Matlab Workshop file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/scha/Desktop/MatlabWorks...

Matlab Workshop 2008

by Sung-Hyuk Cha
On June 18th 2008
Graduate Center rm TBA, White Plains, NY

This tutorial introduces basic Matlab features.

Time Topics
1:00AM ~1:50PM Image Processing and Steganography
2:00PM ~3:30PM Numerical Taxonomy, Clustering, etc...
3:30PM ~4:30PM Discussion and curriculum development...

Documentation from Mathworks

MATLAB Roadmap
Image Processing Toolbox

Contact: [email protected]

1 of 1 6/17/2008 12:52 PM
 note

http://math.ucsd.edu/~driver/21d-s99/matlab-primer.html

http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/matlab.shtml

http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/images/images.shtml

Matlabs are installed in all computers at PLV Goldstein building Lab 315.
Matlabs are installed in all computers at Downtown Pace Plaza east Lab 314.
Any other location? Map a drive to \\sapps\matlab

Workshop resources

http://csis.pace.edu/~scha/MatlabWorkshop08.zip

Table of Content

1. Basics
2. Distance/Simlarity Measures
3. Image Processing
4. Steganography
5. Summary

Page 1
 summary
%%%%% Matlab as a simple calculator
2+3

2^2
A = 3

B = A + 5
C = [2,3,5]
mean(C)

mean([2,3,4])

%%%%%% Matrix = array (Linear Algebra)

D = [2, 3 ,4; 3, 4, 5]
D(2, 1)
sum(D)
mean(D)
std(D)
var(D)

D'
E = sum(D')

F = 2 * D

G = D + E

%%%%% Charts (Excel spreadsheet)

H = [3, 2, 4, 1, 8, 3, 2]

bar(H)

pie(H)
pie(H,{'Manag','I-bus','PolSci', 'Theat', 'Finance', 'Bio', 'Chem'})

%%%% Number conversion functions and .m files

%%%%%%%% Hex for HTML?

dec2hex(10)
dec2bin(2)
dec2base(25, 8)
K = dec2bin(221,8)
K(8)
size(K)

% Let's define dec2oct (must be located in the current directory)

%%%%%%%% Conditional statements

%%%% < <= > >= == ~=
%%%% $ -> and | -> or
Page 1
 summary
H = [3, 2, 4, 1, 8, 3, 2]
n = sum(H)

if n ~= 0
P = H/n
else
disp('error, divided by zero.')
end

%% another example
n = 254
if mod(n,2) == 0
disp('even number')
B = dec2bin(n,8)
B(1,8)
else
disp('odd number')
B = dec2bin(n,8)
B(1,8)
end

%%%%%% Loops converting dec 2 bin

%%% While loop

n = 254
b = zeros(1,8)
pos = 8;

while n > 0
b(1,pos) = mod(n,2)
n = floor(n/2)
pos = pos - 1;
end

%%% for loop

H = [3, 2, 4, 1, 8, 3, 2]
[m, n] = size(H)
EO = zeros(m,n)
for i = 1:n
EO(1,i) = mod(H(1,i),2)
end

Page 2
 howto
%%%%%%%%%%%% Distance Similarity Measures
X = [1,3,1,0,1,0,3,1]
Y = [1,1,2,1,1,1,1,2]
Z = [5,1,0,0,0,1,1,2]

lorentzian(X,Y)
citiblock(X,Y)
euclidean(X,Y)
minkowski(X,Y,3)
chebyshev(X,Y)
sorenson(X,Y)
soergel(X,Y)
canberra(X,Y)
gower(X,Y)
divergence(X,Y)
Czekanowski(X,Y)
wavehedges(X,Y)
intersection_s(X,Y)
intersection_d(X,Y)
IP_s(X,Y)
Cosine_s(X, Y)
tanimoto(X,Y)

n = sum(X)
matusita(X/n,Y/n)
bhattacharyya(X/n,Y/n)
harmonic(X/n,Y/n)
symchi(X/n,Y/n)
Jdivergence(X/n,Y/n)
JSdivergence(X/n,Y/n)
taneja(X/n,Y/n)

symgeo(X/n,Y/n)
KL(X/n,Y/n)
JD(X/n,Y/n)

pearson(X/n,Y/n)
neyman(X/n,Y/n)
tridisc(X/n,Y/n)
hellinger(X/n,Y/n)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
clear
close all
n= 20;
b = 8;

tn = 30; % number of histograms

ns = 31; % number of similarities
nl = 20; % number of dendrograms
dmat = zeros(ns, tn);
cdist = zeros(nl,465);
for j = 1:nl
J = zeros(1,b);
for i = 1:n
x = ceil (b * rand);
J(1,x)= J(1,x) + 1;
end
H = zeros(tn, b);
for k = 1:tn
for i = 1:n
x = ceil (b * rand);
H(k,x)= H(k,x) + 1;
Page 1
 howto
end
end

for i = 1:tn
dmat(1,i) = citiblock(J,H(i,:));
dmat(2,i) = euclidean(J,H(i,:));
dmat(3,i) = minkowski(J,H(i,:),3);
dmat(4,i) = chebyshev(J,H(i,:));
dmat(5,i) = avgCC(J,H(i,:));
dmat(6,i) = sorenson(J,H(i,:));
dmat(7,i) = euclidean2(J,H(i,:));
dmat(8,i) = canberra(J,H(i,:));
dmat(9,i) = gower(J,H(i,:));
dmat(10,i) = divergence(J,H(i,:));
dmat(11,i) = wavehedges(J,H(i,:));
dmat(12,i) = tanimoto(J,H(i,:));
dmat(13,i) = intersection_s(J,H(i,:));
dmat(14,i) = IP_s(J,H(i,:));
dmat(15,i) = Cosine_s(J,H(i,:));
dmat(16,i) = jaccard(J,H(i,:));
dmat(17,i) = morisita(J,H(i,:));
dmat(18,i) = pearson(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(19,i) = neyman(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(20,i) = hellinger(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(21,i) = bhattacharyya(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(22,i) = Jdivergence(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(23,i) = KL(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(24,i) = matusita(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(25,i) = JD(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(26,i) = harmonic(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(27,i) = JSdivergence(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(28,i) = taneja(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(29,i) = symchi(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(30,i) = symgeo(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(31,i) = tridisc(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
end
l = 1;
for i = 1:ns
for k = i+1:ns
R=corrcoef(dmat(i,:),dmat(k,:));
cdist(j,l) = 1 - abs(R(1,2));
l = l + 1;
end
end
end

%dmatm = dmatm/10;

clustTreeEuc = linkage(mean(cdist),'average');
h101=figure(101);

[h,nodes] = dendrogram(clustTreeEuc,0,'ORIENTATION','right');
l={'CityBlock L1','Euclidean L2','Minkowski L3','Cheb
Loo','Avg(L1,Loo)','Sorenson','Qeuc','Canberra','Gower','divergence','wave
Hedges','Tanimoto','Intersection','Inner
Product','cosine','Jaccard','Dice','Peason K2','Neyman
K2','Hellinger','Bhattacha-','Jeffreys','KL','Matusita','Jensen diff','harmo
mean','JS','Taneja','symmetric K2','KJ','Triang Disc'};
hx=get(get(h101,'CurrentAxes'),'YTickLabel');
gx = zeros(ns,1);

for i=1:size(hx,1)
Page 2
 howto
gx(i)=str2double(hx(i,2));
if hx(i,1) == ' '
temp = hx(i,1);
else
gx(i) = gx(i) + 10* str2double(hx(i,1));
end

end
set(get(h101,'CurrentAxes'),'YTickLabel',[l(gx(1)),l(gx(2)),l(gx(3)),l(gx(4)),l(g
x(5)),l(gx(6)),l(gx(7)),l(gx(8)),l(gx(9)),l(gx(10)),l(gx(11)),l(gx(12)),l(gx(13))
,l(gx(14)),l(gx(15)),l(gx(16)),l(gx(17)),l(gx(18)),l(gx(19)),l(gx(20)),l(gx(21)),
l(gx(22)),l(gx(23)),l(gx(24)),l(gx(25)),l(gx(26)),l(gx(27)),l(gx(28)),l(gx(29)),l
(gx(30)),l(gx(31))])
figure(h101);

%%%%%%%% Drawing hierachical clustering

ns = 9;
dmat = zeros(ns, tn);

for i = 1:tn
dmat(1,i) = citiblock(J,H(i,:));
dmat(2,i) = euclidean(J,H(i,:));
dmat(3,i) = minkowski(J,H(i,:),3);
dmat(4,i) = chebyshev(J,H(i,:));
dmat(5,i) = IP_s(J,H(i,:));
dmat(6,i) = Cosine_s(J,H(i,:));
dmat(7,i) = tanimoto(J,H(i,:));
dmat(8,i) = matusita(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
dmat(9,i) = bhattacharyya(J/n,H(i,:)/n);
end

dmatn = dmat;
for i = 1:ns
tmin1 = min(dmat(i,:));
tmax1 = max(dmat(i,:));
for l = 1:tn
dmatn(i,l) = (dmat(i,l) - tmin1)/(tmax1 - tmin1);
end
end

k = 1;
for i = 1:ns
for j = i+1:ns
k = ns * (i-1) + j;
SUBPLOT(ns,ns,k), plot(dmatn(i,:), dmatn(j,:), 'r*')
% AXIS([min(dmat(i,:)) max(dmat(i,:)) min(dmat(:)) max(dmat(:))])
grid
end
end

%%% similarity to distance

dmatn(5,:) = ones(1,20) - dmatn(5,:);
dmatn(6,:) = ones(1,20) - dmatn(6,:);
dmatn(7,:) = ones(1,20) - dmatn(7,:);

eucD = pdist(dmatn,'euclidean');

Page 3
 howto
clustTreeEuc = linkage(eucD,'average');
[h,nodes] = dendrogram(clustTreeEuc,0,'ORIENTATION','right');

figure
k = 1;
for i = 1:ns
for j = i+1:ns
meas(1,k) = sum(abs(dmatn(i,:) - dmatn(j,:)));
k = k + 1;
end
end

clustTreeEuc = linkage(meas,'average');
[h,nodes] = dendrogram(clustTreeEuc,0,'ORIENTATION','right');

Page 4
 CSIS Query by Image Content CSIS

Image Processing in
?
Matlab Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia

Prof. Sung-Hyuk Cha
Spring of 2008
School of Computer Science & Information Systems
Acute myeloid leukemia

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Image Classification CSIS Dissimilarity (distance) / Similarity CSIS

D( , )=?
?

?
?

S( , )=?
Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Image Indexing & Retrieval CSIS Overview CSIS

• Human vision & illusion.

• Basic Image Processing & computer vision

• Machine Vision Applications.

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

 Digital Image Processing vs. Computer Vision CSIS Digital Image Processing vs. Computer Vision CSIS

• There are no clear distinction

• Image processing • Computer Vision
– Applications where humans are in the loop. – Take the human out of the loop
– Humans supply the intelligence
– The computer supplies the intelligence
– Image Analysis - extracting quantitative info.
• Size of a tumor – Where does the computer get it’s intelligence?
• distance between objects
• facial expression
– Image restoration. Try to undo damage
• needs a model of how the damage was made
– Image enhancement. Try to improve the quality of an image
– Image compression. How to convey the most amount of
information with the least amount of data

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

The figure-
figure-Ground Problem CSIS The Bunny/Duck illusion CSIS

Mouth

Mouth

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

More illusions CSIS More illusions: How many colors? CSIS

Squares or lines?

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

 More illusions: parallel line CSIS More illusions CSIS

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

More illusions CSIS More illusions CSIS

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

More illusions CSIS Photometry CSIS

Concerned with mechanisms for converting light

energy into electrical energy.

World Optics Sensor

Signal Digitizer
Digital Representation

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

 Binary image CSIS Grey image CSIS

E(x,y) : Electrical Grey image

video signal

j
i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Video A/D Converter
1 Camera and Sampler
2 Optics
Image Plane
3
Image L(x,y)
4
I(i,j) Digital Image
5
6

븬
7 22 34 22 0 18
.

븬
Grayscale Image Data

Computer Memory

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Color image CSIS Reading images in Matlab CSIS

E(x,y) : Electrical
video signal

Blue Channel
A/D Channel
Green Converter
Video A/D Converter
Red Channel
Camera A/D Converter
Optics
Image Plane
Image L(x,y)
B(i,j)
G(i,j)
R(i,j) Change the current working directory.
븬

22 3422 0 18 븬
븬

Digital Image
Computer Memory

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Reading and Displaying images in Matlab CSIS grey image and its histogram CSIS

% To read and display...

I = imread('scha98.jpg', 'jpg');
imshow(I)
I(20,10,1)
I(20,10,:)

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

 Linear Stretching CSIS Histogram CSIS

% Reading, histogram, and writing

I3 = imread('tryColor-L.bmp', 'bmp');
255
imshow(I3)
I3(20,10,1)
OUTPUT

I3(20,10,:) I4 = imadjust(I3, stretchlim(I), [0 1]);

figure, imhist(I3)
0 INPUT 255 I2 = histeq(I3);
figure, imshow(I2)
figure, imhist(I2)
imwrite(I2, 'hey.jpg');
Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Histogram CSIS Resizing CSIS

% Color image histogram

A = imhist(I)
R = imhist(I(:,:,1))
G = imhist(I(:,:,2))
B = imhist(I(:,:,3))
imhist(I)
figure, bar(R)
figure, bar(G)
figure, bar(B) I2 = imresize(I, 2.5); I3 = imresize(I,[100 150]);
figure, Imshow(I2) figure, imshow(I3)
Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Rotation CSIS Mesh and Surf CSIS

imshow(I);
I = imread('scha2.jpg', 'jpg'); figure, mesh(double(I));
J = imrotate(I, 180, 'bilinear'); figure, surf(double(I));
imshow(J); figure, mesh(double(I)),zlim([0,200]);
Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha
 Panorama and Mosaics CSIS Panorama CSIS
% Panorama
I2 = imread('scha1.jpg', 'jpg');
J1 = imrotate(I, 90, 'bilinear');
J2 = imrotate(I2, 90, 'bilinear');
T = [J1;J2]; C = [I;I2];
C = [I2,I];
J1 = imrotate(T, 270, 'bilinear');

% Warping
[x,y,z] = cylinder;
J2 = imrotate(J1, 180, 'bilinear');
warp(x,y,z,J2)
Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Warping CSIS Warping CSIS

% Warping
[x,y,z] = cylinder;
warp(x,y,z,I)

[x,y,z] = sphere;
warp(x,y,z,I)

[x,y,z] = cylinder;
http://www.doctorwarp.com/index.php?ID=23&flx=world J2 = imrotate(J1, 180, 'bilinear');
warp(x,y,z,J2)
Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Crop CSIS Conversion CSIS

I2 = imcrop(I); G = rgb2gray(I);
I = imread('cell1.jpg'); BW = im2bw(I);
I2 = imcrop(I,[60 40 100 90]);
figure, imshow(I) HSV = rgb2hsv(I);
figure, imshow(I2) H = HSV(:,:,1)
Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha
 HSL Color Space CSIS HSL Color Space CSIS

Lightness

Hue (color)

Saturation (white)

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

HSL Color Space CSIS HSL Color Space CSIS

for i = 1:123 for i = 1:123

for j = 1:100 for j = 1:100
HSV(i,j,1) = 1 - j * 0.01; HSV(i,j,1) = 1 - j * 0.01;
HSV(i,j,2) = 0.97; 123 HSV(i,j,2) = 1.0 - i * 0.008;
123 HSV(i,j,3) = 0.97; HSV(i,j,3) = 0.9;
end end
end end

I2 = hsv2rgb(HSV);
I2 = hsv2rgb(HSV); figure, imshow(I2)
imshow(I2)
100 100

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

HSL Color Space CSIS Noise Removal CSIS

for i = 1:123
for j = 1:100 salt
HSV(i,j,1) = 1 - j * 0.01;
123 HSV(i,j,2) = 0.9;
HSV(i,j,3) = 1.0 - i * 0.008;
end
end
pepper
I2 = hsv2rgb(HSV);
figure, imshow(I2)
100

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

 Segmentation CSIS Connected Components/ Image Labeling CSIS

• Goal: To find clusters of pixels that are similar and

connected to each other
• How it works:
– Assign a value to each pixel
– Define what similar values mean
• e.g., 10 +/- 2
– Determine if like pixels are connected

4- connected 8-connected

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Connected Components/ Image Labeling CSIS Connected Components/ Image Labeling CSIS

1 1 1 1 1 1 A A A A A A
1 1 1 1 1 1 A A A A A A
1 0 0 1 1 1 A B B A A A 1 0 0 1 1 1 A B B A A A

1 1 1 0 1 1 A A A C A A 1 1 1 0 1 1 A A A B A A

1 2 2 0 0 1 A D D C C A 1 2 2 0 0 1 A C C B B A
1 2 2 0 0 1 A C C B B A
1 2 2 0 0 1 A D D C C A

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Segmentation CSIS Edge Detection CSIS

convolution

mask
− 1 − 1 − 1
B = − 1 + 8 − 1
− 1 − 1 − 1

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

 Machine Vision CSIS Biometric Verification CSIS

From the movie, “Minority Report”: a robot identifies a suspect.

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Stereo CSIS Stereo vision CSIS

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Subtraction CSIS Object Tracking CSIS

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

 Object Tracking for Surveillance CSIS Fingerprint Verification System CSIS

Input Output

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Individuality of Faces CSIS Head Pose Recognition CSIS

left strt rght up

Each person has different faces.

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Iris authentication CSIS Iris authentication CSIS

Left Right

Train

Man

Test

Train

Wo
man
Test

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

 Complex Pattern Recognition Applications CSIS Handwriting CSIS

Sargur N. Srihari
520 Lee Entrance STE 202
f5 f6 f7 f8
primary street name secondary secondary
number designator abbr. number
Amherst NY 14228 - 2583
f1 f2 f3 f4
city name state abbr. 5-digit 4-digit
ZIP Code ZIP+4 add-on
• Delivery point: 142282583 Each person writes differently.
Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Handwriting Analysis Taxonomy CSIS Compression CSIS

Analysis of Handwriting

Recognition Examination Personality identification

(Graphology)

On-line Off-line Writer Identification Writer Verification

Natural Writing Forgery Disguised Writing

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

Speech Recognition System CSIS Speaker Individuality CSIS

“My name is” from Two Speakers

Open Sesame!

Spring/2008 © S. Cha Spring/2008 © S. Cha

 CIS101-3-31
% Understanding Images...
% To read, display, and write...
I = imread('scha98.jpg', 'jpg');
imshow(I)
I(20,10,1)
I(20,10,:)

%--------------- see from Robot file (Histograms)------ %

I3 = imread('tryColor-L.bmp', 'bmp');
imshow(I3)
I3(20,10,1)
I3(20,10,:)
figure, imhist(I3)
I2 = histeq(I3);
figure, imshow(I2)
figure, imhist(I2)
imwrite(I2, 'hey.jpg');
I4 = imadjust(I3, stretchlim(I), [0 1]);
figure, imshow(I4);

% Color image histogram

A = imhist(I)
R = imhist(I(:,:,1))
G = imhist(I(:,:,2))
B = imhist(I(:,:,3))
imhist(I)
figure, bar(R)
figure, bar(G)
figure, bar(B)

%------------------------

% Resizing
I2 = imresize(I, 2.5);
figure, Imshow(I2)
I3 = imresize(I,[100 150]);
figure, Imshow(I3)
% good for size invarient recognizer...

clear, close all

% Rotation
I = imread('scha2.jpg', 'jpg');
J = imrotate(I, 180, 'bilinear');
imshow(J);

% mesh and surf

imshow(I);
figure, mesh(double(I));
figure, surf(double(I));
figure, surf(double(I)),zlim([0,200]);
figure, surf(double(I(1:8:end,1:8:end,:,3))),zlim([0 255]);
figure, mesh(double(I(1:8:end,1:8:end,:,3))),zlim([0 255]);

% Panorama
I2 = imread('scha1.jpg', 'jpg');
Page 1
 CIS101-3-31
J1 = imrotate(I, 90, 'bilinear');

J2 = imrotate(I2, 90, 'bilinear');

T = [J1;J2];
J1 = imrotate(T, 270, 'bilinear');

C = [I;I2];
C = [I2,I];
% Warping
[x,y,z] = cylinder;
J2 = imrotate(J1, 180, 'bilinear');
warp(x,y,z,J2)

% Cropping

I2 = imcrop(I,[60 40 100 90]);

figure, imshow(I)
figure, imshow(I2)
I2 = imcrop(I);

island.jpg

% Conversion

I = imread('scha98.jpg', 'jpg');

G = rgb2gray(I);

BW = im2bw(I);
HSV = rgb2hsv(I);

HSV(:,:,1)

% Understanding HSV

for i = 1:123
for j = 1:100
HSV(i,j,1) = 1 - j * 0.01;
HSV(i,j,2) = 0.97;
HSV(i,j,3) = 0.97;
end
end

I2 = hsv2rgb(HSV);
imshow(I2)
for i = 1:123
for j = 1:100
HSV(i,j,1) = 1 - j * 0.01;
HSV(i,j,2) = 1.0 - i * 0.008;
HSV(i,j,3) = 0.9;
end
end

I2 = hsv2rgb(HSV);
figure, imshow(I2)

Page 2
 CIS101-3-31
for i = 1:123
for j = 1:100
HSV(i,j,1) = 1 - j * 0.01;
HSV(i,j,2) = 0.9;
HSV(i,j,3) = 1.0 - i * 0.008;
end
end

I2 = hsv2rgb(HSV);
figure, imshow(I2)

%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Image Processing summary %%%%%
imread
imwrite
imshow
imhist
imresize
imrotate
imadjust
imcrop
rgb2gray
im2bw
rgb2hsv
hsv2rgb

histeq
mesh
surf

figure
bar
double
cylinder
warp

clear
close all
==================
Try help(function name) on the Matlab prompt. e.g.,
help(mesh)

Page 3
 stegano
%%%%% Steganography
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Hiding

I = imread('scha.bmp', 'bmp');
imshow(I)

BW = imread('info.bmp', 'bmp');
imshow(BW)
w=size(I,2);
h=size(I,1);

C = double(I);
D = double(BW);

for i = 1:h
for j = 1:w
if mod(C(i,j,1),2) == 0
if D(i,j) == 1
if C(i,j,1) > 0
C(i,j,1) = C(i,j,1) - 1;
else
C(i,j,1) = C(i,j,1) + 1;
end
end
else
if D(i,j) == 0
if C(i,j,1) < 255
C(i,j,1) = C(i,j,1) + 1;
else
C(i,j,1) = C(i,j,1) - 1;
end
end
end

end
end

E = I;

for i = 1:h
for j = 1:w
E(i,j,1) = C(i,j,1);
end
end
figure, imshow(E)
imwrite(E, 'haha.bmp')

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Decoding
clear, close all
I = imread('haha.bmp', 'bmp');

w=size(I,2);
h=size(I,1);
BW = zeros(h,w);
C = double(I);

for i = 1:h
for j = 1:w
if mod(C(i,j,1),2) == 0
BW(i,j) = 0;
Page 1
 stegano
else
BW(i,j) = 1;
end
end
end

figure, imshow(mat2gray(BW))

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% with a simple function (Sender side)

clear, close all
I = imread('scha.bmp', 'bmp');
imshow(I)
BW = imread('info2.bmp', 'bmp');
imshow(BW)
E = hide(I, BW);
imwrite(E, 'haha.bmp')

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Receiver only receives haha.bmp

clear, close all

I = imread('haha.bmp', 'bmp');
Decodeinfo(I);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Hiding two messages (Sender side)

clear, close all
I = imread('scha.bmp', 'bmp');
imshow(I)

B1 = imread('info.bmp', 'bmp');
figure, imshow(B1)
B2 = imread('info2.bmp', 'bmp');
figure, imshow(B2)

E = hide2(I, B1, B2);

imwrite(E, 'Booya.bmp')
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Receiver only receives Booya.bmp
clear, close all

I = imread('Booya.bmp', 'bmp');
Decodeinfo2(I, 1);

clear, close all

I = imread('haha.bmp', 'bmp');
Decodeinfo2(I, 2);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% nicer hider

clear, close all
I = imread('scha.bmp', 'bmp');
imshow(I)
Page 2
 stegano
BW = imread('info2.bmp', 'bmp');
imshow(BW)
E = hide3(I, BW, 1);

Decodeinfo2(E, 1);
%%%% compare
Decodeinfo2(I, 1);

imwrite(E, 'Ohboy.bmp')

Page 3
M-Files: Creating Your Own Scripts and
Functions

Users are able to tailor MATLAB by creating their own functions and scripts of MATLAB
commands and functions. Both scripts and functions are ordinary ASCII text files external to
MATLAB. The name of each file must end in ``.m'' and must be found on MATLAB's search
path. (It is easiest to start MATLAB from the directory containing your M-files. See also the
command path.) By default while an M-file is executing its statements are not displayed. This
default behavior can be changed using the echo command.

A script may contain any sequence of MATLAB statements, including references to other M-
files. It is invoked like any other command without arguments and acts on the variables of the
workspace globally. Each command in the file is executed as though you had typed it into
MATLAB. Most of the demos provided by MATLAB are simply scripts.

The first line of a function M-file starts with the word function and declares the name of the
function and its input and output parameters. All input parameters and variables defined within
the file are local to the function. Figure 1 provides a simple example from the MATLAB User's
Guide.

Figure 1: A User Defined Function.

If we type this function into a file called mymean.m, then we can call mymean like any other
MATLAB function.
>> mymean(1:99)

ans =
50
The parameter supplied to mymean is passed by value (not reference) to the local variable x. The
variables m,n,y are also local to mymean and do not exist after it returns. An M-file function does
not alter the value of variables in the workspace unless explicit global declarations are made. To
explicitly declare a global variable, include the statement global var-name in any function (and
possibly the MATLAB base workspace) in which the variable is to be accessed globally.

The MATLAB function eval accepts a single string argument, which it interprets as a MATLAB
expression or statement. The following example demonstrates how you can use eval to pass one
function to second function as an argument and have the second function call the first function
within its body.

Suppose the following function is in the M-file goo.m

function val = goo(x)

val = x.^2;
and the following function is in the M-file foo.m.
function val = foo(fname, a)
% calls another function, whose name is passed as a string to
% argument fname, with the parameter a
val = eval([fname,'(a)']);
% ^^^^^^^^^^^ Constructs a string interpreted as an expression
% or statement by eval.
Using these functions, the following command
>> foo('goo', 3)
evaluates to
ans =
9

For Loops, While Loops, and Conditional

Statements
MATLAB also provides a programming language that includes looping statements (for and
while), conditional statements (if), and relational and logical operators for constructing
conditions.

The execution of an if or while depends upon the evaluation of a condition. To construct

conditions, MATLAB provides six relational operators

and three logical operators.

Note that the relational operator == compares two arguments, while = is used to assign a value to
a variable.
When a condition compares scalar quantities it evaluates to 1 if true and 0 if false. Relational
operators can also be applied to matrices of the same dimension. In this case a condition
evaluates to a matrix of 0s and 1s representing the result of applying the operator to the
individual elements of the matrix operands. A condition evaluating to a matrix is interpreted by
if or while to be true if each element of the matrix is nonzero. (The MATLAB function any is
useful when you want a different interpretation of the matrix resulting from the evaluation of a
condition.)

The simplest form of an if statement is if condition

statements
end

For example,

>> A = [6 3 9];
>> n = 3;
>> if n ~= 0
A = A/n;
end
>> A
results in the output
A =
2 1 3
(Each semicolon in the previous example suppresses the output of a statement's result.)

As in other programming languages, if statements can also be used to choose between 2 or more
alternatives. For example, the statement

>> if n < 0
x = [x,abs(n)];
elseif (rem(n,2) == 0) & (n ~= 0)
x = [x,n/2];
else
x = [x,n+1];
end
adds one of three possible elements to the end of the existing row vector x, depending on the
value of scalar n. Note that elseif is one word. Writing else and if separately would create a
second if statement requiring its own end.

When working with matrices and vectors, the ability to repeat statements with for and while
statements is essential. The general form of the for statement given below permits the
statements in its body to be repeated a specific number of times. for variable = expression
statements
end

The columns of expression are assigned to variable one by one and then the statements are
executed. As an example, the following statements construct a vector containing the squares of
the integers 2 through 5.
>> x = [];
>> low = 2;
>> hi = 5;
>> for i = low:hi
x = [x, i*i];
end
Of course, you could also write this for statement on a single line by separating its components
by commas,
>> for i = low:hi, x = [x,i*i], end
but using separate lines with appropriate indentation usually improves readability. The following
statement produces a vector with the same elements as x, but they are arranged in the reverse
order.
>> y = [];
>> for i = hi:-1:low
y = [y, i*i];
end

You can also nest for statements. The following statements create an Hilbert matrix, H.

>> for i = 1:m

for j = 1:n
H(i,j) = 1/(i+j-1)
end
end

Finally, MATLAB also has its own version of the while loop, which repeatedly executes a group
of statements while a condition remains true. while condition
statements
end

Given a positive number val the following statements compute and display the even powers of 2
less than or equal to val.

>> n = 0;
>> while 2^n <= val
if rem(n,2) == 0
2^n
n = n + 1;
else
n = n + 1;
end
end
(The previous example increments n by 1 each iteration (instead of by 2) and exhibits other
elements of poor programming style so that we can illustrate the nesting of an if statement
inside a while.)