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Cotter Joint

Cotter joints connect rods and are subjected to axial forces. They are typically made of mild steel via forging. The joint includes a rod, spigot, collar, sleeve, and cotter pin. Design considerations include rod diameter and load calculation, spigot and cotter dimensions based on crushing strength, collar bearing and shear stresses, sleeve axial stress and crushing strength, and shear stresses at rod and socket ends. Carbon steel is commonly used due to its formability, weldability, toughness, and low cost, though it has lower strength than alloy steels. Material testing evaluates properties like strength, hardness, and defects to ensure safe use.

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Borse Raj
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61 views5 pages

Cotter Joint

Cotter joints connect rods and are subjected to axial forces. They are typically made of mild steel via forging. The joint includes a rod, spigot, collar, sleeve, and cotter pin. Design considerations include rod diameter and load calculation, spigot and cotter dimensions based on crushing strength, collar bearing and shear stresses, sleeve axial stress and crushing strength, and shear stresses at rod and socket ends. Carbon steel is commonly used due to its formability, weldability, toughness, and low cost, though it has lower strength than alloy steels. Material testing evaluates properties like strength, hardness, and defects to ensure safe use.

Uploaded by

Borse Raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cotter joint:-

FUNCTION‐
A cotter joint is used to connect one end of a rod with a socket type of end and the other end of
the rod is inserted to a socket.

The end of the rod which goes into a socket is also called Spigot.

APPLICATIONS‐
1. Joints between the piston rod and the cross need of the steam engine.
2. Joints between the side spindle and the fork of the valve mechanism.
3. Joint between the piston rod and the tail or pump foundation bolts.

ASSUMPTIONS‐
1. The rods are subjected to axial tensile force the effect of steels concentration due to shaft is
neglected.

1.process:-

● Mainly cotter joint is manufacture by using deformation process.

● A metal is either hot or cold, is plastically deform into desired shape. Forging, rolling,
extrusion, press working are the examples of deformation process.

● All parts of cotter joint are manufactured by forging process

● In forging metal is in the plastic stage, rather than in the molten stage is force to flow in
the desired shape.

● Further cotter joint is manufactured by cold forging.

● Why forging process is used:-

● The fiber lines of forged components can be arranged in a predetermined way to suit the
direction of external forces that will act on the component when in service.

● Therefore forged components have inherent strength andthey are ideally suitable for
applications like connecting rod and crank shafts.

● Forged components can be provided with thin section without reducing the strength. This
results in light weight construction.
● Forging the cotter as a separate part provides greater flexibility in the selection of forging
techniques and also provides a smaller part for the machining and boring operation.

2. Design:-

NOTATION‐

F= Axial load carried by the rod


d=Diameter of the rod
d1= diameter of spigot
d2=diameter of collar
d3=outside diameter of sleeve
d4=diameter of sleeve or socket
a= width at rod end
b= width of collar
c= width of socket end
e=Thickness of collar
t= thickness of cotter
σ=allowable shear stress
σc= allowable crushing stress

PROCEDURE:
STEP 1: Design of rodsFor the rods under axial load,
Axial stress in the rods
σ= 4F/πd²

STEP 2: Design of the spigot and the Cotter


a.) Crushing strength of the cotter
F=d1tσc

b.) Axial stress across the slot of the rod


σ= 4F/π(d1)² - 4d1t

STEP 3: Design of the cotter-


Strength of the cotter in double shear
F = 2btτ

STEP 4: Design of the collar


a.) Bearing stress in the collar,
σc= 4F/π{(d2)²‐(4d1)²}
b.) Shear stress in the collar
τ=F/πd1e

STEP 5: Design of the sleeve


a.) Axial stress across the slot of the sleeve
σ= 4F/π[(d3)²‐(d1)²]‐4t(d3‐d1)

b.) Crushing strength of the socket


F = (d4‐d1)t x σc

STEP 6: Design of the rod end


a.) Shear stress at the rod end due to double shear
τ= F/ 2ad1

STEP 7: Design of the socket end


Shear stress at the socket end, τ= F/2c(d4‐d1)

3.Material:-

● The cotter is usually made of mild steel or wrought iron. A cotter joint is a temporary
fastening and is used to connect rigidly two co-axial rods or bars which are subjected to
axial tensile or compressive forces.

● Plain carbon steel is used mostly for manufacturing cotter joint.


Reasons :-
1.Mechanical properties:-

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES METRIC


Hardness, Vickers 170
Tensile Strength, Ultimate 540 MPa
Tensile Strength, Yield 415 MPa
Elongation at Break 10%

2.Properties
A. good formability and weldability, low strength, low cost.

B. good toughness and ductility, relatively good strength, may be hardened by quenching

C. high strength, hardness and wear resistance, moderate ductility.

4.Environment:-
● Carbon steel is extremely strong and shock resistant.
● Green -Carbon steel is easy to recycle compared to many other materials, making it
environmentally friendly.
● Economical -For many uses, such as piping, carbon steel can be made very thin
compared to other metals.
● This makes it very cost effective.

5.Testing

Material testing for plain carbon steel:-:-

There are various techniques to test the material:-

1.MATERIAL STRENGTH TEST: YIELD, TENSILE AND ELONGATION:-


● One of the most common and important tests conducted on steel material is a
mechanical properties test that evaluates the material's yield point, tensile strength and
elongation percentage.

● The test ultimately indicates the maximum load the material can bear before failure.

2 ULTRASONIC TESTING FOR DEFECTS:-


● Laminations can occur during the manufacturing of steel. Ultrasonic testing (UT) uses
high-frequency soundwaves to detect laminations in the body of steel material. UT is a
nondestructive test that is performed on the steel material itself (not a coupon).

● UT is highly accurate, with accuracies between +/-0.025 mm and +/-0.001 mm.


Ultrasonic testing gives engineers important information regarding their material,
ensuring safe and proper future use

3.BRINELL HARDNESS TEST:-


● While strength is the amount of force material can withstand before deforming or failing
and toughness is the ability to resist fracturing under force, hardness is the ability to
withstand friction and abrasion.

These are some of the techniques used for testing the various parameters of plain carbon steel.

Limitations:-
● It has low tensile strength as compared to alloy steel (discussed later)
● It is not deep hardenable.
● It has low corrosion resistance.
● It has poor impact resistance at low temperatures
These are some of the limitations of plain carbon steel but, does not affect much .

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