TOPIC 6 – PLANE FIGURES

Plane Geometry is division of geometry concerned about

flat shapes, two-dimensional surface, size, relative
position of figures and their properties like lines, circles
and triangles … shapes that can be drawn on a piece of
paper.

Point, Line, Plane and Solid

A  Point  has no dimensions, only position
A  Line  is one-dimensional
A  Plane  is two dimensional (2D)
A  Solid  is three-dimensional (3D)

A.1 Triangles
  A triangle has three sides and three angles 
  The three angles always add to 180°

Equilateral, Isosceles and Scalene

There are three special names given to triangles that tell how many sides (or angles) are equal.

There can be 3, 2 or no equal sides/angles:

Equilateral Triangle

Three equal sides 
Three equal angles, always 60°

Isosceles Triangle

Two equal sides 
Two equal angles

Scalene Triangle

No equal sides 
No equal angles

Acute Triangle

All angles are less than 90°

MATH 125 – Solid Geometry ENGR. RODGE URSUA TOPIKO 1 Page 1 of 15

 Right Triangle

Has a right angle (90°)

Obtuse Triangle

Has an angle more than 90°

Right Isosceles Triangle

Has a right angle (90°), and also two equal angles

Can you guess what the equal angles are?

Perimeter
The perimeter is the distance around the edge of the triangle: just add up the three sides, P = a + b + c.

Area

The area is half of the base times height.

 "b" is the distance along the base

 "h" is the height or altitude (measured at right angles to the base)

Area = ½ × b × h

 
 

When the base = c and the height = (a sin B): When the base = c and the height = (b sin A):

When side b is used as a base, the height would equal (a sin C):

Solving for Area of Oblique Triangles by Heron’s Formula

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 A = √ s ( s−a)(s−b)( s−c ) where s is semi – perimeter S = (a + b + c) / 2
a, b, c are sides of the triangle

A.2 Quadrilaterals
Quadrilateral just means "four sides".

Properties
 Four sides (edges)
 Four vertices (corners)
 The interior angles add up to 360 degrees:

A = ( s−a )( s−b ) ( s−c ) ( s−d )−abcd cos2 ϴ

√
where s is semi – perimeter S = (a + b + c) / 2
a, b, c & d are sides of the quadrilateral, ϴ = (<A +<C) /2, ϴ = (<B +<D) /2

A = ½ d1 d2 sin ϴ , ϴ = included angle in degrees

The Rectangle
A  rectangle  is a four-sided shape where every angle is a  right angle  (90°).
Also opposite sides are  parallel  and of equal length.

Area of a Rectangle

The Area is the width times the height:

 
Area = w × h

Perimeter of a Rectangle
The Perimeter is the distance around the edges.
The Perimeter is 2 times the (width + height):
 
Perimeter = 2(w+h)
Diagonals of a Rectangle
  A rectangle has two diagonals, they are equal in length and intersect in the middle.

The Diagonal is the square root of (width squared + height squared):

 
Diagonal "d" = √(w2 + h2)
The Rhombus
A  rhombus  is a four-sided shape where all sides have equal
length. The opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are
equal. Another interesting thing is that the diagonals (dashed
lines in second figure) meet in the middle at a right angle. In
other words they "bisect" (cut in half) each other at right
q
angles. It is sometimes called a rhomb or a diamond.
p
Area of a Rhombus
 the altitude times the side length:
Area = altitude × s

 the side length squared (s2) times the sine of angle A (or angle B):
Area = s2 sin(A)
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 Area = s2 sin(B)

 by multiplying the lengths of the diagonals and then dividing by 2:

Area = (p × q)/2
Perimeter of a Rhombus
The Perimeter is the distance around the edges, P = 4 s.

The Square
A  square  has equal sides and every angle is a right angle (90°)
Also opposite sides are parallel. A square also fits the definition of
a rectangle (all angles are 90°), and a rhombus (all sides are equal length).

Area of a Square
The Area is the side length squared:
 
Area = a2 = a × a
The Area is also half of the diagonal squared:
 
Area = d2/2

Perimeter of a Square
The Perimeter is the distance around the edge. The perimeter is 4 times the side length, P = 4a.

The Parallelogram
A  parallelogram  has opposite sides parallel and equal in length. The opposite
angles are equal (angles "a" are the same, and angles "b" are the same).
NOTE: Squares, Rectangles and Rhombuses are all Parallelograms!

Area of a Parallelogram
The Area is the base times the height:
  Area = b × h
(h is at right angles to b)

Perimeter of a Parallelogram
The Perimeter is the distance around the edges.
The Perimeter is 2 times the (base + side length):
 
Perimeter = 2(b+s)
The Trapezoid

Trapezoid Isosceles Trapezoid

A  trapezoid  (called a trapezium in the UK) has a pair of opposite sides parallel.
It is called an Isosceles trapezoid if the sides that aren't parallel are equal in length and both angles coming from a parallel side
are equal, as shown.
And a trapezium (UK: trapezoid) is a quadrilateral with NO parallel sides:
  Trapezoid Trapezium
US: a pair of parallel sides NO parallel sides
UK: NO parallel sides a pair of parallel sides
The parallel sides are the "bases"
The other two sides are the "legs"
The distance (at right angles) from one base to the other is called the "altitude"

Area of a Trapezoid
  The Area is the average of the two base lengths times the altitude:
MATH 125 – Solid Geometry ENGR. RODGE URSUA TOPIKO 1 Page 4 of 15
 a+b
Area =   × h
2
Perimeter of a Trapezoid
The Perimeter is the sum of all side lengths:
 
Perimeter = a+b+c+d

Median of a Trapezoid
The median (also called a midline or midsegment) is a line segment half-way between the two bases.
The median's length is the average of the two base lengths: a+b
 
  m = 
2
Area, the median times the height: Area = mh

The Kite
It has two pairs of sides and each pair is made up of adjacent sides that are equal in
length. The angles are equal where the pairs meet. Diagonals (dashed lines) meet at a
right angle, and one of the diagonal bisects (cuts equally in half) the other.
 

Area of a Kite
The Area is found by multiplying the lengths of the diagonals and then dividing by 2:
p×q
 
Area = 
2
Perimeter of a Kite
The Perimeter is 2 times (side length a + side length b):
 
Perimeter = 2(a + b)
The "Family Tree" of Quadrilaterals

A.3 Polygon
A  Polygon  is a 2-dimensional shape made of straight lines having three of more sides.

Properties of Regular Polygons

Regular polygon has: all sides equal and interior angles equal. Otherwise it is Irregular polygon.

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 Exterior Angle
The  Exterior Angle  is the angle between any side of a shape, 
and a line extended from the next side. All the Exterior Angles of a polygon add up to 360°, so:  
Each exterior angle must be 360°/n where n is the number of sides.

Interior Angles
The  Interior Angle  and Exterior Angle are measured from the same line, so they add up to
180°.

"Circumcircle, Incircle, Radius and Apothem ..."

The "outside" circle is called a circumcircle, and it connects all vertices

or corner points of the polygon.
The radius of the circumcircle is also the radius of the polygon.
 
The "inside" circle is called an incircle and it just touches each side of
the polygon at its midpoint. And the radius of the incircle is
the apothem of the polygon.
 
But not all polygons have those properties, but triangles and regular
polygons do.

Notice that:
 the "base" of the triangle is one side of the polygon.
 the "height" of the triangle is the "Apothem" of the polygon
Area of one triangle = base × height / 2 = side × apothem /2

To get the area of the whole polygon, just add up the areas of all the
little triangles ("n" of them):
Area of Polygon = n × side × apothem / 2
And since the perimeter is all the sides = n × side
Area of Polygon = perimeter × apothem / 2

Graph
The graph of the table (right), but with number of sides
("n") from 3 to 30. Notice that as "n" gets bigger, the
Apothem is tending towards 1 (equal to the Radius) and
that the Area is tending towards π = 3.14159..., just like
a circle.

 
A.4 Circle

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 A circle is a simple shape of plane geometry that is the set of all points in a plane that
are at a given distance from a given point, the centre.

Radius, Diameter and Circumference

The Radius is the distance from the center to the edge.
The Diameter starts at one side of the circle, goes through the center and ends on the other side.
The Circumference is the distance around the edge of the circle.
When you divide the circumference by the diameter you get 3.141592654...
which is the number π ( Pi )

Area of a circle
 
So when the diameter is 1, the circumference is 3.141592654...

The  area of a circle  is π times the radius squared, which is written:

A = π r2

Note: To help you remember think "Pie Are Squared" 

even though pies are usually round. Hahahahah…

Or, in relation to Diameter: A = (π/4) × D2

A line that goes from one point to another on the circle's
circumference is called a Chord. If that line passes through the center
it is called a Diameter. A line that "just touches" the circle as it passes
by is called a Tangent. And a part of the circumference is called
an Arc.

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Slices
There are two main "slices" of a circle
The "pizza" slice is called a  Sector . And the slice made by a
chord is called a  Segment .

Common Sectors
The Quadrant and Semicircle are two special types of Sector:
The quarter of a circle is known as Quadrant while half of a circle is
Semicircle.

Area of a Sector

A circle has an angle of 2π and an Area of:   πr2

A Sector with an angle of θ (instead of 2π) has an Area of:   (θ/2π) × πr2
Which can be simplified to: A=   (θ/2) × r2
 
Area of Sector = ½ × θ × r2   (when θ is in radians)
Area of Sector = ½ × (θ × π/180) × r2   (when θ is in degrees)
 
Arc Length
By the same reasoning, the arc length (of a Sector or Segment) is:
L = θ × r   (when θ is in radians)
L = (θ × π/180) × r   (when θ is in degrees)
 

Area of Segment
The Area of a Segment is the area of a sector minus the
triangular piece.

Area of Segment = ½ × (θ - sin θ) × r2   (when θ is in

radians)
Area of Segment = ½ × ( (θ × π/180) - sin θ) ×
r2   (when θ is in degrees)
 

MATH 125 – Solid Geometry ENGR. RODGE URSUA TOPIKO 1 Page 8 of 15

Annulus

An annulus is a flat shape like a ring.

 
Its edges are two  circles  that have the same center.
 

Area
Because it is a circle with a circular hole, you can calculate the  area  by subtracting the area of the "hole" from the big
circle's area:

Area = πR2 − πr2 = π( R2 − r2 )

 

Ellipse
An ellipse usually looks like a squashed circle. It is defined by two
special points called foci. "F" is a focus, "G" is a focus, and together
they are called foci.

The distance from F to P to G is always the same value

In other words, when you go from point "F" to any point on the
ellipse and then go on to point "G", you will always travel the same
distance.
 

Major and Minor Axes

The Major Axis is the longest diameter. It goes from one side of the
ellipse, through the center, to the other side, at the widest part of the
ellipse. And the Minor Axis is the shortest diameter (at the narrowest
part of the ellipse). The Semi-major Axis is half of the Major Axis,
and the Semi-minor Axis is half of the Minor Axis.

Area
The  area  of an ellipse is: π × a × b
where a is the length of the Semi-major Axis, and b is the length of the Semi-minor Axis. Note: for a circle, a and b are equal
to the radius, and you get π × r × r = πr2, therefore circle is an ellipse.

Perimeter

MATH 125 – Solid Geometry ENGR. RODGE URSUA TOPIKO 1 Page 9 of 15

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
A.1 In a right triangular garden one of the legs is of length 5 m and the angle formed by the hypotenuse and this leg is 28°.
What are the area and perimeter of this triangle?

tan 28 = h/5
h = 2.6585 m
A = (1/2)bh = (1/2)(5)(2.6585) = 6.64625 sq. m.

using the Pythagorean Theorem:

P = 5 + 2.6585 + 5.6628 = 13.3213 m

A.2 Suppose a triangle with area 28 has a base of 7x and a height of 4x as shown in the diagram below. What are the base and
altitude of the triangle?

A = ½ bh b = 7(√ 2)
28 = ½ bh = ½ (7x)(4x) h = 4(√ 2)
28 = 14 x2
x = √2
 

A.3 A rectangle has a perimeter of 320 meters and its length L is 3 times its width W. Find the dimensions W and L, and the
area of the rectangle.

Use the formula of the perimeter to write. 

2 L + 2 W = 320 , L = 3 W then substitute L in the equation 2 L + 2 W = 320 by 3 W. 
2(3 W) + 2 W = 320  Area = L W = 120 x 40 = 4800 meters 2 
8 W = 320 , W = 40 meters 
L = 3 W = 120 meters 

A.4 The perimeter of a rectangle is 50 feet and its area is 150 feet 2. Find the length L and the width W of the rectangle, such
that L > W.

P = 50 = 2 L + 2 W A = L W = 150 
Divide all terms in the equation 2 L + 2 W = 50 by 2 to obtain  L + W = 25 
Solve the above for W 
W = 25 - L , Substitute W by 25 - L in the equation L W = 150 , L(25 - L) = 150 
Expand the above equation and rewrite with right term equal to zero. 
-L 2 + 25 L - 150 = 0 
The above is a quadratic equations with two solutions. 
L = 10 and L = 15 
Use W = 25 - L to find the corresponding values of W,  W = 15 and W = 10 . Since L > W, the rectangle has the dimensions 
L = 15 feet and W = 10 feet

A.5 Given the length (in feet) of side AB and the internal angle D of the parallelogram below, find its height h and the length
of side BC given that the area of the parallelogram is equal to 1000 feet 2.

A and D are supplementary and their sum is equal to 180

degrees. A = 180 - 135 = 45 degrees. 
Use the right triangle ABB' to find the height h. 
sin 45o = h / 15 
with sin 45o = 15√ (2) / 2, we obtain 
h = 15 √ (2) / 2 = 10.607 ft.
The area of a parallelogram is given by 
MATH 125 – Solid Geometry ENGR. RODGE URSUA TOPIKO 1 Page 10 of 15
Area = length of BC x h 
length of BC = 1000 / [10.607] = 94.28 feet 

A.6 The parallelogram shown below has an area of 300 square feet. Find all its internal angles. 

The area of the parallelogram may be calculated as the sum of the

area of the two congruent triangles ABC and ACD. The area of
triangle ABC is given by: 

area of ABC = (1 / 2) sin (A) x 30 x 20 

area of ABCD = 2x (1 / 2) sin (A) x 30 x 20 = 300 

sin (A) = 1 / 2 , A = 30 degrees

size of angle B = (180 - 30) degrees = 150 degrees 

size of angle D = size of angle B = 150 degrees
size of angle A = size of angle C = 30 degrees

A.7 The diagonals of the rhombus are 12 cm and 16 cm long. Find the length of the side and perimeter of the rhombus. 

The diagonals of the rhombus are perpendicular and bisect each other. So, the diagonals divide the rhombus into
four congruent right triangles. The measure of the leg of each such a triangle  is half of the measure of the corresponding
diagonal of the rhombus. 
In our case the legs are 12/2 cm = 6 cm and 16/2 cm = 8 cm long. 

applying the Pythagorean theorem to the right triangle. It is equal to 

 =   =   = 10 cm.

The side of the rhombus is 10 cm long; the perimeter is 40 cm.

A.8 The perimeter of the rhombus is equal to 32 cm. Find the length of the side of the rhombus. 

Since all four sides of the rhombus have the same length, the measure of the side is one fourth of its perimeter and is equal to
32/4 cm = 8 cm 

A.9 A swimming pool which is square in shape has a perimeter of 36 meters. Calculate the area. If the side is to be increased
by 20 per cent, what will be the new area?

P = 4 a, 36 = 4 a, a = 9 m
A = a2 = 92 = 81 sq. m.

A (new) = (9 +(0.2 x 9))2 = 116.64 sq. m.

A. 10 Determine the floor area and perimeter of the trapezoidal building.

A = ½ (10 + 5) (10) = 75 sq. m.

P = 10 + 10 + 5 + 11 = 36 m.

A.11 Calculate the area and perimeter of the circle 2 yards in diameter.

Area = π × (radius)2 C = 2 π r = 2 x π 1 = 2π yards

MATH 125 – Solid Geometry ENGR. RODGE URSUA TOPIKO 1 Page 11 of 15

A = πr2
A = π(1 yd))2
A = π(1 yd2)
A = π yd2

A.12 In pizza pie, the area of a sector with a radius of 6 in is 35.4 sq. in. Calculate the angle of the pie.
A = π r² ϴ / 360
35.4 = π 6² ϴ / 360
ϴ = 112.682°

A.13 An elliptical garden is to be constructed with major – axis of 50 m and minor – axis of 30 m. Calculate the area and
perimeter of the structure.

2a = 50 m, a = 25 m
2b = 30 m, b = 15 m

A = π a b = π x 25 x 15 = 375 π sq. m.
a2+ b2 = 2π 25 2+15 2 = 129.531 m.
P = 2π
√ 2 √ 2

NOTES:

MATH 125 – Solid Geometry ENGR. RODGE URSUA TOPIKO 1 Page 12 of 15

EJERSICIO 6.1 Page: __________ Date: _______________________
SUBJECT CODE: ____________________ DESCRIPTIVE TITLE:
_______________________________________________

NAME: _____________________________________________________ COURSE & YEAR: ________________________

INSTRUCTOR’S NAME:__________________________________________________ SCORE:______________________

Solve the following problems on plane figures. Write your solutions on the space provided, use a separate sheet/s if
needed. (5 pts each)

1. The altitude of a right triangle is twice the base. If the area is 36, what are the dimensions and the perimeter of this
triangle?

2. A triangular lot has a base of b = 20 m. If the line perpendicular to the base is equals 2x m and its area equals 80x2 m2,
find the value of line perpendicular to the base.

3. A structure equilateral triangle in one side has a base of 7 m. What are the altitude, the area and the perimeter of the
triangular structure?

4. A right triangle has a hypotenuse of 10 and one acute angle of 42°. Find the area and perimeter of this triangle.

5. Raul is 6 ft tall and he notices that he casts a shadow that's 5 ft long. He then measures that the shadow cast by his school
building is 30 ft long. How tall is the building?

MATH 125 – Solid Geometry ENGR. RODGE URSUA TOPIKO 1 Page 13 of 15

EJERSICIO 6.2 Page: __________ Date: _________________
SUBJECT CODE: _______________ DESCRIPTIVE TITLE: _______________________________________________

NAME: ______________________________________________ COURSE & YEAR: ________________________

INSTRUCTOR’S NAME:_____________________________________________ SCORE:______________________

Solve the following problems on plane figures. Write your solutions on the space provided, use a separate sheet/s if
needed. (5 pts each)

1. A rectangle is 4 times as long as it is wide. If the length is increased by 4 inches and the width is decreased by 1 inch, the
area will be 60 square inches. What were the dimensions of the original rectangle? (4 & 16)

2. In the parallelogram below, BB' is the angle bisector of angle B and CC' is the
angle bisector of angle C. Find the lengths x and y if the length of BC is equal to 10
meters. (x = 5m, y = 8.66) 

3. Find the perimeter and area of the rhombus with smallest interior angle of 25
degrees, if its side is 7 cm long. (A = 20.708 sq. cm, P = 28 cm)

4. The perimeter of the rhombus is 52 cm. One diagonal of the rhombus is 24 cm long. Find the length of the second diagonal
of the rhombus. (10 cm)

5. Determine the side, area and perimeter of the square pavement if its diagonal is 15 meters. (10.607 m, 42.428 m, 112,508
sq. m.)

6. The area of square lot is 225 sq. m. Calculate the perimeter and the diagonal of the lot. (60, 21.213)

7. A wooded area is in the shape of a a trapezoid whose bases measure 128 m and 92 m and its line
perpendicular to the bases is 40 m. A 4 m wide walkway is constructed which runs perpendicular from the
two bases. Calculate the area of the wooded area after the addition of the walkway. (4, 180 sq. m.)

8. Given a square ABCD, a line connects the midpoint of BC (Point E), with Point D in the square ABCD. Calculate the area
of the acquired trapezoid shape if the square has a side of 4 m. (12 sq. m.)

9. Find the height of the following isosceles trapezoid:

10. In the figure below, ABCD is a square whose side has a length equal to 2 units.
Points M and N are on the sides BC and CD such that x is the length of BM and
DN. Express sin(a) as a function of x. 

MATH 125 – Solid Geometry ENGR. RODGE URSUA TOPIKO 1 Page 14 of 15

EJERSICIO 6.3 Page: __________ Date: __________________
SUBJECT CODE: _______________ DESCRIPTIVE TITLE: ___________________________________________________

NAME: ___________________________________________________ COURSE & YEAR: __________________________

INSTRUCTOR’S NAME:_______________________________________________ SCORE:_________________________

Solve the following problems on plane figures. Write your solutions on the space provided, use a separate sheet/s if
needed. (5 pts each)

1. Calculate the area of the swimming pool. It is to be constructed in a shape of partially overlapping circles. Each of the
circle has a radius of 9 meters, and each passes through the center of each other. (409.44)
2. Determine the area of the shaded portion of the given annulus. (25 pi)

3. A circle having an area of 224 sq. m. is inscribed in an octagon. Find

the area of the octagon. (236)

4. A circle is circumscribed about a hexagon. Determine the area of the

hexagon if the area outside the hexagon but inside the circle is 15 sq. m.
(71.7)

5. A cow is tied to a corner of a 30 ft by 35 ft building. If the rope is 40 ft long and the goat can reach 1 ft farther that the rope
length, what is the maximum area the goat can cover? (4,084)

6. A circle whose area is 452 sq. cm. is cut into two segments by a chord whose distance from the center of the circle is 6 cm.
Calculate the area of the larger segment in sq. cm. (363.6)

7. The radius of a circular field is 20 meters, calculate the area of the field to be irrigated and the circumference. (1,256.637,
125.664)

8. The area of an elliptical pool is 150 π sq. m. Calculate the major – axis if the semi minor is 10 m. (30 m.)

MATH 125 – Solid Geometry ENGR. RODGE URSUA TOPIKO 1 Page 15 of 15