Speech Function, Politeness, Cross Cultural Communication
Speech Function, Politeness, Cross Cultural Communication
2.To Convey an
1. A Means of 3. To Establish
Information
Communicating Social
About the
Information Relationship
Speaker
1. Why do we select one way rather than another
another to convey message ?
Ex. : Mr.Tom, John, Bob, ferry.
Which one is appropriate ? >>>>>> the factor is
politeness.
2. How politeness influence the choice between different
address forms?
• The social dimension which determine what is
considered Polite in different situation & diff.
communities
• A matter of selecting linguistic forms considered as
Being polite
In our society, language function known as a key means of
communication. Speech function is ways in communication to
deliver someone’s ideas to make listeners understand the ideas.
Phatic Directive
Languange
Function
Phoetic Referential
Meta
Linguistic
s
Six Functions of Speech ( Linguistic form of Language)
a. Expressive funct : express feeling : I’m very well
b. directive F : to get someone to do something : sweep the floor!
c. Referential F : provide information
d. Meta linguistic F : Comment on the lang itself. (definition)
e. Poetic F : aesthetic features of the language itself :Poem
f. Phatic F : Solidarity & emphaty : Hi, how are you?
Lovely day, isn’t it ?
They are the very fundamental among others since they derive from 3
components of interactions :
• a. Expressive (the speaker)
• b. Directive (addressee)
• c. Referential ( the message)
•
There six ways of categorizing the functions of
speech
1) Expressive function:
to express personal feelings, thoughts, ideas and opinions,
with different choice words, intonation, etc.
For example : I’m very well.
2) Directive function: an attempt to get someone to do something.
For example : sweep the floor!
3) Referential function: to provide information.
For example, Water boils at 100 degrees
4)Metalinguistic function:
to give comment on language itself.
For example, I is a personal pronoun, nouns can be mass or count.
5)Poetic function:
focus on aesthetic features of language.
For example, a poem, motto like an apple a day keeps the doctor
away
6)Phatic function:
to express solidarity and empathy.
For example, Hi, how are you, good morning.
DIRECTIVE
Directives are concerned with getting people to do things. The
speech acts which express directive force vary in strength.
There are three ways of expressing directive, namely:
2) Negative Politeness
1) Positive Politeness: Positive politeness is solidarity oriented. A shift to
a more informal style is considered as expression of positive
politeness.
For example:
When the boss suggests that a subordinate should use first
name (FN) to her, this is a positive politeness move, expressing
solidarity and minimizing status differences.
For example:
in Javanese there are some words used to show respect and
politeness to others.
Like aku, kula, dalem, kowe, sampeyan, dheweke, panjenenganipun
KINSHIP TERMS
Kinship terms are words used in a speech community to identify
relationships between individuals in a family (or a kinship unit). it
refers to the culturally defined relationships between individuals who
are commonly thought of as having family ties.
For example:
the husband can address his wife in different ways. He may
use: Jeng, Ibu, or Bu. The address term Jeng may be followed
by a nickname. The husband of this family usually addresses
his wife with Jeng Buh or Jeng Weny when wants to express
affection.
Another example:
Y : “bapak sudah makan?”
Y in here act as a daughter in a family, where the
addressing of bapak here show an example of a
kinship terms
INTRODUCTION
GLOBALIZATION
INTERACTION
INTER-CULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
➜ Phone rings. The technologist who is expected to answer the phone isn’t there; Ky is, and he
answers.
➜ Ky (the Vietnamese): “Lab, Ky speaking.”
➜ Dr. Smith (boss): “How’s everything going?”
➜ Ky: (not recognizing voice) “Oh, pretty good.”
➜ Dr. Smith: “This is Dr. Smith.”
➜ Ky: “Sir! Yes, sir!”
➜ Dr. Smith (gives Ky his phone number and asks to have Jim, the medical technologist, call
him when he gets back to the lab).
➜ Conversation ends.
The points:
1. What’s marked in one culture is unmarked elsewhere
2. Major themes in discussing inter-cultural
communication:
a. Do cultures favor individualism or
collectivism?
b. Do they expect messages to be indirect or
direct?
c. Do they expect relationships to be based
on hierarchy or equality?
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DIVIDING UP SOCIETIES
Individualistic
Collective Cultures Cultures
Belonging to groups, and Individuals and their
cooperation in shared striving for self-
activities within the group. realization and
achievements.
“showing you belong to
and respect your own “speak their minds”
group”
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DIVIDING UP SOCIETIES
➜ Equality and Personal ➜ The importance ➜ Judging what others
Freedom in-groups say/ don’t say
Collective: not everyone Collective : they Collective to
in group is perceived as choose to associate Individualistic : pushy
equal (Arab, African, with. and egotistical
Asian). Individualistic : Individualistic to
Individualistic : admired based on person’s Collective : least reserved
who act as individuals behavior in expressing opinions or
(Australia, Great Britain, ideas
Belgium, Canada).
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Most of the information being The words and phrases that the
conveyed rests in the context speaker produces contain the
of the interaction. main message.
Interpret what others say as an Pay attention to the literal
expression of the context; message in the words and
that is, they find meaning in phrases the speaker uses, but go
factors external to the speaker. on to base any interpretations
of the speaker’s “real” meaning
on his or her personality.
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Deconstructing low- and high-context societies
Samovar and Porter (1991) argue that the interpretations of messages that
we develop are based on three sets of constructs.
➜ Beliefs, values, attitude systems.
➜ World view.
➜ Social organization.
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The Faces of Politeness
❑ Positive Face
❑ Negative Face
❑ Direct/Explicit Request
❑ Non-Conventionalized indirect request
❑ Conventionally indirect request
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Power Differentials are Verbalized
Power distance defines “the extent to which the less powerful members
of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that
power is distributed unequally”
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THANK YOU
QUESTIONs