1 - U = U+1
2
dU -1 - U (1 + U2)
X dX = U+1 = - 1+U
1+U - dX
1 + U2 dU = X
1 U dU dX
Step 3 : 1 + U2 dU + 1 + U2 = - X
1
tan-1 U + 2 log (1 + U2) = - log X + log c
2 tan-1 U + log (1 + U2) + 2 log X = log c

-1 2 2
2 tan U + log (1 + U ) + log X = log c
-1 2 2
2 tan U + log [X (1 + U )] = log c
Resubstitute for U.
Y Y2
2 tan-1X + log X2 1 + X2 = log c
  

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Y
2 tan-1X + log (X2 + Y2) = log c
Resubstitute for X = x – h = x + 2 and

Y = y–k=y+3
y+3
 2 tan-1x + 2 + log [(x + 2)2 + (y + 3)2] = log c
is the general solution.

Solve the following differential Equations.
dy x-y-2
1. =
dx x + y + 6 Ans. : (y + 4)2 + 2 (x + 2) (y + 4) – (x + 2)2 = c
dy 2x - 5y + 3
2. dx = 2x + 4y - 6 Ans. : (x – 4y + 3) (2x + y – 3) = c
dy y+2 (x - 1)
3. dx = x + y + 1 Ans. : log (y + 2) - y + 2 = c
dy y + x - 2
4. dx = y - x - 4 Ans. : - (y - 3)2 + 2 (x + 1) (y – 3) + (x + 1)2 = c
dy 2x + 9y - 20
5. dx = 6x + 2y - 10 Ans. : (2x – y)2 = c (x + 2y – 5)
6. (4x + 3y + 1) dx + (3x + 2y + 1) dy = 0 Ans.: 2x2 + 3xy + y2 + x + y = c
1.6.5 (V) Exact Differential Equations :

Definition :
An exact differential equation is an equation which can be obtained by directly
differentiating an expression without further operations of eliminations and reductions.
For example : x dy + ydx = d (xy) is an exact differential.
Condition for DE M dx + N dy = 0 be exact
A necessary and sufficient condition for the equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 to be exact is
M N
=
y x
When the condition of exactness is satisfied the general solution is obtained by
M dx +  (Those terms on N free from x) dy = c

y constant
i.e. Integrate the terms of M w.r.t. x treating y constant, and consider only terms of N
which contain y and integrate w.r.t. y
Sometimes the general solution of Exact DE can be obtained using
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N dy +  (Those terms of M free from y) dx = c.

x = constant
dy a1 x + b1 y + c1
Note : Sometimes an equation of the form dx = a x + b y + c becomes exact if b1 = - a2 and
2 2 2
the general solution is the same as above.
Flow chart for Exact DE
DE of 1st order, 1st Degree Mdx + Ndy = 0
Find M/y, N/x
If M/y = N/x, then DE is exact
Solution of Exact DE is
 Mdx +  (those terms of N free from x) dy = c
y = constant
Example 1:
Solve : (2xy4 + sin y) dx + (4x2 y3 + x cos y) dy = 0
Solution : Consider (2xy4 + sin y) dx + (4x2 y3 + x cos y) dy = 0
Step 1 : M = 2xy4 + sin y N = 4x2 y3 + x cos y
M N
= 8xy3 + cosy = 8xy3 + cos y
y x
M N
=  DE is exact
y x
Step 2 : Solution is  M dx +  (Those terms of N free from x) dy = c

y = constant
 (2xy4 + sin y) dx +  0 dy = c
y = constant
2y4 x dx + sin y  dx = c
2y4 x2
2 + x sin y = c
 x2 y4 + x sin y = c is the general solution.

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Example : 2
1
Solve : y 1 + x + cos y dx + [x + logx – x sin y] dy = 0 Dec. 2006
   
Solution :
1
Consider y 1 + x + cos y dx + [x + log x – x sin y] dy = 0
   
1
Step 1 : M = y 1 + x + cos y, N = x + log x – x sin y
 
M 1 N 1
= 1 + x - sin y, = 1 + x - sin y
y x
M N
 =  DE is exact.
y x

Step 2 : Solution is M dx +  (Those terms of N free from x) dy = c
y = constant
 y 1 + 1 + cos y dx +  0 dy =c
y = constant   x 
 1
y y = constant 1 + x dx + cos y  dx = c
 
y [x + log x] + x cos y =c is the general solution.
Example : 3
Solve : (y sec2 x + sec x tan x) dx + (tan x + 2y) dy = 0
Solution :
Consider (y sec2 x + sec x tan x) dx + (tan x + 2y) dy = 0
2
Step 1 : M = y sec x + sec x tan x, N = tan x + 2y
M N
= sec2 x, = sec2 x
y x
M N
 =
y x
 DE is exact

Step 2 : Solution is y = constant M dx +  (Those terms of N free from x) dy = c

y = constant
(y sec2 x + sec x tan x) dx +  2y dy = c
y  sec2 x dx +  sec x tan x dx + 2  y dy = c
2y2
y tan x + sec x + 2 = c
y tan x + sec x + y2 = c is the general solution

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Example : 4
2
y
Solve : 1 + x2 - 2y dx + [2y tan-1 x – 2x + sin h y] dy = 0
 
Solution :
2
y
Consider 1 + x2 - 2y dx + [2y tan- 1x – 2x + sinh y] dy = 0
 
y2
Step 1 : M = 1 + x2 – 2y N= 2y tan-1x – 2x + sinh y
M 2y N 2y
= 1 + x2 – 2 = 1 + x2 – 2
y x
M N
 =  DE is exact
y x

Step 2 : Solution is y = constant M dx + (Those terms of N free from x) dy = c
2
  y 2 - 2y dx +  sin h y dy = c
y = constant 1 + x 
dx
y21 + x2 – 2y  dx + sin h y dy = c
y2 tan-1 x – 2yx + cosh y = c is the general solution.

Example : 5
dy y+1
Solve : dx = (y + 2) ey - x
Solution :
dy y+1
Consider dx = (y + 2) ey - x
Step 1 : (y + 1) dx = [(y + 2) ey – x] dy
(y + 1) dx – [(y + 2) ey – x] dy = 0
M = y+1 N = x – (y + 2) ey
M N
= 1 =1
y x
M N
y x

Step 2 : Solution is y = constant M dx +  (Those terms of N free from x) dy = c

y = constant
(y + 1) dx +  - (y + 2) ey dy = c
(y + 1)  dx -  (y + 2) ey dy = c

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Integrate by parts
x (y + 1) – [(y + 2) ey -  ey (1) dy] = c
xy + x – [yey + 2ey - ey] = c
xy + x - [yey + ey] = c
xy + x – yey – ey = c is the general solution.
Example6:
dy - (4x3 y2 + y cos xy)
Solve : dx = 2x4 y + x cos xy May 2005, Dec. 2006
Solution :
dy - (4x3 y2 + y cos xy)
Consider dx = 2x4 y + x cos xy
Step 1 : (2x4 y + x cos xy) dy = - (4x3 y2 + y cos xy) dx
(4x3 y2 + y cos xy) dx + (2x4 y + x cos xy) dy = 0
M = 4x3 y2 + y cos xy,
N = 2x4 y + x cos xy
M
= 8x3 y + y [-sin xy (x)] + cos xy
y
M
= 8x3 y – xy sin xy + cos xy.
y
Consider N = 2x4 y + x cos xy
N
= 8x3 y + [x (- sin xy) (y) + cos xy]
x
N
= 8x3 y – xy sin xy + cos xy
x
M N
y x

Step 2 : Solution is M dx +  Those terms of N free from x ) dy = c
y = constant

(4x3 y2 + y cos xy) dx +  - 0 dy = c
y = constant
4y2 x3 dx + y  cos xy dx = c
2 4
4y x sin xy
4 +y y = c
x4 y2 + sin xy = c is the general solution.

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Example : 7
dy tan y - 2xy - y
Solve ; dx = x2 - x tan2 y + sec2 y
dy tan y - 2xy - y
Solution : Consider dx = x2 - x tan2 y + sec2 y
Step 1 : (x2 – x tan2 y + sec2 y) dy = (tan y – 2xy – y) dx

(tan y – 2xy – y) dx – (x2 – x tan2 y + sec2 y) dy = 0
M = tan y – 2xy – y N = - x2 + x tan2 y – sec2 y
M N
= sec2 y – 2x – 1, = - 2x + tan2 y
y x
M N
= tan2 y – 2x = - 2x + tan2 y
y x
[∙.∙ 1 + tan2 y = sec2 y]
M N
y x

y = constant

(tan y – 2xy – y) dx +  - sec2 y dy = c
y = constant
tan y  dx – 2y  x dx – y  dx -  sec2 y dy = c
x tan y – 2xy – yx – tan y = c is the general solution.
Example : 8
y2 1 1 x2
Solve : (y- x)2- x dx+y - (x - y)2 dy=0
   
Solution :
y2 1 1 x2
Consider (y- x)2- x dx + y - (x - y)2  dy = 0
   
2
y 1 1 x2
Step 1 : M = (y2 - x)2 - x , N = y - (x - y)2
M (y - x)2 2y - y2 2 (y- x) N (x - y)2 2x - x2 2 (x - y)

= , = -
y (y - x)4 x  (x - y)4 
M (y - x) 2y [y - x - y] N - (x - y) 2x [x - y - x]
= (y - x)4 = (x - y)4
y x
M -2xy N 2xy -2xy
= (y - x)3 , = 3 =
(y - x)3
y x (x - y)
M N
y x
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
y = constant
2
  y 2- 1 dx + 1 dy = c
y = constant (y- x) x y
dx dx dy
y2(y - x)2 -  x +  y = c
(y - x)-2 + 1
y2(-2 + 1) (-1) - log x + log y = c
 
2
y
y - x - log x + log y is the general solution.
Example : 9
Find the value of for which the DE.
(xy2 +  x2y) dx + (x + y) x2 dy = 0 is exact solve the equation for this value of .
Solution :
Consider (xy2 +  x2y) dx + (x3 + x2y) dy = 0
Step 1 :
M = xy2 +  x2y N = x3 + x2 y
M N
= 2xy +  x2 = 3x2 + 2xy
y x
M N
But for Exact DE; =
y x
2x y + x2 = 3x2 + 2xy
 By comparing coefficients of x2 we get  = 3
Substitute the value of  in the given DE.
 DE becomes; (xy2 + 3x2 y) dx + (x3 + x2 y) dy = 0
Step 2 :
Solution of exact DE is

M dx +  Those terms of N free from x ) dy =c
y = constant

(xy2 + 3x2 y) dx +  0 dy = c
y = constant
y2 x dx + 3y  x2 dx = c
x2 x3
y2 2 + 3y 3 = c
x2 y2 3
2 +x y = c is the general solution.

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Solve the following D.E. :
1. (ey + 2) sin x dx – ey cos xdy = 0 Ans. :(ey + 2) cos x + c = 0
2. (x2 + 2ye2x) dy + (2xy + 2y2 e2x) dx =0 Ans. : x2 y + y2 e2x = c
x
3. (1 + 3ex/y) dx + 3ex/y1 - y dy = 0 Ans. : x + 3yex/y = c
 
dy
4. Sin y + (1 + x cos y) dx = 0 Ans. : x sin y + y = c
dy x4
5. (x3 – y sin x) + (cos x + 2y) dx = 0 Ans. : 4 + y cos x + y2 = c
6. (xy2 + x) dx + yx2 dy = 0 Ans. : x2 y2 + x2 = c

y3
7. cos y dx + (y2 – x sin y) dy = 0 Ans. : x cos y + 3 = c
8. (2xy – 3x2) dx + (x2 – 2y) dy = 0 Ans. : x2 y – x3 – y2 = c

9. (cos x – x sin x + y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0 Ans. : x cos x + xy = c
2 2 2
10. (3y + 10xy ) dx + (6xy – 2 + 10x y) dy = 0 Ans. : 3xy2 + 5x2 y2 – 2y = c
11. (2 + yexy) dx + (xexy – 2y) dy = 0 Ans. : 2x + exy – y2 = c
12. (y sin x + xy cos x) dx + (x sin x + 1) dy = 0 Ans. : x sin x + y = c
13. sin x cosh y dx – cos x sinh y dy = 0 Ans. :- cos  cos hy = c
2
14. (1 – sin x tan y) dx + cos x sec y dy = 0 Ans. : x + cos x tan y = c
2
15. cos (x + y) dx + [3y + 2y + cos (x + y)] dy = 0 Ans. : y3 + y2+ sin (x + y) = c
16. (2xy3 + 2) dx + (3x2 y2 + 8e4y) dy = 0 Ans. : x2 y3 + 2x + 2e4y = c
17. (ex sin y – 2x) dx + (ex cos y + 1) dy = 0 Ans. : ex sin y – x2+ y = c
dy y cos x + sin y + y
18. dx + sin x + xcos y + x = 0 (Dec. 04) Ans. : y sin x + x sin y + xy = c
x
19. (1 + log xy) dx 1 + y dy = 0 Ans. : x log xy – x + y = c
 
 y 1  x 2y
20. (x - y)2 - 2 1 - x2 dx - (x - y)2 dy = 0 Ans. : x - y + sin-1 x = c
 
2 2
2x3  dx + y - 43x  dy = 0 x2 1
21. Ans. : y3 - y = c
y   y 
x2 y2
22. (x + y – 10) dx + (x – y – 2) dy = 0 Ans. : 2 + xy – 10x - 2 - 2y = c
23. Show that the DE (axy2 + by) dx + (bx2 y + ax) dy = 0 is exact only if a = b.
2
24. log (x2 + y2) + 22x 2 dx + 22xy 2 dy = 0 [May 2008, 2010, Dec20 07]
 x +y x +y
Ans. : x log (x2 + y2) = c

Igniting Minds
Hint : Use the formula for general solution of Exact DE as;


x = constant
N dy + (Those terms of M free from y )dx = c
1.6.6 (VI) Differential Equations Reducible to exact DE using

Integrating Factors (IF):
Definition :
An integrating factor is that function of x and y say k (x, y) which when multiplied with
the differential equation will make it exact.
In other words the purpose of integrating factors is to convert a non - exact DE to an
exact DE.
Rules for Finding Integrating Factors for a Non - Exact Differential Equation M dx + N
dy = 0
1
Rule 1: If the DE is homogeneous and Mx + Ny ≠ 0 Then I.F = Mx + Ny
Rule 2 : If theDE is of the form y f1 (xy) dx + x f2 (xy) dy = 0 and Mx – Ny  0 then

1
I. F. = Mx - Ny
M N
-
y x
Rule 3 : If N = f (x) alone then I.F = e∫ f (x) dx
N - M
x - y
Rule 4 : If M = f (y) alone then I.F. = e∫ f (y) dy
Rule 5 : If the DE Mdx + Ndy = 0 can be written in the form [xa yb (my dx + nx dy) + xr ys (py
dx + qx dy) = 0] where a, b, m, n, p, q, r s are constants having any value then
I.F. xh yk where h and k are constants to be determined.
Note : h and k can also be determined by the equations.
nh - mk = (m - n) + (mb - na)
qh - pk (p - q) + (ps - qr) provided mq - np ≠ 0.
(A) Illustrative Examples on Rule 1 :
1
If DE is homogeneous and Mx + Ny ≠ 0, Then I.F. = Mx + Ny
Method :
(i) Check if DE is exact.
(ii) If not, check if DE is homogeneous and Mx + Ny ≠ 0

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1
(iii) If so, find I.F. = Mx + Ny
(iv) Multiply the given DE with the integrating factor to make is exact.
(v) Find the solution of exact DE using the formula ;
∫
y = constant
M dx + ∫ (Those terms of N free from x) dy = c
Flow Chart for DE Reducible to Exact DE
Integrating factors (I.F.) are used to make the DE exact
M N
Check if =
y x
DE is exact DE is not exact. Hence use IF
Find solution of exact DE
DE is N M M N
If DE is of the - - If DE is of the
homogeneous and x y y x
form y 1(xy)dx + If =(y) if = (x)
M N formxayb (mydx +
Mx + Ny  0 x2 (xy) dy and
alone then , alone then nxdy) +xrys (pydx
Then Mx-Ny  0. then + qxdy) = 0 then
1 IF = e(y)dy I.F. = e (x) dx
1 IF = IF = xhyk
IF = Mx-Ny
Mx + Ny
Multiply given DE with I.F. , it becomes exact

Find solution of exact DE as Mdx +  (those terms of N free from x) dy = e
y=constant

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Example : 1
Solve : (x2 y - 2xy2) dx - (x3 - 3x2 y) dy =0 May 2010
Solution :
Consider (x2 y - 2xy2) dx - (x3 - 3x2y) dy = 0
2 2
Step 1 : M = x y - 2xy , N = - x3 + 3x2 y
M N
= x2 - 4xy , = - 3x2 + 6xy
y xx
M N
 ≠  DE is not exact
y x
Step 2 : DE is homogeneous
Mx + Ny = (x2 y - 2xy2) x + (-x3 + 3x2 y) y
= x3 y - 2x2 y2 - x3 y + 3x2 y2
= x2 y2 ≠ 0
1 1
 IF. = Mx + Ny = x2 y2
1
Step 3 : Multiply given DE with IF = x2 y2
1 2 2 1 3 2
 x2 y2 (x y - 2xy ) dx - x2 y2 (x - 3x y) dy = 0
1 - 2 dx + -x2 + 3 dy = 0  DE is exact
y x y y
Step 4 : Solution of exact DE is
∫
y = constant
M dx + ∫ (Those terms of N free from x ) dy = c
∫ 1 - 2 dx + ∫ 3 dy = c
y = constanty x y
1 dx dy
y ∫ dx - 2 ∫ x + 3 ∫ y = c
x
y - 2 log x + 3 log y = c is the general solution
Example : 2
Solve : - y2 dx + (xy + x2) dy = 0
Solution :
Consider - y2 dx + (xy + x2) dy = 0
2
Step 1 : M = -y , N = xy + x2
Igniting Minds
M N
= - 2y , = y
y x
M N
 =  DE is not exact
y x
Mx + Ny = (-y2) x + (xy + x2) y
= - y2 x + xy2 + x2 y
x2 y ≠ 0
=
1 1
 I.F. = Mx + Ny = x2 y
1
Step 3 : Multiply given DE with I.F. = x2 y
1 2 1 2
x2 y (-y dx) + x2 y (xy + x ) dy = 0
-y 1 1
x2 dx + x + y dy = 0  DE is exact
Step 4 : Solution of Exact DE is

∫
y = constant
M dx + ∫ (Those terms of N free from x) dy = c
y 1
- ∫ x2 dx + ∫ y dy = c
- y ∫ x-2 dx + log y = c
x-2 + 1
- y -2 + 1 + log y = c
y
x + log y = c is the general solution.
Example : 3
Solve : x2 y dx – (x3 + y3) dy = 0
Solution :
Consider x2 y dx – (x3 + y3) dy = 0
2
Step 1 : M = x y , N = - (x3 + y3)
M N
= x2 , = - 3x2
y x
M N
   DE is not exact
y x
Mx + Ny = (x2 y) x + (-x3 – y3) y

Igniting Minds
= x3 y – x3 y – y4
= - y4  0
1
I.F. = Mx + Ny
-1
= y4
-1
Step 3 : Multiply given DE with I.F. = y4
-1 2 -1 3 3
y4 (x y) dx + y4 (x + y ) dy = 0
-x2 3
x4 + 1 dy =
3 dx + 0 DE is exact
y y y
∫
y = constant
M dx +  (Those terms of N free from x) dy = c
∫ -x2 1
y = constant y3
dx + y dy = c
-1 x3 
y3+3 + log y = c
-x3
3y3 + log y = c
-x3
 3y3 + log y = c is the general solution.
Self Assessment Exercise 1.8 (A)

1. 2xy dx + (y2 – x2) dy = 0 Ans. :x2 + y2 = cy
1 y
2. Y (x + y) dx – x (y – x) = 0 Ans. : 2 log xy - 2x = c
1 x
3. (y2 – xy) dx + x2 dy = 0 I.F. xy2 Ans. : log x - y = c
 
1 y2 y
4. (3xy2 – y3) dx + (xy2 – 2x2 y) dy = 0 I.F. x2 y2 Ans. : log x3 + c = x
 
dy 1
5. x (x – y) dx = y (x + y) I.F. 2xy2 Ans. : xy2 = c
 

Igniting Minds
(B) Illustrative Examples on Rule 2 :

If the DE is of the form y f1 (xy) dx + x f2 (xy) dy = 0 and Mx – Ny  0 then
1
I.F. = Mx - Ny
Method :
(i) Check if the given DE is exact
(ii) If not, check if DE is of the form y f1 (xy) dx + x f2 (xy) dy = 0 and Mx – Ny  0.
1
(iii) If so, then find I.F. = Mx - Ny
(iv) Multiply the given DE with the I.F. to make it exact

∫
(v) Find the solution of Exact DE using the formula y = constant M dx +  (Those terms of N
free from x) dy = c
Example : 1
Solve : y (xy + 2x2 y2) dx + x (xy – x2 y2) dy = 0
Solution :
Consider y (xy + 2x2 y2) dx + x (xy – x2 y2) dy = 0
Step 1 : M = xy2 + 2x2 y3 , N = x2 y – x3 y2
M N
= 2xy + 6x2 y2 , = 2xy – 3x2 y2
y x
M N
y x
Step 2 : DE is of the form y f1 (xy) dx + x f2 (xy) dy = 0 and
Mx– Ny = (xy2 + 2x2 y3) x – (x2 y – x3 y2) y
= x2 y2 + 2x3 y3 – x2 y2 + x3 y3
= 3x3 y3 0
1 1
 I.F. = Mx - Ny = 3x3 y3
1
Step 3 : Multiply given DE with IF = 3x3 y3
1 2 2 3 1 2 3 2
3x3 y3 (xy + 2x y ) dx + 3x3 y3 (x y – x y ) dy = 0
 21 + 2 dx +  1 2 - 1 dy = 0  DE is exact
x y x xy y

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∫
y = constant M dx + ∫ (Those terms of N free from x) dy =c
∫  1 2 -1
y = constantx2y + x dx +  y dy = c
1 -2 dx dy
y  x dx + 2  x -  y = c
1  x-2 + 1 
y -2 +1 + 2 log x – log y = c
-1
 xy + 2 log x – log y = c is the general solution.
Example : 2
Solve : (1 + xy) x dy + (1 – xy) y dx = 0 Dec. 2011
Solution :
Consider (1 + xy) x dy + (1 – xy) y dx = 0
Step 1 : (x + x2y) dy + (y – xy2) dx = 0
i.e. (y – xy2) dx + (x + x2y) dy = 0
M = y – xy2 , N = x + x2 y
M N
= 1 – 2xy , = 1 + 2xy
y x
M N
   DE is not exact.
y x
Step 2 :
DE is of the form y f1 (xy) dx + x f2 (xy) dy = 0 and
Mx – Ny = (y – xy2) x – (x + x2y) y
= xy –x2 y2 – xy – x2 y2
= - 2x2 y2 0
1 -1
 I.F. = Mx - Ny = 2x2 y2
-1
Step 3 : Multiply given DE with I.F. = 2x2 y2
1 2 1 2
2x2 y2 (y – xy ) dx + 2x2 y2 (x + x y) dy = 0
 21 - 1 dx +  1 2 + 1 dy = 0  DE is exact
x y x xy y
∫
y = constant M dx + ∫ (Those terms of N free from x) dy = c

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∫  21 - 1 dx +  1 dy
y = constantx y x y = c
1 -2 dx dy
y  x dx -  x +  y = c
1  x-2 + 1 
y -2 + 1 - log x + log y = c
-1
x - log x + log y = c is the general solution.
Example : 3
Solve : y (2xy + 1) dx + x (1 + 2xy – x3 y3) dy = 0
Solution :
Consider y (2xy + 1) dx + x (1 + 2xy – x3 y3) dy = 0
2 2 4 3
Step 1 : (2xy + y) dx + (x + 2x y – x y ) dy = 0
2
M = 2xy + y , N = x + 2x2 y – x4 y3
M N
= 4 xy + 1 , = 1 + 4 xy – 4x3 y3
y x
M N
y x
Step 2 : DE is of the form y f1 (xy) dx + x f2 (xy) dy = 0 and
Mx – Ny = (2xy2 + y) x – (x + 2x2 y – x4 y3) y
= 2x2 y2 + xy – xy – 2x2 y2 + x4 y4
= x4 y4 0
1 1
I.F. = Mx - Ny = x4 y4
1
Step 3 : Multiply given DE with I.F. = x4 y4
1 2 1 2 4 3
x4 y4 (2xy + y) dx + x4 y4 (x + 2x y – x y ) dy = 0
 32 2 + 41 3 dx +  31 4 + 22 3 - 1 dy = 0  DE is exact
x y x y  x y x y y
∫
∫  2 1  1
y = constantx3 y2 + x4 y3 dx +  - y dy = c
2 -3 1 -4 dy
2 x dx + 3  x dx - 
y y y = c

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-3 + 1 -4 + 1
2x  + 13  x 
y -3 + 1 y -4 + 1 - log y =
2 c
-1 1
x2 y2 - 3x3 y3 - log y = c
1 1
i.e. x2 y2 + 3x3 y3 + log y = c is the general solution.;
Self Assessment Exercise 1.8 (B)

1. y (x2 y2 + 2) dx + x (2 – 2x3 y3) dy = 0
1
2. (x2 y2 + xy + 1) y dx + (x2 y2 – xy + 1) x dy = 0 I.F. = 2x2 y2
 
1 x
Ans. : xy - xy + log y = c
1
3. (x4 y4 + x2 y2 + xy) y dx + (x4 y4 – x2 y2 + xy) x dy = 0 I.F. = 2x3 y3
 
2 2
xy 1 x
Ans. : 2 - xy + log y = c
1
4. y (xy + 2x2 y2) dx + x (xy – x2 y2) dy = 0 I.F. = 3x2 y2
 
-1
Ans. :xy + 2 log x – log y = c
1 1
5. y (1 + xy) dx + x (1 + xy + x2 y2) dy = 0 (I.F. = ?) Ans. :2x2 y2 + xy - log y = c
1
6. y (xy sin xy + cos xy) dx + (xy sin xy – cos xy) x dy = 0 I.F. = 2xy cos xy
 
Ans. : y cos xy = cx
1
7. (x2 y2 + 5xy + 2) y dx + (x2 y2 + 4xy + 2) x dy = 0 .F. = x2 y2
-2
Ans. : xy + 5 log x xy + 4 log y = c
 Illustrative Examples on Rule 3 :

M N
-
y x
If N = f (x) alone then I.F. = e f (x) dx
Method :
(i) Check if the given DE is exact.

Igniting Minds
M N
-
y x
(ii) If not, check if N is a function of x alone
(iii) If so, then find the I.F. =e f (x) dx

(iv) Multiply given DE with I.F. to make it exact.
(v) Find the solution of exact DE using the formula
∫
y = constant M dx +  (Those terms of N free from x) dy = c
Example : 1
3 2
y x 1
Solve : y + 3 + 2  dx + 4 (x + xy2) dy = 0
 
Solution :
y3 x2 1
Consider y + 3 + 2  dx + 4 (x + xy2) dy = 0
 
y3 x2 1
Step 1 : M = y+ 3 + 2 , N = 4 (x + xy2)
M 3y2 N 1
=1+ 3 , = (1 + y2)
y x 4
M N 1
= 1 + y2 , = (1 + y2)
y x 4
M N
y x
M N 1
-
y x 1 + y2 - 4 (1 + y2)
Step 2 :Consider N = 1 2
4 (x + xy )
1 y2 3 3 2
1 - 4 + y2 - 4 4+4y
= 1 =1
2 2
4 x (1 + y ) 4 x (1 + y)
4 3 2
x . 4 (1 + y ) 3
= 1 + y2 = x = f (x) alone
dx 3
 I.F. = ef(x) dx = e3 x = e3log x = elog x = x3.

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Step 3 : Multiply given DE with IF = x3

3 y3 x2 x3
x y + 3 + 2 dx + 4 (x + xy2) dy = 0
 
 DE is exact
∫
3 3 5
∫ x3 y + x y + x  dx +  0 dy
y = constant 3 2 = c
3
y 1
y  x3 dx + 3  x3 dx + 2  x5 dx = c
yx4 y3 x4 1 x6
4 + 3 + 2 6 = c
4 4 3
yx x y x6
4 + 3 + 12 = c is the general solution.
Example : 2
Solve : (x2 + y2 + 2x) dx + 2y dy = 0
Solution :
Consider (x2 + y2 + 2x) dx + 2y dy = 0
2 2
Step 1 : M = x + y + 2x , N = 2y
M N
= 2y , = 0
y x
M N
y x
M N
-
y x 2y - 0
Step 2 : Consider N = 2y = 1 which may be regarded as a function of x
x
 I.F. = e f (x) dx = edx = e
Step 3 : Multiply given DE with I.F. = ex
ex (x2 + y2 + 2x) dx + ex 2y dy = 0  DE is exact
∫
y = constant M dx + ∫ (Those terms of N free from x) dy=c
∫ 2 x 2 x x
y = constant (x e + y e + 2xe ) dx +  0 dy = c
∫ 2 x ∫ 2 x ∫ x
y = constant x e dx + y = constant y .e dx + 2 y = constant xe dx=c

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Integrate by parts
x e -  ex . 2x dx + y2 ex + 2 [xex -  ex dx]
2 x
= c
2 x x 2 x x x
x e – 2  x e dx + y e + 2 [xe – e ] = c
x e – 2 [xe -  e dx] + y e + 2xe – 2e
2 x x x 2 x x x
= c
2 x x x 2 x x x
x e – 2 [xe – e ] + y e + 2xe – 2e = c
2 x x x 2 x x x
x e – 2xe + 2e + y e + 2xe – 2e = c
2 x 2 x
x e +y e= c is the general solution.
Self Assessment Exercise 1.8 (C)

Solve the following differential equation :
1
1. (x2 + y2 + 1) dx – 2xy dy = 0 I.F. = x2 Ans. : x2 – y2 – 1 = cx
 
-y2 1
2. (xy2 - e1/x3) dx – x2 y dy = 0 I.F. = x14 (Dec. 2009) 3
Ans. :2x2 + 3 e1/x = c
1 y y2
3. (y – 2x3) dx – x (1 – xy) dy = 0 I.F. = x2 (Dec. 2004) Ans. :x + x2 - 2
 
4 x 2 2  1 x my2
4. (x e – 2m xy ) dx + 2m x y dy = 0 I.F. = x4 (May 2011) Ans. : e + x2 = c
 
1 tan y
5. (x sec2 y – x2 cos y) dy = (tan y – 3x4) dx I.F. = x2 Ans. : x + x3 – sin y = c
 
x4
6. (4 xy + 3y2 – x)dx + x (x + 2y) dy = 0 (I.F. = x2) Ans. : x4 y + x3 y2 - 4 = c
7. 2x sinh y + 3y cosh y dx – 3x cosh y dy = 0 (I.F. = x-8/3 y

Ans. : x-2/3 sinh x = c
 x x x
N M
-
x y
If M = f (y) alone then I.F. e f (y) dy
Method :
(i) Check if the given DE is exact.
N M
-
x y
(ii) If not, check if M = f (y) alone
(iii) If so, then find I.F. e f (y) dy

(iv) Multiply given DE with I.F. to make the DE exact.
(v) Find the solution of exact DE using the formula.
∫
Igniting Minds
Example 1:
Solve : (2x + ex log y) y dx + ex dy = 0 Dec 2005, 2009, May 2005
Solution :
Consider (2x + ex log y) y dx + ex dy = 0
x
Step 1 : M = 2xy + e y logy , N = ex
M 1 N
= 2x + exy . y + log y = ex
y   x
M N
= 2x + ex (1 + log y) , = ex
y x
M N
y x
N M
-
x y ex - (2x + ex + ex log y)
Step 2 : Consider M = 2xy + yex log y
- (2x + ex log y) 1
= y (2x + ex log y) = - y = f (y) alone.
dy
 I.F. = e f (y) dy = e-  y
-1 1
= e-log y = elog y = y-1 = y
1
Step 3 : Multiply given DE with I.F. = y
1 x 1 x
y (2x + e log y) y dx + y (e dy) = 0
ex
(2x + ex log y) dx + y dy = 0
 DE is Exact
∫
∫ x
y = constant (2x + e log y) dx +  0 dy = c
∫ x
y = constant 2x dx + log y  e dx = c
2x2 x
2 + e log y = c
x2 + ex log y = c is the general solution.

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Example : 2
Solve : (y4 + 2y) dx + (xy3 + 2y4 – 4x) dy = 0 Dec. 2009
Solution :
Consider (y4 + 2y) dx + (xy3 + 2y4 – 4x) dy = 0
4
Step 1 : M = y + 2y , N= xy3 + 2y – 4x
M N
= 4y3 + 2 , = y3 – 4
y x
M N
y x
N M
-
x y y3 - 4 - (4y3 + 2)
Step 2 : Consider M = y4 + 2y
-3y3 - 6 -3 (y3 + 2) -3
y (y3 + 2) = y (y3 + 2) = y = f (y) alone
3 -3 1
 I.F. = e f (y) dy = e-  y dy = e- 3 log y = elog y = y-3 = y3
1
1 4 1 3 4
y3 (y + 2y) dx + y3 (xy + 2y – 4x) dy = 0
y + 22 dx + x + 2y - 4x3  dy = 0  DE is exact.

 y  y
∫
∫  2
y = constanty + y2 dx +  2y dy = c
2
y  dx + y2 dx + 2  y dy = c
2x 2y2
xy + y2 + 2 = c
2x
xy + y2 + y2 = c is the general solution.
Example : 3
Solve : (3x2 y4 + 2xy) dx + (2x3 y3 – x2) dy = 0
Solution :
Consider (3x2 y4 + 2xy) dx + (2x3 y3 – x2) dy = 0

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Step 1 : M = 3x2 y4 + 2xy , N = 2x3 y3 – x2

M N
= 12x2 y3 + 2x , = 6x2 y3 – 2x
y x
M N
y x
N M
-
x y 6x2 y3 - 2x - (12x2 y3 + 2x)
Step 2 : Consider M = 3x2 y4 + 2xy
-6x2 y3 - 4x
= y (3x2 y3 + 2x)
-2 (3x2 y3 + 2x)
= y (3x2 y3 + 2x)
-2
= y f (y) alone.
dy -2 1
 I.F. = e f (y) dy = e- 2 y = e- 2 log y = elog y = y-2 = y2
1
1 2 4 1 3 3 2
y2 (3x y + 2xy) dx + y2 (2x y – x ) dy = 0
2
3x2 y2 + 2x dx + 2x3 y - x2 dy = 0  DE is exact
 y  y
∫
∫  2 2 2x
y = constant3x y + y  dx +  0 dy = c
2
3y2 x2 dx + y x dx = c
3y2 x3 2 x2
3 + y 2 = c
x2
x3 y2 + y = c is the general solution.
Example : 4
y
Solve : x sec y - tan y dx = (x – sec y log x) dy May 2010
 
Solution :
y
Consider x sec y - tan y dx - (x – sec y log x) dy = 0
 
Igniting Minds
y
M = x sec y – tan y ,
N = sec y log x – x
M 1 2
= x [y sec y tan y + sec y] – sec y
y
N sec y
= x -1
x
M N
  DE is not exact
y x
N M sec y y sec y tan y sec y
-
x y x -1- x - x + sec2 y
M = y
x sec y - tan y
y sec y tan y
sec2 y - 1 - x
= y
x sec y - tan y
y sec y tan y
tan2 y - x
= y
x sec y - tan y
y
-tan y x sec y - tan y
 
= y = - tan y = f (y) alone.
x sec y - tan y
-1 1
 I.F. = e f (y) dy = e-  tan y dy = e- log sec y = elog (sec y) = sec y
1
Multiply given DE with I.F. = sec y
y tan y -x
 x - sec y dx + sec y + log x dy = 0
   
y - sin y dx +  -x + log x dy = 0
x  sec y 
 DE is exact
Solution of exact DE is
∫
∫ y 
y = constantx - sin y dx +  0 dy = c
y log x – x sin y = c Ans.

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Self Assessment Exercise 1.8 (D)

1 x3 ex
1. Y (x2 y + ex) dx – ex dy = 0 I.F. = y2 Ans. : 3 + y = c
 
x x2
2. (y + xy2) dx – x dy = 0 Ans. :y + 2 = c
3. (xy3 + y) dx + 2 (x2 y2 + x + y4) dy = 0 I.F. = y Ans. : 3x2 y4 + 6xy2 + 2y6 = c

1 ex
4. y (2xy + ex) dx – ex dy = 0 I.F. = y2 Ans. : x2 + y = c
 
1 x x4
5. (x + 2y3) dy = (y + 2x3 y2)dx I.F. = y2 Ans. :y + 2 - y2 = c
 
6. 3 (x2 + y2) dx + x (x2 + 3y2 + 6y) dy = 0 Ans. : xey (x2 + 3y2) = c

If DE is of the form, xa yb (my dx + nx dy) + xr ys (py dx + qx dy) = 0. Then I.F. xh yk
where h and k are constants to be determined.
Method :
(i) Check if the given DE is exact
(ii) If not, check if the given DE can be put in the above form
(iii) If so, multiply the given DE with I.F. = xh yk find h and k and find I.F. Multiply givenDE
with IF to make DE exact.
(iv) Find the solution of Exact DE using the formula
∫
y = constant M dx +  (Those terms of N free from x )dy = c
Illustrstive Examples
Example : 1
Solve : (2y + 6xy2) dx + (3x + 8x2 y) dy = 0 May 2005
Solution :
Consider (2y + 6xy2) dx + (3x + 8x2 y) dy = 0
2
Step 1 : M = 2y + 6xy , N = 3x + 8x2 y
M N
= 2 + 12 xy, = 3 + 16 xy
y x
M N
y x

Igniting Minds
Step 2 : Given equation can be written as ;

(2y dx + 3x dy) + 6xy2 dx + 8x2 y dy = 0
(2y dx + 3x dy) + xy (6y dx + 8x dy) = 0
i.e. DE is of the form
x y (my dx + nx dy) + xr ys (py dx + qx dy) =
a b
0
h k
 I.F. x y where h and k are constants to be determined.
Step 3 : Multiply the given DE with I.F. = xh yk
xh yk (2y + 6xy2) dx + xh + yk (3x + 8x2 y) dy = 0
h k+1 h+1 k+2 h+1 h+2 k+1
(2x y + 6x y ) dx + (3x yk + 8x y ) dy=0 …(I)
h k+1 h+1 k+2 h+1 k h+2 k+1
M = 2x y + 6x y N = 3x y + 8x y
M
= 2 (k + 1) xh yk + 6 (k + 2) yk + 1 xh + 1
y
N
= 3 (h + 1) xh yk + 8 (h + 2) xh + 1 yk +1
x
M N
But for exact DE; =
y x
2 (k + 1) xh yk + 6 (k + 2) yk + 1 xh + 1 = 3 (h + 1) xh yk + 8 (h + 2) xh + 1 yk + 1
Comparing coefficients of like terms;
2 (k + 1) = 3 (h + 1) and 6 (k + 2) = 8 (h + 2)
2k + 2 = 3h + 3 and 6k + 12 = 8h + 16
3h – 2k = -1 8h – 6k = -4
i.e. 4h – 3k = - 2
Consider equations
3h – 2k = -1 4h – 3k = -2
Solving simultaneously we get h = 1, k = 2
 I.F. = xh yk = xy2
Substitute h and k in (I)
 (2xy3 + 6x2 y4) dx + (3x2 y2 + 8x3 y3) dy = 0
∫
∫ 3 2 4
y = constant (2xy + 6x y ) dx +  0 dy = c
2y3 x dx + 6y4 x2 dx = c
2y3 x2 6y4 x3
2 + 3 = c
x2 y3 + 2x3 y4 = c is the general solution.

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Example : 2
Solve : y (3y + 10x2) dx – 2x (y + 3x2) dy = 0
Solution :
Consider y (3y + 10x2) dx – 2x (y + 3x2) dy= 0
Step 1 : M = 3y2 + 10x2 y , N = -2xy – 6x3
M N
= 6y + 10x2 , = -2y – 18x2
y x
M N
y x
Step 2 : Given equation can be written in the form
3y2 dx + 10x2 y dx – 2xy dy – 6x3 dy = 0
2 2 3
i.e 3y dx – 2xy dy + 10x y dx – 6x dy = 0
2
i.e. y (3y dx – 2x dy) + x (10y dx – 6x dy) = 0
i..e DE is of the form
xa yb (my dx + nx dy) + xr ys (py dx + qx dy) = 0
 I.F. xh yk where h and k are constants to be determined.
Step 3 : Multiply given DE with I.F. = xh yk
xh yk (3y2 + 10x2 y) dx + xh yk (-2xy – 6x3) dy = 0
h k+2 h+2 k+1 h +1 k+1 h+3 k
(3x y + 10x y ) dx + (-2x y – 6x y ) dy = 0 …(I)
h k +2 h+2 k+1
M = 3x y + 10x y ,
h+1 k+1 h+3 k
N = -2x y – 6x y
M
= 3 (k + 2) yk + 1 xh + 10 (k + 1) yk xh + 2
y
N
= - 2 (h + 1) xh yk + 1 – 6 (h + 3) xh + 2 yk
x
M N
But for Exact DE; =
y x
3 (k + 2) yk +1 xh + 10 (k + 1) yk xh + 2 = -2 (h + 1) xh yk + 1 – 6 (h + 3) xh+ 2 yk
Comparing coefficients of like terms.
3 (k + 2) = -2 (h + 1) and 10 (k + 1) = - 6 (h + 3)
3x + 6 = -2h – 2 and 10k + 10 = - 6h – 18
2h + 3k = -8 6h + 10k = -28
Consider
2h + 3k = -8 i.e. 3h + 5k = - 14
and 3h + 5k = - 14
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Solving simultaneously, we get

We get h = 2, k = - 4
 I.F. = x2 y-4 d
Substitute h and k in (I)
(3x2 y-2 + 10x4 y-3) dx + (-2x3 y-3 – 6x5 y-4) dy = 0
 DE is exact
∫
∫ 2 -2 4 -3
y = constant (3x y + 10x y ) dx +  0 dy = c
3y-2 x2 dx + 10y-3 x4 dx = c
3y-2 x3 10y-3 x5
3 + 5 = c
x3 y-2 + 2x5 y-3 = c is the general solution.
Self Assessment Exercise 1.8 (E)

Solve the following differential equation.
1. (3x (xy – 2) dx + (x3 + 2y) dy = 0 Ans. : x3 y – 3x2 + y2 = c
2. (y + 2x2 y) dx + (2x3 – xy) dy = 0 Ans. : 6 xy - x-3/2 y3/2 = c
3. (3xy + 2y3) dx + (4x2 + 6xy2) dy = 0 (May 09) Ans. : x2 y3 + 2x2 y4 = c
4. (3xy + 8y5) dx (2x2 + 24 xy4) dy = 0 Ans. : x3 y2 + 4x2 y6 = c
1.6.7 (VII) Linear Differential Equations of First Order :

Definition : A differential equation is linear if the dependent variable and its derivatives i.e.
dy d2y
dx , dx2 ….. occur only in the first degree and are not multiplied together.
dy
e.g. x dx + 2y = 4x2 is a linear DE
dy dy
e.g. y dx - = 4x is not a linear DE because the dependent variable y and its derivative dx
are multiplied together.
General Form of a Linear Differential Equation.
dy
A differential equation of the form dx + Py = Q where P and Q are functions of x only
or constants is called a linear differential equation of the first order. The general solution of
linear DE is given by
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y e P dx = e P dx Q dx + c
i.e. y × I.F. =  I.F. × Q dx + c
dx
Another form of a linear DE is dy + Px = Q where P and Q are functions of y only or
constants.
The general solution of linear DE is given by
x e P dy = e P dy Q dy + c
i.e. x × I.F. =  I.F. × Q dy + c
Note : In a linear DE there is no multiplication between the dependent variable and its
dy dx
derivative and the coefficient of dx or dy must be equal to one.
Example : 1
dy
Solve : dx + y tanx = sin 2x
Solution :
dy
Consider dx + y tan x = sin 2x
Step 1 : This is a linear DE of the form

dy
dx + Py = Q where P = tan x, Q = sin 2x
 I.F. = e P dx = e tan P dx = elog sec x = sec x
Step 2 : General solution of linear DE is
y  eP dx = e P dx Q dx + c
i.e. y × I.F. =  I.F. × Q dx + c
y sec x =  sec x sin 2x dx + c
=  sec x . 2 sin x cos x dx + c = 2  sin x dx + c
y sec x = - 2 cos x + c Ans.
Example : 2
dy
Solve : (x2 – 1) dx + 2xy = 2x - 2
Solution :
dy
Consider (x2 – 1) dx + 2xy = 2x – 2

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Step 1 : The given DE can be written as :

dy 2x 2x - 2 dy
dx + x2 - 1 y = x2 - 1 which is of the form dx +Py = Q where
2x 2x - 2
P = x2 - 1 and Q = x2 - 1
2x 2
 I.F. = e P (x) dx = ex2 - 1 dx = elog(x - 1) = x2 – 1
Step 2 : The general solution linear of DE is
y × I.F. =  I.F. × Q dx + c
2x - 2
y (x2 – 1) =  (x2 – 1)  x2 - 1  dx + c
 
y (x2 – 1) = 2  (x – 1) dx + c
 x2 
y (x2 – 1) = 2 2 -x +c
 
y (x2 – 1) = x2 – 2x + c Ans.
Example : 3
dy 1
Solve : (x2 + 1) dx + 4xy = (x2 + 1)2 May 2006, May 2011
Solution :
dy 1
Consider (x2+ 1) dx + 4xy = (x2 + 1)2

dy 4x 1 dy
+ 2
dx x + 1 y = 2
(x + 1) 3 which is of the form
dx + Py = Q where
4x 1
P = x2 + 1 and Q = (x2 + 1)3
4x
 I.F. = e P dx = ex2 - 1 dx
2
= e2 log(x + 1)
2 2
= elog(x + 1) = (x2 + 1)2
Step 2 : The general solution linear DE is
y × I.F. =  I.F. × Q dx + c
1
y (x2+ 1)2 =  (x2 + 1)2(x2 + 1)3 dx + c
dx
y (x2 + 1)2 = x2 + 1 + c
y (x2 + 1)2 = tan-1 x + c Ans.

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Example : 4
e-2 x y  dx
Solve :  -  dy =1 Dec.2011
 x x
Solution :
e-2 x y  dx
Consider  -  dy = 1
 x x
Step 1 : The given DE can be written as ;
dy e-2 x
y
 dx = -
x x
dy 1 e-2 x
 dx + y = which is of the form
x x
dy 1 e-2 x
dx + Py = Q where P =
x
,Q=
x
1
 dx
 I.F. = e P dx = e x = e2 x
y × I.F. =  I.F. × Q dx + c
e -2 x
dx
ye2 x = e2 x . dx + c =  +c
x x
ye2 x = 2 x + c Ans.
Example : 5
dy y
Solve : dx + =1- x May 2004
(1 - x) x
Solution :
dy y
Consider dx + y= 1- x
(1 - x) x
dy
Step 1 : This is a linear DE of the from dx + Py = Q
1
where P = ,Q=1- x
(1 - x) x
I.F. = e P dx
dx

= e (1 - x) x
Put x = t  x = t2

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Differentiating w.r.t. t
1
dx = dt
2 x
dx
= 2dt
x
 I.F. = e2 
dt
1 - t2 =e 2
1
2. log ( )
1+t
1-t =e
log
1+t
( )
1-t =
1+t
1-t
1+ x
i.e. I.F. =
1- x
y × I.F. =  I.F. × Q dx + c
1 + x 1 + x
y  =   (1 - x) dx + c
1 - x 1 - x
1 + x x1/2 + 1
y  = (1 + x) dx + c = x + 1 +c
1 - x +1 2
1 + x  2
y  = x + 3 x3/2 + cAns.
1 - x 
Example6:
Solve (1 + y2) dx = (tan-1 y – x) dy
Solution :
Consider (1 + y2) dx = (tan-1 y – x) dy
dx tan1 y - x
dy = 1 + y2
dx tan-1 y 1
dy = 1 + y2 - 1 + y2 x
dx 1 tan-1 y dx
+
dy 1 + y2 x = 1 + y2 which is of the form dy + Px = Q where
1 tan-1 y
P = 1 + y2 and Q = 1 + y2
dy
 I.F. = e P dy = e(1 + y2) -1
= etan y
Step 2 : The general solution of linear DE is
x × I.F. =  I.F. × Q dy + c
-1
-1 -1 tan y
x etan y = etan y1 + y2 dy + c

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Put tan-1 y = t
1
1 + y2 dy = dt
-1
 x etan y =  t et dt + c
Integrate by parts
-1
xetan y = t et – et + c
Resubstitute for t.
-1 -1 -1
xetan y = tan-1 y etan y - etan y + c
-1
Divide by etan y
-1
x = tan-1 y -1 + cetan yAns.
Example : 7
dy
Solve : (x + 2y3) dx = y
Solution :
dy
Consider (x + 2y3) dx = y

x 2y3 dx
y + y = dy
dx 1 2 dx
i.e. -
dy y x = 2y which is of the from dy + Px = Q where
-1
P = y , Q = 2y2
dy
P dx = e-  y = -1 1
 I.F. = e e- log y-1 = elog y = y-1 = y
Step 2 : The general solution of linear DE is

x × I.F. =  I.F. × Q dy + c
x 1
y = y × 2y2 dy + c
x
y = 2  y dy + c
2y2
= 2 +c
x
y = y2 + c Ans.

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dy ex - 3xy
1. dx = x2 Ans. : yx3 = (x – 1) (ex + c)
dy 2
2. dx + y cot x = sin 2x Ans. : y = 3 sin2 x + c cosec x
dy 1
3. (x2 + 1) dx + 4xy = (x2 + 1)2 (May 2006) Ans. : y (x2 + 1)2 = tan-1 x + c
dy
4. (1 + x2) dx + xy = 1 (May 2007) Ans. : y x2 + 1 = log (x + x2 + 1) + c
dy -x-2 2
5. dx + (1 + 2x) y = e Ans. : y ex + x = ex + c
dy
6. X dx + y (1 + x) = 1 Ans. : y xex = ex + c
dy
7. a2 + x2 dx + y = a2 + x2 – x Ans. : (x + x2 + a2) = a2 log (x + a2 + x2) + c
dy y
8. (x + 1) dx - y = ex (x + 1)2 Ans. : x + 1 = ex + c
dy
9. cos2 x dx + y tan x Ans. : y = tan x – 1 + c e-tan x
dy x2
10. (x + 1) dx - 2y = (x + 1)4 Ans. : y =  2 + x + c (x + 1)2
 
dy c-x
11. dx + y sec x = tan x Ans. : y = sec x + tan x + 1
dy y
12. dx + 1 - x = x2 - x Ans. : 2y = (1 – x) (c – x2)
dy 3 sin x
13. dx + x y = x3 Ans. : yx3 = - cox x + c
dy
14. x log x dx + y = 2 log x Ans. : y log x = (log x)2 + c
dy y
15. (1 + x2) dx - 2 xy = 2x (1 + x2) Ans. :1 + x2 = x2 + c
dy y x2 log x x2
16. dx + x = log x Ans. : xy = 2 - 4 +c
dy
17. x cos x dx + y (x sin x + cos x) = 1 Ans. : xy = sin x + c cos x
dy
18. (x + 2y3)dx = y Ans. : x = y3 + cy
19. (e-y sec2 y – x) dy = dx Ans. : xey = c + tan y

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dy cos h4 x
20. cosh x dx + y sinhx = 2 cosh2 x sin hx Ans. : y cos hx = 2 +c
x
tan5 2
dy x x
21. sin x dx + 2y = tan32 Ans. : y tan22 = 5 + c
dy y
22. (xy – x2) dx = y2 (May 2011) Ans. : x - log y = c
1.6.8 (VIII) Equations Reducible to Liner Differential Equations

Bernoulli’s Differential Equations :
dy
(I) A differential equation of the form dx + Py = Qyn is called Bernoulli’s DE.
dy
Method : Consider dx + Py = Qyn where P and Q are functions of x
To reduce it to linear DE,

Divide by yn
dy
 y-n dx + Py1 - n = Q …(I)
Put y1 - n = u
dy du
(1 – n)-n y-n dx dx =
dy 1 du
 y-ndx = (1 - n) dx
1 du
 Equation (1) becomes ; (1 - n) dx + Pu = Q
du
 dx + (1 – n) Pu = (1 – n) Q which is a linear DE and solution is given by
ue (1 - n) P dx = e (1 - n) P dx (1 – n) Q dx + c
Resubstitute for u.
dx
(II) Another form of Bernoulli’s DE is dy + Px = Q xn where P and Q are functions of y.
To reduce it to linear DE;

Divide by xn
1-n
-ndx
+Px
x dy =Q
Put x1-n = u

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diff w.r.t. y
dx du
(1-n) x–ndy dy =
dx 1 du
x-n dy = 1 - n dy
1 du
 Equation (1) becomes ; 1 - n dy + Pu = Q
du
dy + (1 – n) Pu = (1 – n) Q which is linear DE and solution is given by
(1 – n) P dy (1 – n) P dy
ue = e (1 – n) Q dy + c
Resubstitute for u.
Example : 1
dy
Solve : dx - y tanx = y4 secx Dec.2006
Solution :
This is Bernoulli’s DE
Step 1 : Divide by y4
dy
y-4dx - y-3 tan x = sec x .…(I)
Step 2 :Put y-3 = u

dy dy
-3y-4 dx = dx
dy -1 du
y-4 dx = 3 dx
-1 du
 Equation (1) becomes; 3 dx - u tan x = sec x
du
dx + 3u tan x = - 3 sec x
dy
This is a linear DE of the form dx + Py = Q
Where P = 3 tan x, Q = - 3 sec x

Step 3 : Solution is ue P dx = e P dx Q dx + c
ue 3 tan x dx = e 3 tan x dx (-3 sec x) dx + c

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ue3 log sec x = - 3 e3 log sec x sec x dx + c

3 3
uelog sec x = - 3 elog sec x sec x dx + c
u sec3 x = - 3  sec3 x sec x dx + c
u sec3 x = - 3  sec4 x dx + c
= - 3  sec2 x . sec2 x dx + c
= - 3  (1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx + c
Put tan x = t
Differentiating w.r.t.t
sec2 x dx = dt
3
u sec x = -3  (1 + t2) dt + c
t3
u sec3 x = - 3 t + 3  + c
 
Resubstitute for u and t.
tan3 x
y-3 sec3 x = - 3 tan x + 3  + c Ans.

Example : 2
dy
Solve : dx = x3y3 - xy
Solution :
dy
Consider dx = x3 y3 - xy
dy
dx + xy = x3 y3
dy
y-3dx + xy-2 = x3 ....(I)
Step 2 : Put y-2 = u

dy du
-2y-3 dx = dx
dy 1 du
y-3 dx = - 2 dx
 Equation (1) becomes;

-1 du
2 dx + xu = x3

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du
dx - 2xu = -2x3
This is a linear DE where P = -2x, Q = - 2x3

Step 3 :Solution is ue P dx = e P dx Q dx + c
ue -2x dx = e+  -2x dx (-2x3) dx + c
2 2
ue-x = e-x (-2x) x2 dx + c
Put x2 = t
2x dx = dt
2
ue-x = -  t e-t dt + c
Integrate by parts
= - [- t e-t -  -e-t dt] + c
= t e-t -  e-t dt + c
2
ue-x = t e-t + e-t + c
Resubstitute for t and u
2 2 2
y-2e-x = x2e-x + e-x + c
2
Divide by e-x
1 2
y2 = x2 + 1 + ce-x Ans.
Example : 3
x2
dy 2 2
Solve : dx + xy = y e logx
Solution :
x2
dy 2 2
Consider dx + xy = y e log x
x2
-2dy -1 2
y dx + xy = e log x
Step 2 : Put y-1 = u

dy du
-y-2dx = dx
dy du
y-2dx = - dx

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2
x
du 2
 Equation (1) becomes ; - dx + x u = e log x
x2
du
2
dx - x u = -e log x
2
 x2 
This is a linear DE where P = - x and Q = - e  log x
2
 x2 
ue - x dx = e - x dx- e  log x) dx + c
-x2 -x2 x2
ue 2 = - e 2 e 2 log x dx + c
-x2
e2 u = -  log x dx + c
-x2
e2 u = -  log x × 1 dx + c
Integrate by parts
-x2
d
ue 2 = - x log x -  x dx log x dx + c
 
1
= - x log x -  x x dx + c
 
-x2
ue 2 = - [x log x -  dx] + c
2
-x
ue 2 = - [x log x – x] + c
Resubstitute for u
-x2
-1
y e2 = - [x log x – x] + c Ans.
Example : 4
dy y y (log y)2
Solve : dx +x logy = x2
Solution :
dy y y (log y)2
Consider dx + x log y = x2
Step 1 : Divide by y (log y)2
1 dy 1 1 1
y (log y)2dx + x . log y = x2 .…(I)

Igniting Minds
1
Step 2 : Put log y = u
-1 1 2dy
  du
y log y dx dx=
1 dy du
 = - dx
y (log y)2 dx
du 1 1
 Equation (1) becomes ; - dx + x u = x2
du 1 1
 dx - x u = - x2
-1 -1
This is a linear DE where P = x , Q = x2

dx dx -1
ue- x = e- x x2 dx + c
 
1
u e- log x = -  e- log xx2 dx + c
-1 1
= - elog x x2 dx + c
1
ux-1 = -  x-1x2 dx + c
1 1
= - x . x2 dx + c
1  x-3 + 1 
= - x3 dx + c = - -3 + 1 + c
 
-1
ux-1 = 2x2 + c
Resubstitute for u.
1 -1
x log y = 2x2 + c Ans.
Example : 5
dy 1/x2
Solve : x dx + 3y = x4e y3 Dec.2007
Solution :
dy 1/x2
Consider x dx + 3y = x4e y3
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x dy 3 1/x2
y3dx + y2 = x4e
Divide by x
1 dy 3 1/x2
y dx x y2 =
3 + x3e …(I)
1
Step 2 :Put y2 = u i.e. y-2 = u
dy du
- 2y-3 dx = dx
1 dy -1 du
y3 dx = 2 dx
-1 du 3 1/x2
2 dx + x u = x3e
du 6 2
dx - x u = - 2x3 e1/x
Step 3 : Solution is ue Pdx = e P dx Q dx + c

6
e- x dx(-2x3e ) dx + c
1/x2
ue P dx =
 e-6 log x(-2x3e ) dx + c
1/x2
ue-6 log x =
log x-6 log x-6
(-2x3e1/x ) dx + c
2
ue = e
x-6(-2x3e ) dx + c
1/x2
ux-6 =
2
1/x
ux-6 = - 2  x-3e dx + c
1
Put x2 = t i.e. x-2 = t
Differentiating w.r. t. t
-2x-3 dx = dt
 ux-6 =  e-t dt + c
ux-6 = et + c
1 -6 1/x2
y2 x = e +c
1 1/x2
y2 x6 = e + c Ans.

Igniting Minds
Example : 6
dx
Solve : dy - x tan y = x4 sec y
Solution :
dx
Consider dy - x tan y = x4 sec y
Step 1 : Divide by x4
1 dx 1
x4 dy - x3 tan y = sec y
dx
x-4 dy - x-3 tan y = sec y .…(I)
Step 2 :Put x-3 = u

dx du
- 3x-4dy = dy
dx -1 du
x-4dy = 3 dy
 Equation (1) becomes ;
-1 du
3 dy - u tan y = sec y
du
dy + 3u tan y = - 3 sec y
This is a linear DE where P = 3 tan y and Q = - 3 sec y

Step 3 : Solution is ue P dy = e P dy Q dy + c
ue 3 tan y dy = e 3 tan y dy (-3 sec y) dy + c
ue3 log sec y = e3 log sec y (- 3 sec y) dy + c
3 3
uelog sec y = - 3 elog sec y (sec y) dy + c
u sec3 y = - 3  sec3 y sec y dy + c
u sec3 y = -3  sec4 y dy + c
= - 3  sec2 y sec2 y dy + c
= - 3  (1 + tan2 y) sec2 y dy+ c
Put tan y = t
sec2 y dy = dt

Igniting Minds
3
t
= - 3  (1 + t2) dt + c = - 3 t + 3  + c
 
3 3
u sec y = -3t – t + c
x-3 sec3 y = - 3 tany – tan3 y + c Ans.
Example : 7
dy -x2
Solve : 3y2 dx + 2xy3 = 4xe May 2006
Solution :
dy -x2
Consider 3y2 dx + 2xy3 = 4xe .…(I)
Put y3 = u
dy du
3y2dx = dx
 (1) becomes;
du -x2
dx + 2x u = 4xe
-x2
This is a linear DE where P = 2x, Q = 4xe
Solution is ue P dx = e P dx Q dx + c
( -x2 )
ue 2x dx =e 2x dx 4x e dx + c
x2 x2 -x2
ue = e 4xe dx + c
x2 4x2
ue = 4  x dx + c = 2 + c
x2
ue = 2x2 + c
x2
Resubstitute for u. y3e = 2x2 + c Ans.
Example :
dy
Solve : dx = ex - y(ex – ey) Dec. 2010
Solution :
dy
Consider dx = ex - y (ex – ey)
dy
dx = e2x - y – ex

Igniting Minds
dy x
dx + e = e2x e-y
Divide by e-y
dy
ey dx + ex ey = e2x .…(I)
Put ey = u
dy du
eydx = dx
 Equation (1) becomes ;
du x
dx + e u = e2x
This is linear DE, P = ex, Q = e2x

Solution is ue P dx = e P dx Q dy + c
x x
ue e dx = e e dx e2x dx + c
ex ex
ue = e ex. ex dx + c
Put ex = t
ex dx = dt
ex
ue =  tet dt + c
Integrate by parts
ex
ue = [tet – et] + c
ex ex ex
eye = exe -e +c
ex
Divide by e
-ex
ey = ex – 1 + ce Ans.
Example : 9
dy
Solve : dx = 1 – x (y – x) – x3 (y – x)2
Solution :
dy
Consider dx = 1 – x (y – x) – x3 (y – x)2 .…(I)
Put y–x = u
Igniting Minds
dy du
dx - 1 = dx
dy du
dx = 1 + dx

du
1 + dx = 1 – xu – x3 u2
du
dx = - xu – x3 u2
du
dx + x u = - x3 u2
Divide by u2
1 du 1
u2 dx + u x = - x3 …(II)
1
Put u = t
-1 du dt 1 du -dt
u2 dx = dx u2dx = dx
-dt
 Equation (2) becomes; dx + tx = - x3
dt 3
 dx - tx = x
This is a linear DE where P = -x Q = x3
Solution is te P dx = e P dx Q dx + c
te -x dx = e -x dx x3 dx + c
-x2 -x2
te 2 = e 2 x2 . x dx + c
x2
Put 2 = p
x2 = 2p
Differentiating w.r. t p
2x dx = 2dp  x dx = dp
-x2
 te 2 =  e-p 2p . dp + c = 2  pe-p dp + c

Igniting Minds
Integrate by parts
= 2 [p (-ep) -  - e-p (1) dp] + c
= 2 [- p e-p +  e-p (1) dp] + c
-x2
te 2 = 2 [-p e-p – e-p] + c
Resubstitute for t and p
-x2 2
1 -x - x /2 - x /2
2 2
ue
2 = 22e -e +c
 
-x2
-x2 -x2
e2 2
u = - x e 2 - 2e 2 + c
Resubstitute for u.
-x2
-x2 -x2
e2 2
y-x = - x e 2 - 2e 2 + c
-x2
Divide by e 2
x2
1 2
y-x +x +2 = ce 2 Ans.

Solve the following Differential Equation.
dy 1
1. cos x dx + y sin x = y sec x (Dec.2010) Ans. : y sec x = 2 tan x + c
dy 1 1 1
2. dx + x tan y = x2 tan y sin y Ans. : cosec y = 2x + cx
dy 1
3. x dx + y = y2 log x Ans. : y = cx + log (ex)
dy
4. xy2 dx - y3 = x2 Ans. : y3 = x2 (cx – 3)
dy
5. cos x dx - y sin x = – y2 Ans. : sec x = y (c + tan x)
dz z z 2 1 1
6. dx + x log z = x2 (log z) Ans. : x log z = 2x2 + c
dy
7. sin y dx = cos y (1 – cos y) (Dec.2009) Ans. : e-x sec y = e-x (x + 1) + c
dy -x2 x2
8. xy - dx = y3e Ans. : e = y2 (2x + c)
Igniting Minds
dy
9. cos y dx + sin y cos x = sin x cos x Ans. : sin y = sin x – 1 + c e-sin x
dy 2y y3 -1 -1
10. dx + x = x3 Ans. : 2y2 x4 = 6x5 + c
dy
11. x dx + y log y = xyex (May 10) Ans.: x log y = xex – ex + c
dy tan y x sin y
12. dx - 1 + x = (1 + x) e sec y Ans. :1 + x = ex + c
-x2
dy
13. sec2 y dx + x tan y = x3 Ans. : tan y = x2 – 2 + ce 2
dy
14. dx + tan x . tan y = cos x sec y (Dec.2011) Ans. : sin y sec x = x + c
dy 3 3 1 x2
15. dx + x (x + y) = x (x + y) – 1 Ans. : (x + y)2 = (x2 + 1) + ce
dy x9 3
16. 4x2y dx = 3x (3y2 + 2) + (3y2 + 2)3 Ans. : (3y2 + 2)2 = c - 8 x8
dy y 3 6 2
17. dx + x = x y Ans. : y5 = 5x3 + cx5
18. (sec x tan x tan y – ex) dx + sec x sec2 y dy = 0 Ans. : sec x tan y = ex + c
-y2
dy 1
19. xy (1 + xy2) dx = 1 2
Ans. : x = - y + 2 + ce 2
dy
20. tan y dx + tan x = cos y cos3 x (May 2010) Ans. : sec x sec y = c + sin x
dy 2 -y
21. dx = 1 + 3x e (May 2008) Ans. : ey = -3 (x2 + 2x + 2) + cex
dy sin2 y sin y cos y 1
22. dx = x2 - x Ans. : cot y = 2x + cx
23. tan x cos y dy + sin y dx + esin x dx = 0 Ans. : sin x sin y = c – esin x

dx e2x + y2
24. dy = y3 Ans. : y2 e-2x + 2 log y = c
dy
25. cos y – x sin y dx = sec2 x (May 2007, Dec. 2004) Ans. : x cos y = tan x + c
dy 1/x2 3 1 1/x2
26. x dx + 3y = x4e y (May 2010) Ans. : y2 x6 = e +c
dy 1 e2y
27. dx - x = x2 Ans. : - x2 e-2y = 2x + c
dy
28. x2dx = ey – x Ans. : cx2 + 2xe-y = 1

Igniting Minds
-y2
dx 2 3 1
29. dy - xy = x y Ans. : x = (2 – y2) + ce 2
dy x 3 1
30. dx + y = 3e y Ans. : y2 = 6ex + ce2x
dy 1 1 -y2
31. (x3 y3 + xy) dx = 1 (Dec.2009) Ans. : x2 = 2 (y2 – 1) + ce
dy 2y 2 2 1
32. dx + x = y x (May 2011) Ans.: x2 y = - x + c
1.6.9 (IX)Transformation to Polar Co-ordinate :

Sometimes it is not possible to solve the given differential equation in the Cartesian co-
ordinates x and y. Hence it becomes necessary to convert the problem to polar co-ordinates (r
and ) by using x = r cos , y = r sin .
Squaring and adding we get x2 + y2 = r2 cos2 + r2 sin2
i.e. x2 + y2 = r2
r sin q y
and r cos q = x
y
i.e. tan  = x
y
  = tan-1 x
Since x2 + y2 = r2
2x dx + 2y dy = 2r dr
i.e. x dx + y dy = r dr
and x dy – y dx = r cos  (r cos  d + dr sin ) – r sin  (dr cos  - r sin  d)
= r2 cos2 d + r sin  cos  dr – r sin  cos  dr + r2 sin2 d
= r2 (cos2 + sin2) d
x dy - y dx = r2 d
Example 1:
Solve : xdy – ydx = (x2 + y2)(xdx + ydy) May 2006, 2010
Solution :
Consider x dy – y dx = x2 + y2) (x dx + y dy)
Igniting Minds
Convert to polar co-ordinates x = r cos , y = r sin 

y
x2 + y2 = r2 ,  = tan-1 x , x dx + y dy = r dr, x dy – y dx = r2 d
 Given DE becomes ; r2 d = r2 (r dr)

d = r dr
 d =  r dr
r2
 = 2 +c
Resubstitute for r and .
y x2 + y2
tan-1x = 2 + c Ans.
Example : 2
Solve : x2 (x dx + y dy) + y (x dy – y dx) = 0
Solution :
Consider x2 (x dx + y dy) + y (x dy – y dx) = 0
Convert to polar co-ordinates x = r cos , y = r sin 
y
x2 + y2 = r2,  = tan-1x , x dx + y dyr dr, x dy – y dx = r2 d
 Given DE becomes;
r2 cos2 (r dr) + r sin  (r2 d) = 0
3 2
r cos  dr = - r3 sin  d
- sin q
dr = cos2q d
 dr = -  sec  tan  d
r = - sec  + c
Resubstitute for r and 
x2 + y2 r
x2 + y2 = - x +c ∙.∙ sec  = x
x2 + y2
x2 + y2 + x = c Ans.

Igniting Minds

Solve the following differential equations.
1 y 1
1. (x dy – y dx) + x2 + y2 (x dx + y dy) (May 2008) Ans. : tan-1x = 2 (x2 + y2) + c
2. x2 + y2 (x dx + y dy) + (y dx – x dy) ( a2 -x2 - y2) = 0
Problems from University Question Papers

Problem : 1
Solve the following DE (x4 ex – 2m xy2) dx + 2m x2 y dy = 0 May 2013
Solution :
Consider (x4 ex – 2m xy2) dx + 2m x2 y dy = 0
M = x4 ex – 2m xy2 , N = 2m x2y
M N
= – 4 mxy , = 4 mxy
y x
M N
 
y x
 DE is not exact
M N
–
y x – 4 mxy – 4 mxy –8 mxy – 4
Consier N = 2 mx2y = 2 mx2y = x = f (x)
–4
∫f (x) dx ∫ x dx –4 1
 IF = e =e = e– 4 log x = elogx = x– 4 = x4
1
Multiply given DE with IF = x4
1 4 x 2 1 2
x4(x e – 2m xy ) dx + x4 (2m x y) dy = 0
2
ex – 2m3y  dx + 2m
 x  x2 y dy = 0
 DE is exact
∫Mdx+
 Solution is y constant ∫ Those terms of N free–from x) dy = c
2my2
∫ex – x3 
  dx + ∫ 0 dy = c
y constant
dx
∫ ex dx – 2my2 ∫ x3 = c

Igniting Minds
–3 + 1
x
ex – 2my2– 3 + 1 = c
 
my2
ex + x2 = c Ans.
Problem : 2
y y y y
Solve : tan x - x sec2 x dx + sec2 x dy = 0 May 2013
 
Solution :
Consider tan y - y sec2 y dx + sec2y dy = 0

 x x x x
y y y y
Step 1 : sec2x dy = - tan x - x sec2 x dx
 
y y y
x sec2x - tan x
dy
dx = y
sec2 x
y
Put x = u
 y = ux
dy du
dx = u +x dx
du u sec2 u - tan u
Step 2 : DE becomes ; u + x dx = sec2 u
du u sec2 u - tan u tan u
x dx = sec2 u - u = - sec2 u
sec2 u dx
tan u du = - x

sec2 u dx
Step 3 :  tan u du = -x
Log tan u = - log x + log c

log tan u + log x = log c
log [x tan u] = log c
 x tan u = c
Resubstitute for u.
y
x tan x = c is the general solution.

Igniting Minds
Problem : 3
2
2x 2xy
Solve : log (x2 + y2) + x2 + y2 dx + x2 + y2 dy = 0. May 2013
 
Solution :
2
2x 2xy
Consider log (x2 + y2) + x2 + y2dx + x2 + y2 dy = 0
 
2x2 2xy
M = log (x2 + y2) + x2 + y2 , N = x2 + y2
M 1 (2y) 2x2 (2y) N (x2 + y2) 2y – (2xy) (2x)
= 2 2 –
(x2 + y2)2 , = (x2 + y2)2
y x +y x
2y (x2 + y2) – 4x2 y 2x2y + 2y3 – 4x2 y
= (x2 + y2)2 , = (x2 + y2)2
2x2 y + 2y3 – 4x2 y
= (x2 + y2)2
M 2y3 – 2x2 y N 2y3 – 2x2 y
= (x2 + y2)2 , = (x2 + y2)2
y x
M N
 =
y x
∫N dy
Solution is x = constant + ∫ (Those terms of M not containing y) dx = c
2xy
∫x2 + y2 dy + ∫ 0 dx = c
x = constant
Put x2 + y2 = t
Differentiate w.r.t. t
2y dy = dt
∫ dt
 x x = constant t = c
x log t = c
Resubsitute for t
x log (x2 + y2) = c Ans.
Problem : 4
Solve : (y4 ‒ 2x3 y) dx + (x4 – 2xy3) dy = 0 Dec. 2013
Solution :
Consider
(y4 ‒ 2x3 y) dx + (x4 – 2xy3) dy = 0
4 3
(x – 2xy ) dy = – (y4 – 2x3 y) dx

Igniting Minds
3 4
dy 2x y – y
dx = x4 – 2xy3
This is homogenous DE.
Put y = ux
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dy du
dx = u + x dx
du 2x3 ux – u4 x4
 DE becomes; u + x dx = x4 – 2x u3 x3
du 2u – u4
u + x dx = 1 – 2u3
du 2u – u4 2u – u4 – u + 2u4
x dx = 1 – 2u3–u =
1 – 2u3
du u4 + u
x dx = 1 – 2u3
1 – 2u3 dx
u4 + 4 du = x
dx 1 – 2u3
∫ x = ∫ u4 + u du
du 1 3u2
∫ x = ∫ u – 1 + u3 du
 
log x = log u – log (1 + u3) + c
Resubsitute for u
y y3
log x = log x – log 1 + x3 + c Ans.
   
Problem : 5
Solve : (y2 exy + 4x3) dx+(2xy exy - 3y2)dy = 0.

2 2
Dec. 2013
Solution :
Consider (y2 exy + 4x3) dx +(2xy exy - 3y2) dy = 0
2 2
M = y2exy + 4x3, N = 2xy exy – 3y2

2 2
Step 1 :
M N
y
2 2
= y2exy (2xy) + exy (2y),
x
2
= 2y x exy (y2) + exy
2 [ ]
M 2 2 N 2 2
= 2xy3exy + 2yexy , = 2xy3exy + 2y exy
y x
M N
y x
Igniting Minds
Step 2 :

Solution is M dx +  Those terms of N free from x ) dy = c
y = constant

y = constant
( 2 )
y2 exy + 4x3 dx +  - 3y2 dy = c
2
y2exy dx + 4  x3 dx – 3  y2 dy = c
2
exy 4x4 3y3
y2 y2 + 4 - 3 = c
2
exy + x4 – y3 = c is the general solution.
Problem : 6
Solve : (x2 + y2 + x) dx + xy dy = 0 Dec. 2013
Solution :
Consider (x2 + y2 + x) dx + xy dy = 0
2 2
M = x +y +x , N = xy
M N
= 2y , = y
y x
M N

y x
 DE is not exact
M N
–
y x 2y – y
Consider N = xy
y 1
= xy = x = f (x)
1
∫f(x) dx ∫ dx
 If = e =ex = elog x = x
Multiply given DE with IF. = x.
x (x2 + y2 + x) dx + x2 y dy = 0
3 2 2 2
(x + xy + x ) dx + x y dy = 0
 DE is exact,
M dx +
Solution is (Those terms of N free from x ) dy = c
y constant
(x3 + xy2 + x) dx
+ ∫ 0 dy = c
y constant
x4 x2 y2 x2
4 + 2 + 2 = C Ans.

Igniting Minds
Problem : 7
dy x2 + y2 + 1
Solve : dx = 2xy May 2014, 2015
Solution :
dy x2 + y2 + 1
Consider dx = 2xy
(x2 + y2 + 1) dx = 2xy dy
(x2 + y2 + 1) dx – (2xy) dy = 0
2 2
M=x +y +1,N = ‒2xy
M N
= 2y , = – 2y
y x
M N

y x
 DE is not exact
M N
–
y x 2y + 2y
Consider N = – 2xy
4y –2
= –2xy = x = f (x).
dx
∫(x) dx – 2∫ x –2 1
 IF = e =e = e–2 log x = elog x = x–2 = x2
1
Multiply given DE with DE = x2
1 2 2 1
2 (x + y + 1) dx – 2 (2xy) dy = 0
x x
2
1 + y2 + 12 dx – 2y dy = 0
 x x x
 DE is exact

Solution is M dx + (Those terms of N free from x ) dy = c
y constant
2
 1 + y2 + 12 dx + ∫ 0 dy = c
y constant  x x
dx dx
∫ dx + y2 ∫ x2 + ∫ x2 = c
x–2 + 1 x–2 + 1
x + y2–2 +1 + –2 + 1 = c
y2 1
x – x – x = c Ans.

Igniting Minds
Problem : 8
dy
Solve : (1 – x2) dx = 1 + xy May 2014
Soltuion :
dy
Consider (1 – x2) dx = 1 + xy
dy 1 x
dx = 1 – x2 + 1 – x2 y
dy x 1
dx – 1 – x2 y = 1 – x2
dy
This is a linear DE of the form dx + Py = Q where
–x 1
P = 1 – x2 , Q = 1 – x2
x
∫ p (x) dx – ∫1 – x2 dx
IF = e =e
1
+ log (1 – x2) 2)1/2 1/2
= e 2 = elog (1 – x = (1 – x2)
∫ P dx ∫ P dx
 solution is ye = ∫e Q dx + c
y (IF) = ∫ (IF) Q dx + c
1
y ( 1 – x2) = ∫ 1 – x2 . (1 – x2) dx + c
dx
= ∫ +c
1 – x2
y ( 1 – x2) = sin–1 x + c Ans.
Problem : 9
Solve : (2x + 3y – 1) dx = (6x + 9y + 6) dy May 2014
Solution :
Consider (2x + 3y – 1) dx = (6x + 9y + 6) dy
dy 2x + 3y – 1
 dx = 6x + 9y + 6
This is non–homogenous DE
a1 2 1 b1 3 1
a2 = 6 = 3 , b2 = 9 = 3
dy 2x + 3y – 1
 dx = 3 (2x + 3y) + 6
Put 2x + 3y = u

Igniting Minds
Differentiate w.r.t. x.
dy du
2 + 3 dx = dx
dy du
3 dx = dx – 2
dy 1 du 
dx = 3 dx – 2
1 du u–1
 DE becomes ; 3 dx – 2 =
  3u + 6
du 3u – 3
dx – 2 = 3u + 6
du 3u – 3
dx = 3u + 6 + 2
3u – 3 + 6u + 12 9u + 9
= 3u + 6 = 3u + 6
du 9 (u + 1)
dx = 3 (u + 2)
u+2
u + 1 du = 3 dx
Varibales are separated.

u+2
∫ u + 1 du = 3 ∫ dx
 
u+1+1
∫  u + 1  du = 3x + c
 
u+1 du
∫ u + 1 du + ∫ u + 1 = 3x + c
du
∫ du + ∫ u + 1 = 3x + c
u + log (u + 1) = 3x + c
Resubstitute for u
2x + 3y + log (2x + 3y + 1) = 3x + c
 3y – x + log (2x + 3y + 1) = c Ans.
Problem : 10
dy x + y – 2
Solve : dx = y – x – 4 Nov. 2014
Solution :
dy x+y–2
consider dx = –x + y – 4

Igniting Minds
a1 b1
a2 = –1, b2 = 1
a1 b1
 a2  b2
Let x = x + h, y = Y + k where h and k are constants to be determined
dY X+h+Y+k–2
 dX = – (X + h) + Y + k – 4
dY (X + Y) + h + k – 2
dX = (Y – X) + k – h – 4
Chose h and k such that h + k – 2 = 0 and k – h – 4 = 0,
Solving we get h = – 1, k = 3
dY X+Y
 De reduces to dX = Y – X
This is homogenous DE
Put Y = UX
differentiate w.r.t. x
dY dU
dX = U + X dX
dU X + UX
 U + X dX = uX – X
dU 1+u
U + X dX = u–1
dU 1+U
X dX = u–1 –U
1 + U – U2 + U
= U–1
dU 2U – U2 + 1
X dX = U–1
U–1 dX
2U – u2 + 1 dU = X
u–1 dX
∫ u2 – 2U – 1 dU = –∫ X
1 2
2 log (u – 2U – 1) = – log X + c

Igniting Minds
Resubstitute for U
1  Y2 2Y 
2 log X2 – X – 1 = log X + c
1 (Y2 – 2XY – X2)
2 log X = – log X + c
Resubsitute for X = x–h=x+1

Y = y–k=y–3
1 (y – 3) – 2 (x + 1) (y – 3) – (x + 1)2
2
2 log (x + 1) = log (x + 1) + c
Problem : 11
dy
Solve : dx + x sin2y = x3cos2y Nov 2014, May 2017
Solution :
dy
Consider dx + x sin 2y = x3 cos2 y
Step 1 : Divide by cos2 y
dy x sin 2y
sec2 y dx + cos2 y = x3
dy x . 2 sin y cos y
sec2 y dx + cos2 y = x3
dy
sec2 y dx + 2x tan y = x3 .…(1)
Step 2 : Put tan y = u

dy du
sec2 y dx = dx
du
 Equation (1) becomes ; dx + 2x . u = x3
This is a linear DE where P = 2x and Q = x3

ue 2x dx = e 2x dx x3 dx + c
2x2 2x2
ue 2 = e 2 . x3 dx + c
x2 x2 x2
ue = e . x3 dx + c = e . x2 x dx + c
Put x2 = t

Igniting Minds
2x dx = dt
dt
x dx = 2
x2 1 t
ue = 2  te dt + c
Integrate by parts
x2 1 t t
ue = 2 [te -e ] + c
Resubstitute for u and t
1 2 x2 x2
tan y e
x2 x2
= [ ]
2 x e -e +c
x2
Divide by e
1 2 - x2
tan y = 2 (x – 1) + ce Ans.
Problem : 12
dy y y
Solve : dx = x + tan x Nov. 2014
Solution :
dy y y
Consider dx = x + tan x
y
Put x = u
 y = ux
dy du
dx = u + x dx
du
 DE becomes ; u + x dx = u + tan u
du
x dx = tan u
du dx
tan u = x
dx
∫ cot u du = ∫ x
log sin u = log x + log x

Igniting Minds
log sin u = log x c

y
Resubstitue for u. sin x = xc Ans.
Problem : 13
dy
Solve : dx = cos x cos y + sin x sin y May 2015
Solution :
dy
Consider dx = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
dy
Step 1 : dx = cos (x – y)
Put x–y = u
dy du
1 - dx = dx
dy du
 dx = 1 - dx
du
Step 2 :DE becomes; 1 - dx = cos u
du
1 – cos u = dx
du
1 - cos u = dx

du
Step 3 : 1 - cos u =  dx
du
 = x+c
2u
2 sin 2
1 2u
2  cosec 2 du = x+c
u
1 - cot 2 
2  1  = x+c
 2 
u
- cot 2 = x+c
Resubstitute for u.
x-y
- cot  2  = x + c is the general solution.
 
Igniting Minds
Problem : 14
dy
Solve : x dx + y = y2 log x May 2015
Solution :
dy
Consider x dx + y = y2 log x
This sis Bernouilli’s DE

Divide by y2
x dy 1
y2 dx + y = log x
Divide by x
1 dy 1 log x
y2 dx + xy = x
1
Put y = u
–1 dy du
y2 dx = dx
– du 1 log x
 DE becomes; dx + x u = x
du 1 – log x
 dx – x u = x
1 – log x
This is linear DE; P = ‒x ; Q= x
dx
 IF = eP dx = e– x
–1 1
= e–log x = elog x = x–1 = x
Solution is u (IF) = ∫ (IF) Q dx + c

u 1 log x
x = – ∫ x  x2  dx + c
 
Put log x = t
Differentiate w.r.t. t
1
x dx = dt
u t
x = – ∫ et dt + c
= – ∫ te–t dt + c

Igniting Minds
Integrate by parts
u d
= – t (– e–t) – ∫ – e–t dt (1) dt + c
x  
u
x = – [– te–t + ∫ e–t dt] + c
u
x = – [– te–t – e–t] + c
Resubstitue for u and t

1 –1 –1
xy = (log x) e– log x + e– log x + c = (log x) elog x + elog x +c
1 (log x) 1
xy = x + x + c Ans. ∵ elog a = a
Problem : 15
dy
Solve : xy dx = (1 – x2) (1 + y2) Dec. 2015
Solution :
dy
Consider xy dx = (1 – x2) (1 + y2)
y dy (1 – x2)
1 + y2 = x dx

y dy 1
∫ 1 + y2 = ∫ x – x dx
 
1 2 x2
2 log (1 + y ) = log x – 2 + c Ans.
Problem : 16
dy
Solve : cos y – x sin y dx = sec2 x Dec. 2015
Solution :
dy
Consider cos y – x sin y dx = sec2 x
dy
 x sin y dx – cos y = – sec2 x
Put ‒ cos y = u
Differtentate w.r.t.x
dy du
+ sin y dx = dx
Igniting Minds
du
 DE becomes x dx + u = – sec2 x
du 1 – sec2 x
 dx + x u = x
2
1 – sec x
This is a linear DE; P = x , Q = x
dx
IF = eP dx = e x = elog x = x
Solutin is u (IF) = ∫ (IF) Q dx + c
– sec2 x
ux = ∫ x  x  dx + c
 
ux = – ∫ sec2 x dx + c
ux = – tan x + c
Resubstiute for u
– x cos y = – tan x + c Ans.
Problem 17 :
Solve : (2x log x – xy) dy + 2y dx = 0 Nov 2015
Solution :
Consider (2x log x – xy) dy + 2y dx = 0
Step 1 : M = 2y , N = 2x log x – xy
M N 1
= 2, = 2 x x + log x – y = 2 [1 + log x] – y\
y x  
M N
  ,  DE is not exact.
y x
Step 2 : Consider
M N
-
y x 2 - [2 + 2 log x - y]
N = 2x log x - xy
-(2 log x - y) -1
= x (2 log x - y) = x = f (x) alone
dx -1 1
 I.F. = e f (x) dx – e-  x = e-log x = elog x = x-1 = x
1
Step 3 : Multiply given DE with IF = x
1 1
x (2y) dx + x (2x log x – xy) dy = 0
2y
x dx + (2 log x – y) dy = 0  DE is exact

Igniting Minds

∫
∫ 2y
y = constant x dx +  - y dy = c
dx
2y  x -  y dy = c
y2
2y log x - 2 = c is the general solution.
Problem : 18
dy 2x – 3y + 1
Solve : dx = 3x + 4y – 5 May 2016
Solution :
dy 2x – 3y + 1
Consider dx = 3x + 4y – 5
a1 2 b1 –3
a2 = 3 , b2 = 4
a1 b1
a2  b2
Let x = X + h, y = Y + k where h and k are constants to be determined.
dY 2 (X + h) – 3 (Y + k) + 1
 dX = 3 (X + h) + 4 (Y + k) – 5
dY (2X – 3Y) + 2h – 3k + 1
dX = (3X + 4Y) + 3h + 4k – 5
Choose h and k such that 2h – 3k + 1 = 0 and 3h + 4k – 5 = 0.
11 13
Solving simultaneously we get h = 17 , k = 17
dY 2X – 3Y
DE reduces to dX = 3X + 4Y
This is homogenous DE.
Put Y = UX
Differetnital w.r.t. x
dY XdU
dX = U+ dx
XdU 2x – 3Ux
 u + dx = 3x + 4ux
Igniting Minds
XdU 2 – 3U
u+ dx = 3 + 4U
XdU 2 – 3U 2 – 3U – 3U – 4U2
dx = 3 + 4U  U = 3 + 4U
XdU 2 – 6U – 4U2
dx = 4U + 3
4U + 3 dx
 4U2 + 6U – 2 dU = – x

4U + 3 dx
∫ 4U2 + 6U – 2 dU = –∫ x

4U + 3 dX
∫ 4U2 + 6U – 2 dU = –∫ X
1 2
2 log (4U + 6U – 2) = – log X + c
Y y – k y – 13/17
But U = X = x – h = x – 11/17
2
1  y – 13/17 y – 13/17   11

2 log 4 x – 11/17 + 6 x – 11/17 – 2 = – log x – 17 + c
Problem : 19
dy
Solve : xcos xdx (cos x–x sin x)y =1 May 2016
Solution :
Consider
dy
x cos x dx + (cos x – x sin x) y = 1

dy cos x - x sin x 1
+
dx  x cos x  y = x cos x
dy 1  1 dy
dx + x - tan x y = x cos x which is of the form dx + Py = Q
1 1
Where P = x - tan x and Q = x cos x
 
 I.F. = (1

e P dx = e x )
- tan x dx
= e(logx - log sec x) = e (x)
log
sec x
x
= sec x = x cos x

Igniting Minds
Step 2 : The general solution linear DE is

y × I.F. =  I.F. × Q dx + c
1
y x cos x =  x cos x x cos x dx + c
y x cos x =  dx + c
y x cos x = x+c Ans.
Problem : 20
Solve : y log y dx + (x – log y) dy = 0 May 2016
Solution :
Consider y log y dx + (x – log y) dy = 0
Step 1 : M = y log y , N = x – log y
M 1 N
= y . y + log y =1
y x
M
= 1 + log y
y
M M
y x
N N
-
x y 1 - (1 + log y)
Step 2 : Consider M = y log y
- log y -1
= y log y = y f (y) alone
 I.F. = e f (y) dy
dy
= e-  y
-1 1
= e-log y = elog y = y-1 = y
1
Step 3 : Multiply given DE with I.F. = y
1 1
y (y log y) dx + y (x – log y) dy = 0
x log y
log y dx + y - y  dy = 0  DE is exact
 
∫
∫ - log y
y = constant log y dx +  y dy = c
Igniting Minds
Put log y = t
1
y dy = dt
∫
 log y y = constant dx -  t dt = c
t2
x log y - 2 = c
Resubstitute for t.
(log y)2
x log y - 2 = c is the general solution.
Problem : 21
dx x x
Solve : dy = y + cot y Dec. 2016
Solution :
dy x x
Consider dx = y + cot y
x
Put y = u
x = uy
Differentiate w.r.t. y
dx du
dy = u + y dy
du
 DE becomes ; u + y dy = u + cot u
du
y dy = cot u
du dy
cot u = y
dy
∫ tan u du = ∫ y
log sec u = log y + log c

Resubstiute for u
x
log sec y = log yc
x
 sec y = yc Ans.

Igniting Minds
Problem : 22
dy
Solve : dx – ex – y = 4x3 e–y Dec. 2016
Solution :
dy x –y
Consider dx – e . e = 4x3 e–y
dy
 dx = 4x3 e–y + ex e–y
dy
dx = (4x3 + ex) e–y
dy
e–y = (4x3 + ex) dx
ey dy = (4x3 + ex) dx
∫ ey dy = ∫ (4x3 + ex) dx
4x4
ey = x
4 +e +c
ey = x4 + ex + c Ans.
Problem : 23
Obtain a differential equation from its general solution y = c1 e4x + c2 e–3x where c1 and c2
are arbitrary constants. Dec.2016
Solution :
Consider y = c1 e4x + c2 e–3x
y1 = 4c1 e4x – 3c2 e–3x
y2 = 16 c1 e4x + 9 c2 e–3x
 c1 e4x + c2 e–3x – y = 0
4x –3x
4c1 e – 3c2 e – y1 = 0
4x –3x
16c1 e + 9c2 e – y2 = 0
4x
 e e–3x –y
 4e4x –3e–3x –y1 = 0
 
 16e4x 9e–3x –y2
 1 1 – y
–3x 
4x
(e ) (e ) 4 –3 – y1 = 0
 
 16 9 – y2
Igniting Minds
x
e [1 (3y2 + 9y1) – 1 (– 4y2 + 16y1) – y (36 + 48)] = 0
x
e0 3y2 + 9y1 + 4y2 – 16y1 – 84y = 0
7y2 – 7y1 – 84y = 0
d2y dy
Divide by 7  dx2 – dx – 12 y = 0 is the required DE.
Problem : 24
dy
Solve : x4 dx + x3y – sec (xy) = 0 May 2017
Solution :
dy
Consider x4dx + x3 y – sec (xy) = 0
dy
Step 1 : x3x dx + y - sec xy = 0
 
Put xy = u
dy du
x dx + y = dx
du
Step 2 : DE becomes x3 dx - sec u = 0
du dx
sec u - x3 = 0

du dx
Step 3 :  sec u -  x3 = 0
 cos u du -  x-3 dx = 0
x-3 + 1
sin u - - 3 + 1 = c
1
sin u + 2x2 = c
1
Resubstitute for u. sin (xy) + 2x2 = c is the general solution.
Problem : 25
dy 1 + y2 + 3x2 y
Solve : dx = 1 – 2xy – x3 May 2017
Solution :
dy 1 + y2 + 3x2 y
Consider dx = 1 – 2xy – x3

Igniting Minds
(1 – 2xy – x3) dy = (1 + y2 + 3x2 y) dx

(1 + y2 + 3x2 y) dx – (1 – 2xy – x3) dy = 0
2 2
M = 1 + y + 3x y , N = – 1 + 2xy + x3
M N
= 2y + 3x2 , = 2y + 3x2
y x
DE is exact
∫
Solution is y constant M dx + ∫ (Those terms of N free from x) dy = c
∫ 2 2
y constant (1 + y + 3x y) dx + ∫ (–1) dy = c
3x3
x + xy2 + 3 y – y = c
x + xy2 + x3 y – y = c Ans.
Problem : 26
Solve : (1 + xy) y dx + (1 – xy) x dy = 0 Dec. 2017
Solution :
Consider (1 + xy) y dx + (1 – xy) x dy = 0
M = (1 + xy) y , N = (1 – xy) x
2
M = y + xy , N = x – x2 y
M N
= 1 + 2xy , = 1 – 2x y
y x
M N

y x
 DE is not exact
DE is of the form ; y f1 (xy) dx + x f2 (xy) dy = 0
1 1
 IF = Mx – Ny = (y + xy2) x – (x – x2 y) y
1
= xy + x2 y2 – xy + x2 y2
1
= 2x2 y2
1
Multiply given DE with IF = 2x2 y2
1 2 1 2
2x2 y2 (y + xy ) dx + 2x2 y2 (x – x y) dy = 0
 12 + 1  dx +  1 2 – 1  dy = 0
2x y 2x 2xy 2y

Igniting Minds
 DE is exact
∫
Solution is y constant M dx + ∫ (Those terms of N free from x) dy = c
∫  1 1 1
y constant 2x2 y + 2x dx + ∫ – 2y dy = c
1 dx 1 dx 1
2y ∫ x2 + 2 ∫ x – 2 log y = c
1  x–2 + 1  1 1
2y – 2 + 1 2+ log x – 2 log y = c
–1
xy + log x – log y = c Ans.
Problem : 27
dy x–y+3
Solve : dx = 2x – 2y + 5 Dec. 2017
Solution :
dy x–y+3
Consider dx = 2x – 2y + 5
This is non homogenous DE
a1 1 b1 1
a2 = 2 , b2 = 2
dy x–y+3
 dx = 2 (x – y) + 5
Put x–y = u
dy du
1 – dx = dx
dy 1 –du
dx = dx
du u+3
 DE becomes ; 1 – dx = 2u + 5
u+3 du
1 – 2u + 5 =
  dx
2u + 5 – u – 3 =
du
 2u + 5  dx
u+2 du
2u + 5 = dx
2u + 5
 u + 2 du = dx

Igniting Minds

2u + 5
∫  u + 2  du = ∫ dx
 
2 (u + 2) – 4 + 5
∫ du = x+c
 u+2 
u+2 du
2 ∫ u + 2 du + ∫ u + 2 = x+c
 
2u + log (u + 2) = x+c
Resubstitute for u
2 (x – y) + log (x – y + 2) = x+c
2x – 2y + log (x – y + 2) = x+c
x – 2y + log/ (x – y + 2) = c Ans.
Problem : 28
) dy
–1 y
Solve : (1 + y2) + (x – e-tan dx =0 Dec. 2017
Solution : Consider
) dy
–1 y
(1 + y2) + (x – e-tan dx = 0
(x – etan y) dy
–1
dx = – (1 + y2)
–1
dx x – etan y
 dy = – (1 + y2)
–1
dx x e-tan y
dy = – 1 + y2 + 1 + y2
–1
dx 1 e-tan y
dy + 1 + y2 x = 1 + y2
dx
This is a linear DE of the form dy + Px = Q
–1
1 etan y
where P = 1+y2 , Q=
1 + y2
dy –1y
IF = eP dy = e 1 + y2 = etan
Solution is x (IF) = ∫ (IF) Q dy + c
–1
tan–1y tan–1y e-tan y
xe = ∫e . 1 + y2 dy + c
–1y dy
xetan = ∫ 1 + y2 + c
–1y
xetan = tan–1 y + c Ans.
Igniting Minds

Igniting Minds

Igniting Minds


Igniting Minds
Unit – II
Chapter No. Chapter Name
2. Application of Differential
Equation of First Order
Engineering Mathematics II
Publisher : Gigatech Publishing

ISBN : 9788193505762 Author : Dr Daljit Kaur
House
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First Year Engineering

As per the new revised syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University

M.Sc (Maths) Ph.D. (Maths)

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Gigatech Publishing House

Dr. Daljeet Kaur.

First Edition : 2018

Copyright Gigatech Publishing House

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Unit - II : (09 Hrs.)

Unit – lll : (09 Hrs.)

Unit – IV : (09 Hrs.)

Unit - V : (09 Hrs.)

Unit - VI : (09 Hrs.)

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11.  sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

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24.  ex [f (x) + f (x)] dx = ex f (x)

29.  ff (x)

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=0, if f (x) is odd

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= 1 for all other values of m and n

= 0 if n = odd, m even or odd

 f (x) dx = 0 if f (x) = – f (2a – x)

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(3) Degree of a differential Equation.

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There are two arbitrary constants

Step 2: Differentiating w.r t. x

Step 3: Substitute value of B in (2)

Step 4: Substitute value of A and B in (1)

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Step 2: Differentiating with respect to x

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Step 2: Differentiating with respect to x

Step 2 : Differentiating w.r.t. x

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Step 2 : Differentiating with respect to x

Step 3: Consider equation (1), (2) and (3)

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Step 1: Differentiating with respect to x

Step 2 : Differentiating with respect to x.

Step 3: Consider equations (1), (2) and (3)

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Step 2 : Differentiating with respect to x.

Step 3 : Substitute the value of 2a in (1)