SCRIPT/PPT

Subject: SCIENCE Quarter/ Week: 1st / Week 1

Grade / Level: GRADE 8 Lesson: Lesson 1

Slide No. Script Remarks

1
In Grade 7, you learned about the various forms of
energy, namely motion energy, light, sound, heat, and
electrical energy. You learned about the different energy
forms in terms of their sources, their nature or
characteristics, and the ways by which they can be
transferred from one object or place to another. In Grade
8, you will deepen the understanding of energy by
describing how energy transfer affects, and is affected by
matter. They explore some changes when there is energy
transfer such as changes in temperature, changes in the
current in a circuit, or changes in the speed of sound
travelling through a medium. They relate these changes
to the energy of the particles that make up matter.

2
Today, we will discuss Force and Motion.
In Grade 7, you learned the different ways of
describing the motion of an object in one dimension. This
time, you will learn to explain the motion of an object
using “Newton’s laws of Motion”. They will describe the
relationship between the forces acting on an object and
its motion due to these forces.

3
Do you remember the last time you ride a jeepney? Have
ever observed that when a jeepney starts moving, it speeds
up, and when a jeepney nears the stop sign, it slows down?
The jeepney is covering different displacements at equal
time intervals and hence it is not moving at a uniform
velocity. In other words, the jeepney is accelerating.
Most motions we come across in our daily life are non-
uniform and the primary cause of changes in motion is
FORCE. In this lesson, you will learn about the effects of
force on motion. Newton’s Three Laws of Motion – the
central organizing principle of classical mechanics – will be
presented and applied to real-life situations.

4 In our lesson for today about force, you must be able to

meet these learning objectives:
 Describe force and its nature.
 Demonstrate the effects of balanced force and
unbalanced force of an object.
 Compare contact force from non-contact force.
 Give examples of contact force and non-contact
force.
 To introduce the concept of FORCE, place a ballpen on
5 top of a table. (5seconds pause) Do you have your pen on
top of your table already?
Is this pen at rest or in motion? (3sec pause)
If your answer is at rest, that is right.
Now, what evidence can you give to support your answer?
Will this pen move by itself? (3sec pause)
Of course, this pen will not be moved by itself.
When will it move? Or how can we make it move?
(5 sec pause)
Yes! The pen will move if we apply force by either
pushing or pulling the pen. Its movement can be faster,
slower, change its direction and stop.

6
We can define force as a push or a pull exerted by one
body one another body.

7
Force has a standard unit called Newton, abbreviated as
Capital N.
One Newton is equal to one meter per second squared.
It has a smaller unit called dyne.
Wherein one dyne is equal to one centimeter per second
squared.

8
Now, place again the ballpen on top of the table.
Since this pen is now at rest, can we then say that there
is/are no force/s acting on it?
Then it’s time to do our Activity 1.

9
Our Activity 1 is entitled: “Forces on Objects at rest”
For your objective: After performing this activity, you should
be able to identify the forces acting on an object at rest.
The materials needed are the following. A pen, string,
pair of scissors, and a book.

10
Do you have your materials already? Now, let us start our
procedure for Situation1.
1. Hang a pen by a piece of string as shown in the
picture.
Question 1: Is the pen at rest or in motion?
Question 2: Are there forces acting on a pen? If yes,
draw the forces. You may use arrows to represent
these forces.
2. Cut the string with pair of scissors.
Question 3: What happens to the pen? What could
have caused the pen’s motion?
11 Now let us proceed to the situation 2. Here are the
procedures.
1. Place the book on top of the table as shown in the
figure.
Question 4: Is the book at rest or in motion?
Question 5: Are there forces acting on the book? If
yes, draw the forces acting on the book.
2. Let your right hand push the book in one direction,
and your left hand will push it in the opposite
direction at the same time with the same amount of
push (force).
Question 6: Did the book moved? How will you make
the book move?
In these situations, both the pen and the book are at rest.
But this does not mean that there are no forces acting on
them.

Notice that when you cut the string connected to the pen,
the pen will fall. Or if you push the book on one side across
the table, the book will move but not continue moving if you
don’t continuously push it. The pen falls down because there
is no force acting on it to counteract the pull of gravity. The
book moves because of the push that you applied. In other
words, the forces acting on these objects

12
Let us differentiate the difference between balanced and
unbalanced force.
Balanced force is done when two or more forces acting on
an object are equal in all directions.
While the unbalanced force is done when two or more un
equal forces act on an object. It moves in the direction with
more force. Net force is the difference between these forces.
Have you ever played the game “tug of war”? That game
is a perfect example to differentiate the difference between
balance and unbalanced force.
If the people on each side of the rope are pulling with the
same strength, but in opposite direction, the forces are
balanced and the result is no motion.
But if the players on one side of the rope use more force
than other side, they will win the game. Unbalanced force
can change the speed or direction of an object that is
already in motion.

13
The following are the effects of net force or unbalanced
force:
1. Force can cause object to move faster to slower.
2. Force can cause a moving object to change direction.
3. Force can cause a moving object to stop.
4. Force can change the size and shape of an object.
14 When two or more forces act on a body, they combine.
The sum of all forces acting on the same body is called
resultant force.
We have 3 kinds of combining forces:
1. Forces acting in the same direction.
2. Forces acting in the opposite direction.
3. Forces acting perpendicular to each other.

15
Let’s have these examples of combing forces to
determine their resultant force.
If the forces are acting on same direction, we will add the
two forces. 10 newtons, East plus 10 newtons, East is equal
to 20 newtons, East. It means that our resultant force is 20
newtons, East.
If the forces are acting in the opposite direction, we will
subtract the two forces. 10 newtons, East plus 10 newtons,
West is equal to 0 newton. Since we have zero force, we
don’t have the direction. The resultant force is zero.
If the forces are acting in perpendicular to each other, this
can be solved graphically by drawing each force vector to
scale. For example, 1 centimeter is equal to 1 newton. So 10
newtons can be drawn as 10 centimeters. The resultant
force can be measured using a ruler and the angle using a
protractor. 10 newtons, East plus 10 newtons, North is equal
to 14.1 newtons, Northeast.

16
We have 2 kinds of forces. The contact force and non-
contact forces.
A force that involves physical contact between objects are
called contact force. The following are examples of contact
force. Applied force, elastic force, frictional force, and normal
force.

17
Applied force is a force applied by an object to another
object. It can be a push or pull. Examples are force applied
in pushing a stalled car, force applied in kicking a ball of
hitting a baseball.

18
Elastic force is a force exerted in stretching or
compressing any elastic object such as a spring or rubber
band. Examples are stretching a rubber and a coiled spring.
19 Frictional force is a force that resists motion. This force
exists when two surfaces are in contact. Examples are
friction when hands are rubbed together, and friction
between the car tires and the road.

20
Normal force is a force which is always perpendicular to
the surface which are in contact. For instance, the normal
force keeps a book stationary on a table.

21
Non-Contact force is a force that DOES NOT involve
physical contact.
Examples of non-contact force are gravitational force,
electrical force, and magnetic force.

22
Weight or the force due to gravity is a force exerted by
massive objects such as planets and stars. An apple falling
from a tree is being pulled of gravity.

23
Electrical force is a force exists between two charges. A
very common example is a balloon rubbed with a cloth. The
balloon can pick up bits of paper. This is due to the balloons’
electrical field.

24
Magnetic force is a force of attraction and repulsion
between any two magnets as their magnetic field interacts.
Opposite poles, attract. Negative poles, repel.

25
That ends our lesson for today about the nature of force.
The balanced and unbalanced force. Contact and non-
contact force.
26
Now, let us check if we met our learning objectives for
today.
Learning Objectives:
1. Describe force and its nature.
2. Demonstrate the effects of balanced force and
unbalanced force of an object.
3. Compare contact force from non-contact force.
4. Give examples of contact force and non-contact force.

That’s all for today. Have a happy and blessed day

ahead! 

27

May the force be with you! 