PNEUMATIC PRINTING MACHINE

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

DEGREE
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY

Under the guidance of ------------------------------------

2011-2012
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 CERTIFICATE

Register number: _________________________

This is to certify that the project report titled “PNEUMATIC

PRINTING MACHINE
” submitted by the following students for the award of the degree of
bachelor of engineering is record of bonafide work carried out by them.
Done by

Mr. / Ms_______________________________

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

DEGREE in Mechanical Engineering

During the Year – (2009-2010)

_________________ _______________
Head of Department Guide

Jalgaon –425001.
Date:

Submitted for the university examination held on ___________

_________________ ________________
Internal Examiner External Examiner
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 At this pleasing moment of having successfully completed our
project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the
management of our college and our beloved chairman
…………………………………………………, who provided all the
facilities to us.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal
………………………………………, for forwarding us to do our
project and offering adequate duration in completing our project.
We are also grateful to the Head of Department Prof.
…………………………………….., for her constructive suggestions
& encouragement during our project.
With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest & sincere
thanks to our guide
…………………………………………………….., Department of
Mechanical for her kind guidance & encouragement during this
project.
We also express our indebt thanks to our TEACHING and
NON TEACHING staffs of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT,……………………….(COLLEGE NAME).
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PNEUMATIC PRINTING MACHINE
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SYNOPSIS
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SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS

In the pneumatic coding unit, the printing operation is performed. Printing of

labels containing the details of manufacture and the price is the main application of
pneumatic coding unit has wide application in the manufacturing industries of all most all
consumer goods such as tea packs, biscuits, chocolates, surf, aerial powder packs etc.
Pneumatic coding unit can be used separately for printing labels or by making some
modifications the printing can be auto.

The press is the PNEUMATIC PRINTING MACHINE tool designed to emboss

by applying mechanical force or pressure. The metal is embossed to the desired
requirement. The presses are exclusively intended for mass production and they represent
the fastest and more efficient way to form a metal into a finished product. Press tools
operation can be simplified to a few simple operations involving a rubber tool with inking
facility .
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CONTENTS
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CONTENTS
 CHAPTER PARTICULAR PAGE No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SYNOPSIS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
3. PNEUMATIC CONTROL COMPONENTS
4. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
5. COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
6. WORKING PRINCIPLE
7. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
8. LIMITATIONS
9. LIST OF MATERIALS
10. COST ESTIMATION
11. CONCLUSION
12. DRAWINGS

BIBLIOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY

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 Chapter-1
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INTRODUCTION
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 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

The pneumatic system has gained a large amount of importance in last few
decades. This importance is due to its accuracy and cost. This convenience in operating
the pneumatic system has made us to design and fabricate this unit as our project. This
unit, as we hope that it can be operated easily with semi skilled operators.

The PNEUMATIC PRINTING MACHINE has an advantage of working in low

pressure, that is even a pressure of 6 bar is enough for operating the unit. The pressurized
air passing through the tubes to the cylinder, forces the piston out whose power through
the linkage is transmitted to the tool . The work piece thus got is for required dimensions
and collected through the provided in the printing pad tool .

The tool is used in this is fixed such that the material gets required shape can be
used according to the requirement. This enables us to use different type media fro
printing pad resulting in a wide range of products. Different types of printing pad tools
as requirement can be thus got. According to the work material the operating pressure
can be varied.

The designer should make the machine as reliable as reasonably possible to

minimize the maintenance requirement and allow for long intervals between routine
maintenance tasks. It is also important to design the machine and its control system so

that maintenance can be carried out safely.

For example, hold-to-run controls can be installed that allow a machine to be run

at a reduced speed, or removable tool holders can be used so that sharp blades can be

replaced on a workbench instead of in an difficult position inside a machine. In addition,

operators and maintenance technicians must be discouraged from bypassing safety

equipment.

Safety components are often designed to interrupt processes in the event of a fault

and will have an impact on machine availability. In order to minimize this effect - and the

temptation to interfere with the safety circuits - high-reliability safety components should

be specified so as to keep the number of nuisance faults at a minimum. Designing safety

into a new machine is important, but it has to be remembered that the vast majority of

machines do not remain unaltered, with unchanged operating procedures, for their entire

lifetime.

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Chapter-2
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CHAPTER

Literature Survey:

Printing press
Printing press from 1811, exhibited in Munich, Germany

Stanhope press from 1842

A printing press is a device for evenly printing ink onto a print medium (substrate)

such as paper or cloth. The device applies pressure to a print medium that rests on
an inked surface made of moveable type, thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for
texts, the invention and spread of the printing press are widely regarded as among the
most influential events in the second millennium [1] revolutionizing the way people
conceive and describe the world they live in, and ushering in the period of modernity.[2]

The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johannes

Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw presses. Gutenberg, a goldsmith by
profession, developed a complete printing system, which perfected the printing
process through all of its stages by adapting existing technologies to the printing
purposes, as well as making groundbreaking inventions of his own. His newly
devised hand mould made for the first time possible the precise and rapid creation of
metal movable type in large quantities, a key element in the profitability of the whole
printing enterprise.

The printing press displaced earlier methods of printing and led to the first assembly line-
style mass production of booksA single Renaissanceprinting press could produce 3,600
pages per workday,[4]compared to forty by typographic hand-printing and a few by hand-
copying.[5] Books of bestselling authors like Luther or Erasmus were sold by the
hundreds of thousands in their lifetime.

From a single point of origin, Mainz, Germany, printing spread within several decades

to over two hundred cities in a dozen European countries. [7] By 1500, printing presses
in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty
million volumes.[7] In the 16th century, with presses spreading further afield, their
output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies. [7] The operation of a
press became so synonymous with the enterprise of printing that it lent its name to an
entire new branch of media, the press.[8] As early as 1620, the English statesman and
philosopher Francis Bacon could write that typographical printing has "changed the
whole face and state of things throughout the world". [9]

From its beginnings, printing was practiced also as a true art form, setting a high
aesthetic and artistic standard, such as in the famous 42-line Bible. Today, incunables,
that is books printed before 1501, are among the most prized possessions of modern
libraries.

The unprecedented impact of Gutenberg-style printing on the long-term development

of modern European and then world history is difficult to capture in its entirety.
Attempts at analysing its manifold effects include the notion of a proper Printing
Revolution and the creation of the Gutenberg Galaxy. The ready availability and
affordability of the printed word to the general public boosted the democratization of
knowledge and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy.

In Renaissance Europe, the arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced

the era of mass communication which permanently altered the structure of society: The
relatively unrestricted circulation of information and (revolutionary) ideas transcended
borders, captured the masses in theReformation and threatened the power of political
and religious authorities; the sharp increase in literacy broke the monopoly of the
literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging middle class. Across
Europe, the increasing cultural self-awareness of its peoples led to the rise of proto-
nationalism, accelerated by the flowering of the European vernacular languages to the
detriment of Latin's status as lingua franca.[10]

In the 19th century, the replacement of the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press

by steam-powered rotary presses allowed printing on an industrialscale,[11] while Western-
style printing was adopted all over the world, becoming practically the sole medium
for modern bulk printing.

History
Further information:  History of printing

Woodcut print dated 1423 of St. Christopher from Buxheim on the Upper Rhine

Block printing first came to Christian Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where
it was common by 1300. Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite
large and elaborate, and when paper became relatively easily available, around 1400,
the medium transferred very quickly to small woodcutreligious images and playing
cards printed on paper. These prints were produced in very large numbers from about
1425 onward.

Around the mid-fifteenth-century, block-books, woodcut books with both text and

images, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to
manuscripts and books printed with movable type. These were all short heavily
illustrated works, the bestsellers of the day, repeated in many different block-book
versions: the Ars moriendi and the Biblia pauperum were the most common. There is still
some controversy among scholars as to whether their introduction preceded or, the
majority view, followed the introduction of movable type, with the range of estimated
dates being between about 1440 and 1460
Economic conditions and intellectual climate

See also:  History of capitalism and  Medieval university

Medieval university class (1350s)

The rapid economic and socio-cultural development of late medieval society in Europe
created favorable intellectual and technological conditions for Gutenberg's invention:
the entrepreneurial spirit of emerging capitalism increasingly made its impact on
medieval modes of production, fostering economic thinking and improving the
efficiency of traditional work-processes. The sharp rise of medieval learning and
literacy amongst the middle class led to an increased demand for books which the time-
consuming hand-copying method fell far short of accommodating. [13]

Technological factors

See also:  History of Western typography and  Medieval technology

At the same time, a number of medieval products and technological processes had
reached a level of maturity which allowed their potential use for printing purposes.
Gutenberg took up these far-flung strands, combined them into one complete and
functioning system, and perfected the printing process through all its stages by adding
a number of inventions and innovations of his own:
Early modern wine press. Suchscrew presses were applied in Europe to a wide range of uses and provided Gutenberg with the
model for his printing press.

The screw press which allowed direct pressure to be applied on flat-plane was already

of great antiquity in Gutenberg's time and was used for a wide range of tasks.
[14]
 Introduced in the 1st century AD by theRomans, it was commonly employed in
agricultural production for pressing wine grapes and (olive) oil fruit, both of which
formed an integral part of the mediterranean and medieval diet. [15] The device was also
used from very early on in urban contexts as a cloth press for printing patterns.
[16]
Gutenberg may have also been inspired by the paper presses which had spread
through the German lands since the late 14th century and which worked on the same
mechanical principles.[17]

Gutenberg adopted the basic design, thereby mechanizing the printing process.
[18]
 Printing, however, put a demand on the machine quite different from pressing.
Gutenberg adapted the construction so that the pressing power exerted by the platen on
the paper was now applied both evenly and with the required sudden elasticity. To
speed up the printing process, he introduced a movable undertable with a plane
surface on which the sheets could be swiftly changed. [19]
Movable type sorted in a letter caseand loaded in a composing stick on top

The concept of movable type was not entirely new in the 15th century; sporadic
evidence that thetypographical principle, the idea of creating a text by reusing individual
characters, was well understood and employed in pre-Gutenberg Europe had been
cropping up since the 12th century and possibly before. The known examples range
from Germany (Prüfening inscription) to England (letter tiles) to Italy.[20] However, the
various techniques employed (imprinting, punching and assembling individual letters)
did not have the refinement and efficiency needed to become widely accepted.

Gutenberg greatly improved the process by treating typesetting and printing as two

separate work steps. A goldsmith by profession, he created his type pieces from a lead-
based alloy which suited printing purposes so well that it is still used today. [21] The
mass production of metal letters was achieved by his key invention of a special hand
mould, the matrix.[22] The Latin alphabet proved to be an enormous advantage in the
process because, in contrast to logographic writing systems, it allowed the type-setter to
represent any text with a theoretical minimum of only around two dozen
different letters.[23]

Another factor conducive to printing arose from the book existing in the format of
the codex, which had originated in the Roman period.[24] Considered the most important
advance in the history of the book prior to printing itself, the codex had completely
replaced the ancient scroll at the onset of the Middle Ages (500 AD).[25] The codex
holds considerable practical advantages over the scroll format; it is more convenient
to read (by turning pages), is more compact, less costly, and, in particular, unlike the
scroll, both recto and verso could be used for writing − and printing.[26]

A paper codex of the acclaimed42-line Bible, Gutenberg's major work

A fourth development was the early success of medieval papermakers at

mechanizing paper manufacture. The introduction of water-powered paper mills, the
first certain evidence of which dates to 1282, [27] allowed for a massive expansion of
production and replaced the laborious handcraft characteristic of both Chinese [28] and
Muslim papermaking.[29] Papermaking centres began to multiply in the late 13th
century in Italy, reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling
further; papermaking centers reached Germany a century later. [30]
Despite this it appears that the final breakthrough of paper depended just as much on
the rapid spread of movable-type printing.[31] It is notable that codices of parchment,
which in terms of quality is superior to any other writing material, [32] still had a
substantial share in Gutenberg's edition of the 42-line Bible.[33] After much
experimentation, Gutenberg managed to overcome the difficulties which traditional
water-based inks caused by soaking the paper, and found the formula for an oil-based
ink suitable for high-quality printing with metal type. [34]

How a printing press works

This woodcut from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text-blocks. Such a
duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day, printing around 3,600 pages in the process. [4]

A printing press, in its classical form, is a standing mechanism, ranging from 5 to 7

feet long, 3 feet wide, and 7 feet tall. Type arranged into pages is placed in a frame to
make a forme, which itself is placed onto a flat stone or 'bed'. The type is inked, and
the paper is held between a frisket andtympan (two frames covered with paper or
parchment). These are folded down, so that the paper lies on the surface of the inked
type. The bed is rolled under the platen, using a windlass mechanism, and the
impression is made with a screw that transmits pressure through the platen. Then the
screw is reversed, the windlass turned again to move the bed back to its original
position, the tympan and frisket raised and opened, and the printed sheet removed.
Such presses were always worked by hand. After around 1800, iron presses were
developed, some of which could be operated by steam power.
Gutenberg's press
See also:  Letterpress printing

Johannes Gutenberg's work on the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he
partnered with Andreas Dritzehn—a man he had previously instructed in gem-cutting
—and Andreas Heilmann, owner of a paper mill. [35] However, it was not until a
1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg that an official record exists; witnesses' testimony
discussed Gutenberg's types, an inventory of metals (including lead), and his type
molds.[35]

Having previously worked as a professional goldsmith, Gutenberg made skillful use

of the knowledge of metals he had learned as a craftsman. He was the first to make
type from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, which was critical for producing durable
type that produced high-quality printed books and proved to be much better suited for
printing than all other known materials. To create these lead types, Gutenberg used
what is considered one of his most ingenious inventions, [35] a special matrix enabling
the quick and precise molding of new type blocks from a uniform template. His type
case is estimated to have contained around 290 separate letter boxes, most of which
were required for special characters, ligatures, punctuation marks, etc.[36]

Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil-based ink which was more

durable than the previously used water-based inks. As printing material he used both
paper and vellum (high-quality parchment).

In the Gutenberg Bible, Gutenberg made a trial of coloured printing for a few of the
page headings, present only in some copies. [37] A later work, the Mainz Psalter of 1453,
presumably designed by Gutenberg but published under the imprint of his
successors Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer, had elaborate red and blue printed initials. [38]

The Printing Revolution

The phenomenon of the Printing Revolution can be approached from a quantitative
perspective which has its focus on the printing output and the spread of the related
technology. It can also be analysed in terms of how the wide circulation of
information and ideas acted as an "agent of change" ( Eisenstein) in Europe and global
society in general.

Mass production and spread of printed books

See also:  Global spread of the printing press and  List of early modern newspapers
Spread of printing in the 15th century from Mainz, Germany

The European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries. [39]

The invention of mechanical movable type printing led to an explosion of printing

activities in Europe within only a few decades. From a single print shop in Mainz,
Germany, printing had spread to no less than around 270 cities in Central, Western
and Eastern Europe by the end of the 15th century. [40] As early as 1480, there were
printers active in 110 different places in Germany, Italy, France, Spain, the
Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, England, Bohemia and Poland.[7] From that time
on, it is assumed that "the printed book was in universal use in Europe". [7]

In Italy, a center of early printing, print shops had been established in 77 cities and
towns by 1500. At the end of the following century, 151 locations in Italy had seen at
one time printing activities, with a total of nearly three thousand printers known to be
active. Despite this proliferation, printing centres soon emerged; thus, one third of the
Italian printers published in Venice.[41]

By 1500, the printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already
produced more than twenty million copies. [7] In the following century, their output
rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies. [7]
European printing presses of around 1600 were capable of producing 3,600
impressions per workday.[4] By comparison, movable type printing in the Far East,
which did not know presses and was solely done by manually rubbing the back of the
paper to the page,[42] did not exceed an output of forty pages per day. [5]

The vast printing capacities meant that individual authors could now become
true bestsellers: Of Erasmus's work, at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime
alone (1469–1536).[43] In the early days of the Reformation, the revolutionary potential
of bulk printing took princes and papacy alike by surprise. In the period from 1518 to
1524, the publication of books in Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold; between
1518 and 1520, Luther's tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies. [44]

The rapidity of typographical text production, as well as the sharp fall in unit costs,
led to the issuing of the first newspapers (see Relation) which opened up an entirely new
field for conveying up-to-date information to the public. [45]

A lasting legacy are the prized incunable, surviving pre-16th century print works which
are collected by many of the most prestigious libraries in Europe and North America.
[46]

Circulation of information and ideas

See also:  The Gutenberg Galaxy

"Modern Book Printing" sculpture, commemorating its inventor Gutenberg on the occasion of the2006 World Cup in Germany

The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community

of scientists who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment
of widely disseminated scholarly journals, helping to bring on the scientific revolution.
[citation needed]
 Because of the printing press,authorship became more meaningful and
profitable. It was suddenly important who had said or written what, and what the
precise formulation and time of composition was. This allowed the exact citing of
references, producing the rule, "One Author, one work (title), one piece of
information" (Giesecke, 1989; 325). Before, the author was less important, since a
copy of Aristotle made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna.
For many works prior to the printing press, the name of the author has been entirely
lost.[citation needed]

Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same
pages, page numbering, tables of contents, and indices became common, though they
previously had not been unknown.[citation needed] The process of reading also changed,
gradually moving over several centuries from oral readings to silent, private reading.
[citation needed]
 The wider availability of printed materials also led to a drastic rise in the
adult literacy rate throughout Europe. [citation needed]

The printing press was an important step towards the democratization of knowledge.[47]

[48]
 Within fifty or sixty years of the invention of the printing press, the entire classical
canon had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe (Eisenstein,
1969; 52). Now that more people had access to knowledge both new and old, more
people could discuss these works. Furthermore, now that book production was a more
commercial enterprise, the first copyright laws[citation needed] were passed to protect what we
now would call intellectual property rights[citation needed]. On the other hand, the printing
press was criticized for allowing the dissemination of information which may have
been incorrect.[49][50]

A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as

the language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of
each area, increasing the variety of published works. The printed word also helped to
unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars, in effect
'decreasing' their variability. This rise in importance of national languages as opposed
to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe.

Book printing as art form

For years, book printing was considered a true art form. Typesetting, or the placement
of the characters on the page, including the use of ligatures, was passed down from
master to apprentice. In Germany, the art of typesetting was termed the "black art," in
allusion to the ink-covered printers. It has largely been replaced by computer
typesetting programs, which make it easy to get similar results more quickly and with
less physical labor. Some practitioners continue to print books the way Gutenberg did.
For example, there is a yearly convention of traditional book printers in Mainz,
Germany.

Some theorists, such as McLuhan, Eisenstein, Kittler, and Giesecke, see an "alphabetic

monopoly" as having developed from printing, removing the role of the image from
society. Other authors stress that printed works themselves are a visual medium.
Certainly, modern developments in printing have revitalized the role of illustrations.

Industrial printing presses

Koenig's 1814 steam-powered printing press

At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, the mechanics of the hand-operated

Gutenberg-style press were still essentially unchanged, although new materials in its
construction, amongst other innovations, had gradually improved its printing
efficiency. By 1800, Lord Stanhope had built a press completely from cast iron which
reduced the force required by 90%, while doubling the size of the printed area. [51] With
a capacity of 480 pages per hour, it doubled the output of the old style press.
[52]
 Nonetheless, the limitations inherent to the traditional method of printing became
obvious.

Two ideas altered the design of the printing press radically: First, the use of steam
power for running the machinery, and second the replacement of the printing flatbed
with the rotary motion of cylinders. Both elements were for the first time successfully
implemented by the German printerFriedrich Koenig in a series of press designs devised
between 1802 and 1818.[53] Having moved to London in 1804, Koenig soon met
Thomas Bensley and secured financial support for his project in 1807. [51] Patented in
1810, Koenig had designed a steam press "much like a hand press connected to a
steam engine."[51] The first production trial of this model occurred in April 1811. He
produced his machine with assistance from German engineer Andreas Friedrich Bauer.

Koenig and Bauer sold two of their first models to The Times in London in 1814,
capable of 1,100 impressions per hour. The first edition so printed was on November
28, 1814. They went on to perfect the early model so that it could print on both sides
of a sheet at once. This began the long process of making newspapersavailable to a
mass audience (which in turn helped spread literacy), and from the 1820s changed the
nature of book production, forcing a greater standardization in titles and other metadata.
Their company Koenig & Bauer AG is still one of the world's largest manufacturers of
printing presses today.

The steam powered rotary printing press, invented in 1843 in the United States by Richard

M. Hoe,[54] allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day. Mass production of
printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper, as continuous feed
allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace.

Also, in the middle of the 19th century, there was a separate development of jobbing
presses, small presses capable of printing small-format pieces such as billheads,
letterheads, business cards, and envelopes. Jobbing presses were capable of quick set-
up (average setup time for a small job was under 15 minutes) and quick production
(even on treadle-powered jobbing presses it was considered normal to get 1,000
impressions per hour [iph] with one pressman, with speeds of 1,500 iph often attained
on simple envelope work).[citation needed] Job printing emerged as a reasonably cost-
effective duplicating solution for commerce at this time.

By the late 1930s or early 1940s, printing presses had increased substantially in
efficiency: a model by Platen Printing Press was capable of performing 2,500 to 3,000
impressions per hour.[citation needed]

Hoe's 6-cylinder rotary printing press (1864)

The Miehle P.P. & Mfg. Co. 1905

 
 

A late 1930's Platen printing press model

PNEUMATICS

The word ‘pneuma’ comes from Greek and means

breather wind. The word pneumatics is the study of
air movement and its phenomena is derived from the
word pneuma. Today pneumatics is mainly
understood to means the application of air as a
working medium in industry especially the driving
and controlling of machines and equipment.
Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying out the

simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more important role in the

development of pneumatic technology for automation.

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air which must be made

available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. When

the pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the

necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.

 The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using

reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain

pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and the

volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure

and normal ambient temperature.

The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert Boyle in 1962 and

that found that the product of pressure and volume of a particular quantity of gas.

The usual written as

PV = C (or) PıVı = P2V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is about 14.7

Psi and is of courage capable of maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high

in an ordinary barometer. Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly

used system now a days.

SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS

Mechanization is broadly defined as the

replacement of manual effort by mechanical power.
Pneumatic is an attractive medium for low cost
mechanization particularly for sequential (or)
repetitive operations. Many factories and plants
already have a compressed air system, which is
capable of providing the power (or) energy
requirements and the control system (although equally
pneumatic control systems may be economic and can
be advantageously applied to other forms of power).

The main advantage of an all pneumatic system are usually economic and

simplicity the latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It can also have out standing

advantages in terms of safety.

PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air, which must be made

available. In sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. When

pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the

necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.

 The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using

reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain

pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and the

volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure

and normal ambient temperature.

Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which decides the life of a

compressor. Warm and moist suction air will result in increased precipitation of condense

from the compressed air. Compressor may be classified in two general types.

1. Positive displacement compressor.

2. Turbo compressor

Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for compressed

air plant and have proved highly successful and supply air for pneumatic control

application.
 The types of positive compressor

1. Reciprocating type compressor

2. Rotary type compressor

Turbo compressors are employed where large capacity of air required at low

discharge pressures. They cannot attain pressure necessary for pneumatic control

application unless built in multistage designs and are seldom encountered in pneumatic

service.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Built for either stationary (or) portable service the

reciprocating compressor is by far the most common
type. Reciprocating compressors lap be had is sizes
from the smallest capacities to deliver more than 500
m³/min. In single stage compressor, the air pressure
may be of 6 bar machines discharge of pressure is up
to 15 bars. Discharge pressure in the range of 250 bars
can be obtained with high pressure reciprocating
compressors that of three & four stages.
Single stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable for pneumatic

applications , with preference going to the two stage design as soon as the discharge
pressure exceeds 6 bar , because it in capable of matching the performance of single stage

machine at lower costs per driving powers in the range .

COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

PNEUMATIC CONTROL COMPONENT

Pneumatic cylinder

An air cylinder is an operative device in which the

state input energy of compressed air i.e. pneumatic
power is converted in to mechanical output power, by
reducing the pressure of the air to that of the
atmosphere.

Single acting cylinder

Single acting cylinder is only capable of performing an operating medium

in only one direction. Single acting cylinders equipped with one inlet for the operating air

pressure, can be production in several fundamentally different designs.

Single cylinders develop power in one direction only. Therefore no heavy

control equipment should be attached to them, which requires to be moved on the piston

return stoke single action cylinder requires only about half the air volume consumed by a

double acting for one operating cycle.

 Double acting cylinders :

A double acting cylinder is employed in

control systems with the full pneumatic cushioning
and it is essential when the cylinder itself is required to
retard heavy messes. This can only be done at the end
positions of the piston stock. In all intermediate
position a separate externally mounted cushioning
derive most be provided with the damping feature.

The normal escape of air is out off by a cushioning

piston before the end of the stock is required. As a
result the sit in the cushioning chamber is again
compressed since it cannot escape but slowly
according to the setting made on reverses. The air
freely enters the cylinder and the piston stokes in the
other direction at full force and velocity.

VALVES

a) 5/2 Double Acting Solenoid Valve

The directional valve is one of the important parts

of a pneumatic system. Commonly known as DCV,
this valve is used to control the direction of air flow in
the pneumatic system. The directional valve does this
by changing the position of its internal movable parts.

This valve was selected for speedy operation and

to reduce the manual effort and also for the
modification of the machine into automatic machine
by means of using a solenoid valve.

A solenoid is an electrical device that converts

electrical energy into straight line motion and force.
These are also used to operate a mechanical operation
which in turn operates the valve mechanism.
Solenoids may be push type or pull type. The push
type solenoid is one in which the plunger is pushed
when the solenoid is energized electrically. The pull
type solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled
when the solenoid is energized. The name of the parts
of the solenoid should be learned so that they can be
recognized when called upon to make repairs, to do
service work or to install them.
 Working of 5/2 Solenoid Valve

The solenoid valve has 5 openings. This ensure

easy exhausting of 5/2 valve. The spool of the 5/2 valve
slide inside the main bore according to spool position;
the ports get connected and disconnected. The
working principle is as follows.

Position-1

When the spool is actuated towards outer direction

port ‘P’ gets connected to ‘B’ and ‘S’ remains closed
while ‘A’ gets connected to ‘R’

Poisition-2

When the spool is pushed in the inner direction

port ‘P’ and ‘A’ gets connected to each other and ‘B’
to ‘S’ while port ‘R’ remains closed.

Parts of Solenoid Valve

1. Coil

The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The

layers of wire are separated by insulating layer. The
entire solenoid coil is covered with an varnish that is
not affected by solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often
fluids.
 Coils are rated in various voltages such as 115
volts AC, 230 volts AC, 460 volts AC, 575 Volts AC, 6
Volts DC, 12 Volts DC, 24 Volts DC, 115 Volts DC &
230 Volts DC. They are designed for such frequencies
as 50 Hz to 60 Hz.

2. Frame

The solenoid frame serves several purposes. Since

it is made of laminated sheets, it is magnetized when
the current passes through the coil. The magnetized
coil attracts the metal plunger to move. The frame has
provisions for attaching the mounting. They are
usually bolted or welded to the frame. The frame has
provisions for receivers, the plunger. The wear strips
are mounted to the solenoid frame, and are made of
materials such as metal or impregnated less fiber cloth.

3. Solenoid Plunger

The Solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of

the solenoid. The plunger is made of steel laminations
which are riveted together under high pressure, so that
there will be no movement of the lamination with
 respect to one another. At the top of the plunger a pin
hole is placed for making a connection to some device.
The solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force in
one direction and is usually returned by spring action.

Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with

cover over either the solenoid or the entire valve. This
protects the solenoid from dirt and other foreign
matter, and protects the actuator. In many
applications it is necessary to use explosion proof
solenoids.
Flow control valve:

In any fluid power circuit, flow control valve is used to control the speed of

the actuator. The floe control can be achieved. By varying the area of flow through which

the air in passing.

When area is increased, more quantity of air will be sent to actuator as a

result its speed will increase. If the quantity of air entering into the actuator is reduced, the

speed of the actuator is reduced.

01 00 00 / *01
Article Number
 Yes
Single Cycle
Multiple Printing Optional
Yes
Continuous Operation
Cycle Counter No
Yes
Variable Speed Control
Ink Cup/ Doctoring Cup (ø in mm) 60
up to 1,400
Cycles/hr
Cliché Size (mm) 70 x 140
55
Print image Diameter (max ø in mm)
Tampon Stroke onto work piece (mm) 20 - 80
20 - 50
Tampon Stroke onto cliché (mm)
Tampon Installation height (max mm) 66
450
Printing Pressure (N)
Drive Pneumatic
Pneumatic Sequential Control
Control
Air consumption/cycle (NL) 1.3
6
Pneumatic Supply (bar)
Depth (mm) 270 / *342
602 / *610
Width (mm)
Height (mm) 482
38
Weight (kg)
Pneumatic Pad Printing Machines Share: 
We offer a wide range of pneumatic pad printing machine like pad printing machine SIC 60, pad
printing machine SIC 90 and pad printing machine SIC 130.
Pad Printing Machine SIC 60

We offer Pad Printing Machine SIC 60.

Technical Data Sheet:

Article Number 01 00 00 / *01

Single Cycle Yes
Multiple Printing Optional
Continuous Operation Yes
Cycle Counter No
Variable Speed Control Yes
Ink Cup/ Doctoring Cup (ø in 60
mm)
Cycles/hr up to 1,400
 
Cliché Size (mm) 70 x 140
Print image Diameter (max ø 55
in mm)
Tampon Stroke onto work 20 - 80
piece
 (mm)
Tampon Stroke onto cliché 20 - 50
(mm)
Tampon Installation height 66
(max mm)
Printing Pressure (N) 450
Drive Pneumatic
Control Pneumatic
Sequential Control
Air consumption/cycle (NL) 1.3
Pneumatic Supply (bar) 6
Depth (mm) 270 / *342
Width (mm) 602 / *610
Height (mm) 482
Weight (kg) 38

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air, which must be made

available in sufficient quantity end at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. When a
pneumatic system is being adopted for the time, however it wills indeed the necessary to

deal with the question of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is the compressor. A

compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas or vapours at any certain pressure and

delivers the air at a high pressure.

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and the

volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions, namely at atmosphere pressure and

normal ambient temperature.

Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which decides the life of the

compressors. Warm and moist air will result in Compressors may be classified into two

types, namely

1. Positive displacement compressors

2. Turbo compressors.

Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for compressed

air plants and have proved highly successful to supply air for pneumatic control

application.
 The types of positive Compressors are,

a. Reciprocating type compressors

b. Rotary type compressors.

Turbo compressors are employed where large capacity of air is required at low

discharge pressures. They cannot attain pressure necessary for pneumatic control

applications unless built in multi stage designs are seldom encounted in pneumatic service.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

Built for either stationary or portable service, the reciprocating compressor is by far

the most common type. Reciprocating compressors can be had in sizes from the smallest

capacities to deliver more than 500cu.m/min. in single stage compressor; the air pressure

may be of 6 bars and in exceptional cases up to 10 bars, two stage machines discharge of

pressure is up to 15 bars. Discharge pressure in the range of 250 bars can be obtained with

high pressure reciprocating compressors that of these and four stages.

 Single stage and two stage models are particularly suitable for pneumatic

application with reference going to the two stage design as soon as the discharge pressure

exceeds 6 bars, because it is capable of matching the performance of a single stage

machine at lower costs per driving power in the range.

PRESS TOOLS

Die is the lower part of the press tool and the printing pad tool is upper part of the

press tool. These both together are called as press tools. Press tools are used to do

various operations.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A PRESS

Every press has got certain basic units. They are bed frame, sliding ram, drive for

the ram and power source.

Base or bed is the lower part of the press frame. A thick plate called bolster plate is

placed on the top of the bed. A die is fitted on the top of the bolster plate. The driving

mechanism is mounted on the frame. The frame has got guide ways for the sliding

movement of the ram. The driving mechanism is connected to the ram. The printing pad

tool is fitted at the bottom of the ram. The die and printing pad tool are correctly aligned.
The work piece is in the form of sheet metal. It is fed over the die. When the ram comes

down, the printing pad tool presses the sheet metal. The required operation is carried out.

As said earlier the force from the press is used to do a particular operation. This is

done by two main parts die and printing pad tool.

LETTER PROFILE :

Profile is the upper part of the press tool. It is attached to the lower end of the ram

of the press. It slides with the press ram during the operation and is forced in the cavity.

The tool must be in perfect alignment for proper operation. Materials used for

printing pad tool and die,

1. High speed steel/ceramic rubber type for soft material

2. Starlit or cemented carbide.

PRESS ACCESSORIES:

The various accessories along with the printing pad tool and die are

1. Stop

2. Pilot

3. Stripper

4. Knock out
 5. Pressure pad

SPECIFICATION AND CAPACITY OF PRESS:

1. Capacity

2. Maximum stroke length of the ram

3. Die space

4. Type of drive

5. Type of frame

6. Number of slides

7. Weight and floor area.

TYPES OF PRESSES:

1. According to the type of press

a) Hand press

b) Power Press

2. According to type of frame

a) OBI

b) Adjustable
 c) Horn

d) Straight side

e) Pillar

3. According to the driving mechanism

a) Crank and connecting rod

b) Eccentric

c) Knuckle joint

d) Toggle drive

e) Screw

f) Rack and Pinion

g) Hydraulic

4. According to the number of slides

a) Single acting

b) Double acting

c) Triple acting
 Also the press tool consisting of die and printing pad tool are differentiated for the

various operations to be done on it.

a. Shearing dies - for blanking, cutting, printing pad tooling, slitting

b. Drawing dies - for drawing purpose

c. Bending dies - for bending operations

d. Squeezing die - for coining, printing pad and flattening operations

e. Printing pad tooling die - for printing pad tool the work materials.

But based on the construction of die they are classified further as,

1. Simple die:

Simple die can perform only one operation at each stroke of the ram. It consists

of one printing pad tool and one die.

2. Compound die:

A compound die can perform two or more operations in stroke of the press at a

single station.

3. Combination die:

These die can perform two dissimilar simulations operations at the same

workstation.
 4. Progressive die:

Progressive dies can perform two or more press operations one after another

every time the ram moves down.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

Mechanical advantage can be defined as the ratio or the load lifted to the power or

the effort applied in the system to overcome the load successfully.

This is applied by using lever,

Mechanical Advantage = w/p = load/effort.

ANGULAR CLEARANCE

This is defined as the clearance below the straight portion of die surface introduced

for the purpose of enabling the blank or the slug (piercing operation) to clear the die.

Angular clearance is usually ground from ¼ degree to 4 degree per side depending mainly

on stock thickness and the frequency of sharpening.

LEVERS
 A lever is a rigid rod or bar capable of turning about a fixed point called fulcrum.

Lever is used as a machine to apply or lift a load with less effort. The force applied by the

lever may be parallel or inclined to one another.

PRINCIPLE OF LEVERS

The points A and B through which the load and effort is applied are known as load

and effort point respectively. F is the fulcrum about which the lever is capable of turning.

The perpendicular distance between the load point and the fulcrum is known as the load

arm. The perpendicular distance between the effort point and the fulcrum is called as

effort arm.

L2 L1

FULCRUM

P W
 Taking moments about the fulcrum points,

W * L1 = P * L2

The ratio of effort arm to parallel arm L2/L1 is called as leverage.

The displacement of effort to the displacement of load is called as the Displacement

Ratio. To obtain great leverage compound levers may be used. In a compound lever, the

leverage is the product of leverages of various levers.

TYPES OF LEVER

a) First type lever

The fulcrum is in between the load and the effort arm. Effort arm is greater than

load arm. Mechanical advantage is more than one.

b) Second type lever

 The load is in between the fulcrum and the effort. The effort arm is more than load

arm. So mechanical advantage is more than one.

c) Third type lever

The effort arm is in between the fulcrum and the effort arm. The effort is less than

load arm. Mechanical advantages are less than one.

MECHANICAL SYSTEM

In this mechanical system, the mechanical operations are used for the movement of

the printing pad tool or die. The drive for the movements of the printing pad tool is

obtained by various mechanical systems. The various types of mechanical systems used

for driving the printing pad tool are,

1. Crank and connecting rod drive

2. Eccentric drive

3. Knuckle joint drive

4. Cam drive

5. Toggle lever drive

6. Screw drive

7. Rack and pinion drive

 1. Crank and connecting rod drive:

This is the simplest and most common method of drive. Here, the crank shaft is

driven by a motor. The ram is connected to the crank by a connecting rod. So when the

crank shaft rotates the ram reciprocates. This type of drive used to get long stroke lengths

of ram.

2. Eccentric drive:

An eccentric is made integral with the driving shaft. One end of the connecting rod

has housing. This fits on the eccentric. The other end of the connecting rod is connected

to the ram. The driving shaft rotates with the eccentric. So the ram reciprocates. This

type drive is used for shorter stroke lengths or ram.

3. Knuckle joint drive:

The knuckle joint drive has two knuckle levers and one connecting lever. One end

of the upper knuckle lever is pivoted to the crown of the machine. One end of the lower

lever is connected to the ram. A pin joints the other end of the knuckle levers and one end

of the connecting levers. The other end of the connecting lever is connected to the crank
of the crank shafts. When the crank shaft rotates, the ram reciprocates. Heavy loads can

be applied in the press.

4. Cam drive:

In this press the driving shaft has a cam. The upper part of the connecting rod has

housing. The housing fits over the cam. The other end of the connecting rod is connected

to the ram. When the driving shaft rotates, the cam actuates the ram to reciprocate. This

gives shorter stroke length of the ram.

5. Toggle lever drive:

In this drive the two toggle levers. These levers are pivoted at their center to the

machine frame. The bottom of the toggle levers are connected to the ram through small

links. The upper part of the toggle lever and one end of the connecting lever are jointed

together by pin. The other end of the connecting lever is fitted to the crank. The crank is

rotated by the driving shaft. When the crank rotates due to the toggle levers the ram

actuated to move up and down. This drive gives a shorter length of the ram.

6. Screw drive:

Here the ram is loosely connected to a screw. The screw passes through a

stationary nut. The top end of the screw is connected to a flywheel. The periphery of the
flywheel is in contact with a friction disc. When the friction disc rotates the screw also

rotates. The screw moves down and so the ram also moves down. The ram does not

rotate. The ram reaches the bottom of the stroke, the friction disc reverses and the ram

moves up. This screw drive is used for longer stroke length. The movement of ram is

uniform in this drive.

7. Rack and Pinion drive:

In this drive, the ram is connected to a long rack. The rack is in mesh with a

pinion. The pinion rotates about a fixed axis. When the pinion is rotated, the rack moves

down the ram. At the end of the stroke, the pinion reverses. So, the ram moves up. Rack

and pinion drive is used when a long stroke length is required.

HYDRAULIC DRIVE:

This type of drive is a power operated drive. In this system the drive is obtained

with the use of pressurized oil. This system consists of a hydraulic cylinder, piston, piston

rod, direction control valve, pressure control valves, motor, pipelines and accessories.

The hydraulic cylinder may be a single acting cylinder or double acting cylinder.

The piston rod is connected to the piston. The piston along with the piston rod moves
inside the cylinder to the rod. The suitable valves and other accessories are connected

with the cylinder with the use of pipes. The pump sends the pressurized oil into the

cylinder. When the high pressure oil is pumped through the top side of the cylinder the

ram moves down thereby moving the ram down thereby moving the ram downwards. At

the end of the stroke, the oil is pumped through the bottom side of the piston. The ram

moves up.

The hydraulic drive is used when a very high pressure is required on the ram.

Hydraulic drive gives a noiseless and smooth operation. The pressure is applied

uniformly and can be varied. It moves at uniform speed. It is used where more force is

required on the ram.

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

The pneumatic system has a number of units for its operation. It has those parts for

the smooth operation and for better efficiency. The units that contribute this smooth

operation are a filter, lubricator, regulator and valves, etc..,.

AIR FILTERS

In pneumatic system filters are to remove all foreign matters and moisture from the

compressed air. Filters allow clean and dry air to flow to the system. The degree of

filtration depends upon the size of the particles that are to be removed. The size of the
particles varies from 5 min in the circuit point immediately after tapping from the main

tank.

Air filters are classified based on,

1. Degree Filtration

2. Filter Element

3. Construction

REGULATORS

Pressure regulators are reducing valves assigned the duty of maintaining a largely

constant operating pressure regardless of fluctuations in air main pressure and air

consumption rate. The main function of pressure regulator is to maintain a constant

pressure irrespective of the fluctuations in supply the compressed air. It is provided in the

supply base from the tank to the system.

The most common type pressure regulators are diaphragm type. Regulator type

and piston type regulator. Outlet pressure is controlled in the regulator. The gauge

connected to the downstream indicates outlet pressure, namely the operating pressure

available. There are two different types pressure regulator being used.
 1) Vented

2) Non-vented

LUBRICATOR

A lubricator is required to ensure an adequate supply of lubricant to the pneumatic

system. the oil injected to the stream should be dispersed sufficient fine vapor to make

sure that it will not be precipitated at the first lubricant points are reduction to flow area is

an extensive pneumatic system. Air passing through the lubricator produces a pressure

difference due to the different areas, thus causing air to be entrained out of the reservoir in

the unit and to be atomized as it enters the stream of the air. The lubricator only starts

working when the air flow reaches a certain rate, below which the velocity across the

nozzle is too low to draw oil into the stream.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PNEUMATIC CONTROL
COMPONENTS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-3
 PNEUMATIC CONTROL COMPONENTS

SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS:

Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual effort by

mechanical power. Pneumatics is an attractive medium for low cost mechanization

particularly for sequential or repetitive operations. Many factories and plants already have

a compressed air system, which is capable of providing both the power or energy

requirements and the control system (although equally pneumatic control systems may be

economic and can be advantageously applied to other forms of power).

The main advantages of an all-pneumatic system are usually economy and

simplicity, the latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It can also have out standing

advantages in terms of safety.

The pneumatic bearing press consists of the following components to fulfill

the requirements of complete operation of the machine.

i. Pneumatic cylinder

ii. Solenoid valve

iii. Flow control value

 iv. Connectors and

v. Hoses

vi. Control Circuit

1. CYLINDER:

The cylinder is a double acting cylinder one, which means that the air pressure

operates alternatively (forward and backward). The air from the compressor is passed

through the regulator which controls the pressure to required amount by adjusting its

knob. A pressure gauge is attached to the regulator for showing the line pressure.

Then the compressed air is passed through the directional control valve for

supplying the air alternatively to either sides of the cylinder. Two hoses take the output of

the directional control valve and they are attached to two ends of the cylinder by means of

connectors. One of the outputs from the directional control valve is taken to the flow

control valve from taken to the cylinder.

Pneumatic cylinder

An air cylinder is an operative device in which the state input energy of

compressed air i.e. pneumatic power is converted in to mechanical output power, by

reducing the pressure of the air to that of the atmosphere.

 TYPES:

1. Single stage single acting cylinder

2. Double stage double acting cylinder

a) Single acting cylinder

Single acting cylinder is only capable of performing an operating medium in

only one direction. Single acting cylinders equipped with one inlet for the operating air

pressure, can be production in several fundamentally different designs.

Single cylinders develop power in one direction only. Therefore no heavy

control equipment should be attached to them, which requires to be moved on the piston

return stoke single action cylinder requires only about half the air volume consumed by a

double acting for one operating cycle.

B) Double acting cylinders :

A double acting cylinder is employed in control systems with the full

pneumatic cushioning and it is essential when the cylinder itself is required to retard heavy

messes. This can only be done at the end positions of the piston stock. In all intermediate

position a separate externally mounted cushioning derive most be provided with the

damping feature.
 The normal escape of air is out off by a cushioning piston before the end of the stock

is required. As a result the sit in the cushioning chamber is again compressed since it

cannot escape but slowly according to the setting made on reverses. The air freely enters

the cylinder and the piston stokes in the other direction at full force and velocity.

CYLINDER TECHNICAL DATA:

Barrel:

It is made of cold drawn aluminimum honed to 25mm.

Piston Rod:

M.S. hard Chrome plated

Seals:

Nitrile (Buna – N) Elastomer

End Covers:

Cast iron graded fine grained from 25mm to 300mm

Piston:

Aluminium.
Media:

Air.

Temperature Range:

0^c to 85^c

Cushions:

Adjustable standard - 400mm bore and above.

2. SOLINOID CONTROL VALVE:

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES:

Directional control valves control the way the air passes and used for controlling

the commencement, termination and direction of air flow.

Depending on the number of paths the air is allowed to take, directional valves are

termed as two way, three way, and four way or multi way valves. The different number of

ways by means the number of controlled connections of the valve, inlet connections to the
compressed air supply. The Outlet connection is given to the air consumer and exhaust

connection is given to the atmosphere.

TYPES:

1. 3/2 Directional control valve

2. 4/2 Directional control valve

3. 4/3 Directional control valve

4. 5/2 Directional control valve

5. 5/3 Directional control valve

SOLENOID VALVE:

In our project electrically actuated solenoid operated 5/2 DC valves are used.

Solenoid is another name for an electromagnet. Direction control valves are very

often actuated by electromagnets. An electromagnet is a temporary magnet. A magnetic

force is developed in an electromagnet when electrical current passes through it and force

drops down as soon as it is de energized.

This electromagnet is commonly termed as solenoid. The proper working of a

solenoid operated valve depends on the reliability of the electromagnets.

It ensures

 Quick and sure action

 Long life.

 Easy maintenance.

 Less wastage of energy.

INTRODUCTION:

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic system.

Commonly known as DCV, this valve is used to control the direction of air flow in the

pneumatic system. The directional valve does this by changing the position of its internal

movable parts.

This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the manual effort and

also for the modification of the machine into automatic machine by means of using a

solenoid valve.
 A solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into straight line

motion and force. These are also used to operate a mechanical operation which in turn

operates the valve mechanism. Solenoids may be push type or pull type. The push type

solenoid is one in which the plunger is pushed when the solenoid is energized electrically.

The pull type solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled when the solenoid is

energized.

The name of the parts of the solenoid should be learned so that they can be

recognized when called upon to make repairs, to do service work or to install them.

Parts of a Solenoid Valve

4. Coil

The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are separated by

insulating layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with a varnish that is not affected by

solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often fluids. Coils are rated in various voltages such as

115 volts AC, 230 volts AC, 460 volts AC, 575 Volts AC, 6 Volts DC, 12 Volts DC, 24

Volts DC, 115 Volts DC & 230 Volts DC. They are designed for such frequencies as 50

Hz to 60 Hz.

5. Frame
 The solenoid frame serves several purposes. Since it is made of laminated sheets,

it is magnetized when the current passes through the coil. The magnetized coil attracts the

metal plunger to move. The frame has provisions for attaching the mounting. They are

usually bolted or welded to the frame. The frame has provisions for receivers, the

plunger. The wear strips are mounted to the solenoid frame, and are made of materials

such as metal or impregnated less fiber cloth.

6. Solenoid Plunger

The Solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The plunger is

made of steel laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so that there will

be no movement of the lamination with respect to one another. At the top of the plunger a

pin hole is placed for making a connection to some device. The solenoid plunger is

moved by a magnetic force in one direction and is usually returned by spring action.

Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover over either the solenoid

or the entire valve. This protects the solenoid from dirt and other foreign matter, and

protects the actuator. In many applications it is necessary to use explosion proof

solenoids.
4.5.2. Working of Solenoid Valve

The solenoid valve has 5 openings. This ensure easy exhausting of 5/2 valve. The

spool of the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore according to spool position; the ports get

connected and disconnected. The working principle is as follows.

Position-1

When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port ‘P’ gets connected to ‘B’

and ‘S’ remains closed while ‘A’ gets connected to ‘R’

Poisition-2

When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port ‘P’ and ‘A’ gets connected to

each other and ‘B’ to ‘S’ while port ‘R’ remains closed.

3. FLOW CONTROL VALVE:

In any fluid power circuit, flow control is used to control the speed of the actuator.

The area of flow through which the air is passing can achieve the flow control. When the

area is increased more quantity of air will be sent to the actuator as a result its speed will

increase of the quantity or air entering into the actuator is reduced, the speed of the

actuator is reduced.
 (a) Technical Data:

Size : ¼”

Pressure : 0 to 10 kg / cm2

Media : Air

(b) Purpose:

This valve is used to speed up the piston movement and also it acts as an one – way

restriction valve which means that the air can pass through only one way and it can’t

return back.

By using this valve the time consumption is reduced because of the faster

movement of the piston.

4. CONNECTIORS:

In our pneumatic system there are two types of connectors used; one is the hose

connector and the other is the reducer.

Hose connectors normally comprise an adapter (connector) hose nipple and cap

nut. These types of connectors are made up of brass or Aluminium or hardened steel.
 Reducers are used to provide inter connection between two pipes or hoses of

different sizes. They may be fitted straight, tee, “V” or other configurations. These

reducers are made up of gunmetal or other materials like hardened steel etc.

Need for pneumatic power

Pneumatic system use pressurized gases to transmit and control power, as the

name implies, pneumatic systems typically use air as fluid medium, because air is a safe,

low cost and readily available fluid. It is particularly safe environments where an

electrical spark could ignite leaks from the system components. There are several reasons

for considering the use of pneumatic system instead of hydraulic system, Liquid exhibit

greater inertia than gases. Therefore, in hydraulic system the weight of the oil is a

potential problem.
CHAPTER

ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT:-

Here the 555 IC has been used as a multi vibrator. The output of IC 555 is fed to

the input pin (pin no 14) of CD 4017 continues counting. The output of the IC becomes

available at pin Nos. 3, 2 and 4. The output pulse of any one of output pin triggers (Puts

ON) the Triac and current starts flowing across the load connected. This process

continues on other pins at different time intervals and the cycle continues. The frequency

interval (Time) of the cycle can be adjusted by the pre-set look connected to pin 6 of 555

Timer IC.

4A-230V X 3
47K

L1
TRIAC X 3
4 8 16 1N4007 X 3
3 L2
7 IC 4017
555 2
10K 6 3 14
L3
2 1 4
13 8

100µF 1N4007 X 4
 1N4007
1000µF

230/9V

230V A/C I/P

IC 555 TIMER

The IC SE / NE 555 monolithic circuit is a highly stable controller capable of

producing accurate time delays or oscillations. Additional terminals are provided for

triggering or resetting if desired.

In the timing operations, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor

and a capacitor, by the operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty

cycle are both accurately contributed with the external RC constants.

PIN DIAGRAM:
GROUND SUPPLY (Vcc)
1 8

TRIGGER DISCHARGE
2 7
IC
OUTPUT THERSOLD
NE 555
3 6
RESET CONTROL
4 5
 PIN NO: 1
It is ground terminal.

PIN NO: 2

The trigger voltage to

the lower comparator is

applied. It has constant

voltage that is atleast one

third of the supply voltage,

when trigger voltage falls

below this level the flip-

flop changes its state and

output becomes high.

PIN NO: 3

It is the output terminal, in low state output is equal to zero and when at higher state

output is equal to Vcc.

PIN NO: 4

It controls the flip flop directly. It turns the device to its original position when reset

pin is connected to ground the output is approximately equal to zero. When reset is not

used it is connected to Vcc.

PIN NO: 5

It is the control voltage terminal. It is connected to ground through a capacitor of 0.01

μF. Any external voltage at pin: 5 will change both the threshold voltage and the trigger

voltage reference level.

PIN NO: 6

Threshold voltage of upper comparator is applied from this terminal. The resistor Rt

connected to Vcc and pin: 6 is grounded by an external capacitor. The output is high

capacitor charges by resistor Rt. When the capacitor changes to the threshold level, the

output becomes low.

PIN NO: 7

It is the discharge pin for external capacitor. Usually pin: 7 is connected with pin: 6

directly to by a resistor. When the output becomes low then the external capacitor

discharges by internal discharge transistor remains at cut-off and the external capacitor

charges to Vcc.

PIN NO: 8

It is the positive supply terminal. A dc voltage from +5 to + 15 can be applied.

The important features of IC555 can be summarized as follows.

1. Timing range from microseconds to hours.

2. Mono-stable and Astable operation is possible through IC555.

3. The duty cycle can be adjusted according to our necessity.

4. It has the ability to operate from a wide range of supply Voltage.

IC 555 SPECIFICATION

Supply Voltage (Vcc) = 4.5 to 15V

Supply Current (Vcc=5V/2) = 3 to 6mA

Supply Current (Vcc=25V/2) = 10 to 15mA

Output Current = 200mA (maximum)

Power dissipation = 600mw

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DESIGN CALCULATIONS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-4

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

WORKING PRESSURE: 8 bar to 10 bars

 Operating Force = Pressure x Cylinder area

F = (8 x 100) x (3.14/4) (D * D)

Where,

D is the diameter of the cylinder in mm.

Operating force = 6 x 9.81 x 10⁴ x 0.785 x 0.057 x 0.057

OPERATING FORCE = 1501.96 N

YIELD STRESS OF THE WORK MATERIAL FROM DATA BOOK FOR

ASTHETIC FIBRE = 40 N/mm²

Cutting Force= Yield stress x Shearing area

Yield stress = Fy

Shearing area= (3.14 x d x t)

Factor of safety is to be decided based upon the operating force and cutting force.

PRINTING PAD FORCE REQUIRED FOR THE WORK MATERIAL

FORCE FOR ASTHETIC FIBRE = 40 x 117.74 = 1256 N

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

W x L1 = P x L2
 W/p = MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE = L2 / L1 = LEVERAGE

L2 / L1 is 2:1

Hence applied force is doubled due to the leverage. Operating force is greater than

cutting force, hence the design is safe and the material is cut.

DESIGN OF PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

Force to be exerted is 40N

Force = pressurearea

Pressure in the cylinder = 0.4 x105 N/m2

Area of the piston, (πd2)/4 = Force/pressure

= 40/ 40000

= 0.001m2

Bore diameter = 0.0356m = 35.6 mm

From Janatics pneumatic products catalogue we have selected 40mm bore diameter

cylinder

For forward stroke

 For 40mm bore diameter

Corresponding rod diameter = 16mm

Area of the piston = (πd2)/4

= (πx402)/4

= 1256.8mm2

Force (modified) to be exerted = pressure area

= 0.4 x105 x1256.8

= 50N

For return stroke

On the return stroke, when the pressure is applied to the reverse direction, the force

on the piston due to the pressure is = P (A-a)

Where,

P = Pressure in the cylinder (N/m2)

A = Area of the piston (m2)

a = Cross sectional area of the piston rod ( m 2)

Therefore

Area of the piston (A-a) = {(π d2)/4}-{(π d12)/4}

 = {(π 402)/4}-{π (162)/4}

= 1256.6-201

= 1055mm2

Force to be converted

On the reverse direction = pressurearea

= 0.4 1051055

= 42.2 N

For working pressure of 0.4105 N/m2

Extending force = 50.3 N

Retracting force = 42.2 N

PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

Design of Piston rod:

Load due to air Pressure.

Diameter of the Piston (d) = 40 mm

Pressure acting (p) = 6 kgf/cm²

Material used for rod = C 45

 Yield stress (σy) = 36 kgf/mm²

Assuming factor of safety = 2

Force acting on the rod (P) = Pressure x Area

= p x (Πd² / 4)

= 6 x {( Π x 4² ) / 4 }

P = 73.36 Kgf

Design Stress(σy) = σy / F0 S

= 36 / 2 = 18 Kgf/mm²

= P / (Π d² / 4 )

∴d = √ 4 p / Π [ σy ]

= √ 4 x 75.36 / {Π x 18}

= √ 5.33 = 2.3 mm

∴ Minimum diameter of rod required for the load = 2.3 mm

We assume diameter of the rod = 15 mm

Design of cylinder thickness:

 Material used = Cast iron

Assuming internal diameter of the cylinder = 40 mm

Ultimate tensile stress = 250 N/mm² = 2500 gf/mm²

Working Stress = Ultimate tensile stress / factor of safety

Assuming factor of safety = 4

Working stress ( ft ) = 2500 / 4 = 625 Kgf/cm²

According to ‘LAMES EQUATION’

Minimum thickness of cylinder ( t ) = ri {√ (ft + p) / (ft – p ) -1 }

Where,

ri = inner radius of cylinder in cm.

ft = Working stress (Kgf/cm²)

p = Working pressure in Kgf/cm²

∴ Substituting values we get,

t = 2.0 { √ (625 + 6) / ( 625 – 6) -1}

t = 0.019 cm = 0.19 mm
We assume thickness of cylinder = 2.5 mm

Inner diameter of barrel = 40 mm

Outer diameter of barrel = 40 + 2t

= 40 + ( 2 x 2.5 ) = 45 mm

Design of Piston rod:

Diameter of Piston Rod:

Force of piston Rod (P) = Pressure x area = p x Π/4 (d²)

= 6 x (Π / 4) x (4)²

= 73.36 Kgf

Also, force on piston rod (P) = (Π/4) (dp)² x ft

P = (Π/4) x (dp)² x 625

73.36 = (Π/4) x (dp)² x 625

∴ dp² = 73.36 x (4/Π) x (1/625)

 = 0.15

dp = 0.38 cm = 3.8 mm

By standardizing dp = 15 mm

Length of piston rod:

Approach stroke = 160 mm

Length of threads = 2 x 20 = 40mm

Extra length due to front cover = 12 mm

Extra length of accommodate head = 20 mm

Total length of the piston rod = 160 + 40 + 12 + 20

= 232 mm

By standardizing, length of the piston rod = 230 mm

SPECIFICATION

Double acting pneumatic cylinder

Technical Data

Stroke length : Cylinder stoker length 160 mm = 0.16 m

Quantity : 1

Seals : Nitride (Buna-N) Elastomer

 End cones : Cast iron

Piston : EN – 8

Media : Air

Temperature : 0-80 º C

Pressure Range : 8 N/m²

Single acting pneumatic cylinder

Technical Data

Stroke length : Cylinder stoker length 80 mm = 0.08 m

Quantity : 2

Seals : Nitride (Buna-N) Elastomer

End cones : Cast iron

Piston : EN – 8

Media : Air

Temperature : 0-80 º C

Pressure Range : 8 N/m²

2. Solenoid Valve

Technical data

Max pressure range : 0-10 x 10 ⁵ N/m²

Quantity : 3
3. Flow control Valve

Technical Data

Port size : 0.635 x 10 ֿ² m

Pressure : 0-8 x 10 ⁵ N/m²

Media : Air

Quantity : 1

4. Connectors

Technical data

Max working pressure : 10 x 10 ⁵ N/m²

Temperature : 0-100 º C

Fluid media : Air

Material : Brass

5. Hoses

Technical date

Max pressure : 10 x 10 ⁵ N/m²

Outer diameter : 6 mm = 6 x 10 ˉ ³m
 Inner diameter : 3.5 mm = 3.5 x 10 ˉ ³m

END PLATES:

The end plates are turned in a lathe and the holes are drilled as per the specified

dimension in a drilling machine. Surface grinding is done on the plates.

WASHER AND BUSH:

The washer and bush are turned and bored in a lathe as per the dimensions. The

bore of the washer is finished by grinding.

TOP AND BOTTOM COVER:

In top cover, the operations turning, drilling, boring taper turning, recessing,

threading are done and is machined to the required size as per dimensions in the drawing.
 In bottom cover the operations, turning, recessing, boring, threading and taper

turning are done and machined to the required size.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 CHAPTER-5

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

CONSTRUCTION

CYLINDER:

An (pneumatic) air cylinder is an operative device in which the state input energy

of compressed air; (i.e.) pneumatic power is converted into mechanical output power, by

reducing the pressure of the air to that of the atmosphere. The bore of the cylinder has

very smooth finishing reduces friction and losses. There are to angle plates welded to the

cylinder as fitting means.

DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER:

A double acting cylinder is employed in a control system with a full pneumatic

cushioning and it is essential when the cylinders itself is required heavy masses. The

normal escape of air is out by ‘cushioning piston’.

PISTON:

Piston is the reciprocating member of this system. It transmits the force developed

to the piston rod. It is operated according to the pressure developed inside the cylinder.

The piston has ring frictionless movement. They avoid leakage at the piston side; they

also avoid wearing of the piston.

PISTON ROD:

Piston rod can also be called as ram of the pressing machine. It reciprocates

according to the piston. The force transmitted by the piston to the ram (piston rod) is

obtained at the working head of it.

PLAT FORM:

The whole apparatus unit is setup upon a platform for easy movement and

arrangement of various parts. The unit is combined on the platform, which is easy to

transport the unit from place to place.

 This also provides a rigid base for the unit which helps in taking heavy cutting

operation. The platform is rigidly bolted to the bench. It is so designed that it can take

up the entire load of machine and the force setup by the printing pad tool over the work.

It is made to resist vibration and take up high compressive load.

PRINTING PAD TOLL :

Printing pad tools are known as ‘press tools’. Material is the lower part of press

tool. It is clamped on the bolster plate of the press. It remains stationary during the

operation. .

Tool is the member, which strip down and may pierce it or draw it. It takes

assistance of to do this. It should be made of a hard, wear resistant metal and finally

ground to a predetermined size providing just optimum clearance between material and

tool

Letters is also made of a hard ware resistant metal and is finish ground to pre-determined

size and tolerance. In size it is made as small as possible consistent with the required

strength. It is a good fit and is nicely bedded in the slot, which accommodates it.
SOLENOID VALVE

Direction control valves control the way the air passes and used for controlling the

commencements, termination and direction of air flow. Depending on the number of

paths the air is allowed to pass, directional valves termed two way, three way, and four

way or multi way valves. The different number of rays by means the number of

controlled connection of the valve. Inlet connection to the compressed air supplies outlet

connections to the air consumer and exhaust connection to the atmosphere.

The solenoid valve is used to control the air flow direction. This is the direction

control valve in our project.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

WORKING PRINCIPLE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-6

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The pneumatic Printing Press can be widely used in low cost automation in

manufacturing industries. Printing speed is high. The manpower requirement is reduced

also reducing the machining time.

Compressed air from a compressor is used to press the work by means of the

piston and piston rod, cylinder through a solenoid valve. The high pressurized air

striking against the piston tends to push it upwards. This force is transmitted to a printing

pad tool by means of a valve by its mechanical advantage. The printing pad tool forced

downward pierces the work material. This is the main principle of the unit.

WORKING

Atmospheric air is stored in the compressor cylinder under required pressure

of 2 to 2.5 bars. The 5/2 solenoid valve is connected to the cylinder. The control timing
unit is activate/deactivate the solenoid valve so that the piston can be moved up and
down. The piston is screwed to the sliding block in which steno pad is fixed. The link is
made connected with the sliding block and side plate. Ink tray is attached with the link.
During the upward motion of the piston, the ink tray applies the ink on the aluminum
steno pad with the help of links.

During the downward motion of the piston, the links along with the ink tray
moves outward so that the steno pad makes the required impression. Since the
atmospheric pressure is 1.013 bars, the compressor and regulator will work above 1.5 – 2
bars. Also we require some minimum optimum pressure, so that the ink from the pad
should not spray and stick to the goods pack and cover due to high pressure. Considering
all the above mentioned factors into the account, we tried and succeed at the pressure of 2
bars to 2.5 bars.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

SWITCH CONTROL UNIT

RELLAY

MACHINE
POWER SUPPLY

PRINTING
MACHINE

The printing pad tool is guided by a printing tool guide who is fixed such that the

printing pad tool is clearly guided to them on material . The materials are in between the

printing pad and material. So as the printing pad comes down the materials are sheared

to the required profile of the printing pad and the blank is moved downwards with the

clearance. When the piston is at the extreme point of the stock length, the exhaust valve

is opened and the air is exhausted through it and the pressurized air come in at the top of
the piston and it pushes the piston downwards. Now the piston reaches the bottom point

of the required stroke length.

Now the material is fed and the next stroke of the piston is made ready. When the

material is correctly positioned then the switch button is again actuated and the actuated

and the process repeat itself.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-7

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES

When compared to the treadle in offset numbering, pneumatic

Numbering machine is
(a) Quite simple
(b) Compact
(c) High speed
Since air is stored in the compressor, work can be continuously done
even if the power supply is failed.
Movement of piston is free because lubrication is done during every
stroke.
Easy maintenance.
Less skilled operator is sufficient.
Noise of operation is reduced.
APPLICATIONS
 In the pneumatic coding unit, the printing operation is performed. Printing of

labels containing the details of manufacture and the price is the main application of

pneumatic coding pneumatic coding unit has wide application in the manufacturing

industries of all most all consumer goods such as tea packs, biscuits, chocolates, surf,

aerial powder packs etc.

Pneumatic coding unit can be used separately for printing labels or by making
some modifications the printing can be auto

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LIMITATIONS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-8

LIMITATIONS

LIMITATIONS

It cannot work without compressed air.

The pressure of air should be kept constant.
Chance of leakage of air is more.
FRL unit should be frequently observed.
Operator should not operate the press beyond the specific working
pressure.
Ink should be filled frequently and the rubber stamp pad should be
replaced.
Heat due to friction will be developed during the sliding movement of
sliding block.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-9
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LIST OF MATERIALS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-9

LIST OF MATERIALS
 Sl. No. PART NAME MATERIAL Quantity
01. Pneumatic Double Acting Cylinder Aluminium 1
02. Solenoid Valve Aluminium 1
03. Flow Control Valve Aluminium 1
04. Printing pad tool (Model) RUBBER 1
05. Bottom base Plate M.S. 1
06. Electronic timing control unit Electronic 1
07. Switch unit Electronic 1
08. Frame Stand M.S. 1
09. Hose Collar and Hose Connector Brass 6
10. PU tube Polyurethene 3 Meter

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-10
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COST ESTIMATION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-10

COST ESTIMATION
 1. MATERIAL COST:

Sl. No. PART NAME MATERIAL Quantity Amount (Rs)

01. Pneumatic Double Acting Cylinder Aluminium 1 3200
02. Solenoid Valve Aluminium 1 2400
03. Flow Control Valve Aluminium 1 250
04. Printing pad tool (Model) RUBBER 1 650
05. Bottom base Plate M.S. 1 350
06. Electronic timing control unit Electronic 1 1150
07. Switch unit Electronic 1 400
08. Frame Stand M.S. 1 1800
09. Hose Collar and Hose Connector Brass 6 250
10. PU tube Polyurethene 3 Meter 440
TOTAL =

2. LABOUR COST:

LATHE, DRILLING, WELDING, GRINDING, POWER HACKSAW, GAS CUTTING:

Cost =

3. OVERHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by “Manufacturing cost”

 Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost + Labour cost
=
=

Overhead Charges = 20% of the manufacturing cost

=

TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost + Labour cost + Overhead Charges

=
=

Total cost for this project =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-11
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONCLUSION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-11

CONCLUSION
 The printing Machine has been successfully completed with fullest satisfaction.

We are optimistic based on the revolution, the machine is going to make in the pressing

field. This project may be further developed into a unit with an automatic printing pad

machine system.

After completing this we have learnt that.

“TEAM WORK WITH GOOD GUIDANCE NEVER FAILS”

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-12
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DRAWINGS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BIBLIOGRAPHY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY  R.B. GUPTA

 MANUFACTURING PROCESS  R.B. GUPTA,

B.K. GUPTA

 PNEUMATIC CONTROL  WERNER DEPPEST,

KUST STOLL

 A TEXT BOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN  R.S. KHURMI

 PRESS WORKING  SHECKLOS,

S.ELANGER

 PSG DESIGN DATA  PSG MECH. DEPT.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHOTOGRAPHY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHOTOGRAPHY