For instructional purposes only • 1st Semester SY 2020-2021 69

Lesson 2.3: IbS using the Logarithmic Integrals

Lesson Summary
The first few ways to integrate rational expressions using logarithmic integrals
will be explored in this lesson.

Learning Outcome
Integrate rational expressions using logarithmic integrals.

Motivation Question
Can all types of rational expressions be integrated using logarithmic
integrals?

Discussion
There is one detail about the Power Rule for indefinite integration that was not
discussed yet. This is the restriction on the value of the exponent. Let ݊ ൌ െͳ,

‫ି ݔ‬ଵାଵ
න ‫ି ݔ‬ଵ ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ ൅‫ܥ‬ Power Rule
െͳ ൅ ͳ

‫ݔ‬଴
൅‫ܥ‬ Simplification
Ͳ

ͳ
൅‫ܥ‬ Undefined
Ͳ

The result will be an undefined number. However, when we rewrite ‫ି ݔ‬ଵ the
indefinite integral would become

ͳ
න ݀‫ݔ‬ Logarithmic
‫ݔ‬

And this form is the derivative of the natural logarithm of ‫ݔ‬. Hence, this
shortcoming of the Power Rule is covered by the logarithmic integrals.

ͳ
න ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ Žȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬ Logarithmic
‫ݔ‬

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Example 2.7: Logarithmic Integral

Evaluate the indefinite integral

͵‫ݔ‬
න ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ൅͹

Solution:
͵‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
න ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ ͵න ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅͹ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅͹

Whenever we see a rational expression, our hope is that the indefinite

integral is logarithmic.

The largest group that can be identified in the integrand is ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͹ሻ. And for
an expression to qualify to be its derivative, it must have at least ‫ݔ‬.

We let ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͹, and ‫ݑ‬ᇱ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ʹ‫ݔ‬. So, what we need to look for is ‫ݔ‬
which is at the numerator. But there is no 2. So, we insert (multiply) that ʹ
along with its reciprocal.

ͳ
ή ʹ‫ݔ‬
ൌ ͵ න ʹଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ ݔ‬൅͹

ͳ ʹ‫ݔ‬
ൌ ͵ή න ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ʹ ‫ ݔ‬൅͹
͵ ʹ‫ݔ‬
ൌ න ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ʹ ‫ ݔ‬൅͹

͵‫ݔ‬ ͵
න ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ Žȁ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͹ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͹ ʹ

When it comes to rational expressions, the only integration formula that we

could use is

ͳ
න ݀‫ ݑ‬ൌ Žȁ‫ݑ‬ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
‫ݑ‬

Unless the denominator is a composite function whose outer function is of the

form ‫ݑ‬௡ , which can be rewritten as

͸‫ݔ‬ െͷ
න ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ න൫͵‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ͹൯ ͸‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
ሺ͵‫ʹݔ‬ ൅ ͹ሻͷ

and can be solved using the Power Rule.

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Example 2.8:

Evaluate the indefinite integral

•‡… ଶ ‫ݔ‬
න ݀‫ݔ‬
ሺ–ƒ ‫ݔ‬ሻͷ

Solution:
•‡… ଶ ‫ݔ‬
න ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ නሺ–ƒ ‫ ݔ‬ሻିହ •‡…ʹ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ሺ–ƒ ‫ݔ‬ሻͷ

Let ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ –ƒ ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ݑ‬ᇱ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ •‡…ʹ ‫ݔ‬

ͳ
ൌ –ƒିସ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ܥ‬
െͶ
•‡… ଶ ‫ݔ‬ ͳ
න ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ െ ൅‫ܥ‬
ሺ–ƒ ‫ݔ‬ሻͷ Ͷ –ƒସ ‫ݔ‬

Looking at the formula this way

݀‫ݑ‬
න  ൌ Žȁ‫ݑ‬ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
‫ݑ‬

It becomes clearer that the logarithmic integral requires the numerator to be

the derivative of the denominator. This means that the rational expression
should be
1. A proper fraction, the degree of the numerator is less than the degree
of the denominator
2. The difference between the degree of the numerator and the degree
of the denominator must be 1 (Power Rule)

Examples:

͵ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳ ‫ݔ‬
ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͵ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵

So improper integrals must be rewritten in the form that is composed of

x A polynomial, and
x A proper fraction

When dealing with improper rational expressions, it is advised

to divide first before integrating.

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Example 2.9: Integrals of Improper Fractions

Evaluate the indefinite integral

‫ݔ‬
න ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬൅ͳ

Solution:

The integrand is an improper fraction, so we carry out the division first

ͳ
തതതതതതതതത
‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ‫ݔ‬
By long division,
‫ݔ‬൅ͳ
തതതതതതത
Ͳ െ ͳ‫ݎ݁݀݊݅ܽ݉݁ݎ‬
Therefore
‫ݔ‬ ͳ
ൌ ͳെ
‫ݔ‬൅ͳ ‫ݔ‬൅ͳ
Using the new form of the integrand

‫ݔ‬ ͳ
න ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ න ൬ͳ െ ൰ ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬൅ͳ ‫ݔ‬൅ͳ

ͳ
ൌ න ݀‫ ݔ‬െ න ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬൅ͳ

The first term can be solved using the first general property of indefinite
integral.

For the second term, let ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ and ‫ݑ‬ᇱ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ͳ

‫ݔ‬
න ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ Žȁ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
‫ݔ‬൅ͳ

Example 2.10: Integrals of Improper Fractions

Evaluate the indefinite integral

ʹ
ʹ‫ ݔ‬ସ ൅ ͷ‫ ͵ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ
න ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬൅͵
Solution:

The integrand is an improper fraction, so we carry out the division first

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ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ  ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳʹ

തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ሻʹ‫ݔ‬ ସ ൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ

ʹ‫ ݔ‬ସ ൅ ͸‫ ݔ‬ଷ
തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
െ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ
െ‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ
By long division, തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬
ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳͷ‫ݔ‬
തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
െͳʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ
െͳʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵͸
തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
͵͹‫ܽ݉݁ݎ‬ଓ݊݀݁‫ݎ‬
Therefore

ʹ‫ ݔ‬ସ ൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ ͵͹

ൌ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳʹ ൅
‫ݔ‬൅͵ ‫ݔ‬൅͵

Using the new form of the integrand

͵͹
ൌ න ൬ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳʹ ൅ ൰ ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬൅͵
͵͹
ൌ නሺʹ‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳʹሻ݀‫ ݔ‬൅ න ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬൅͵
The first group can be solved using the Power Rule.
For the second term, let ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ and ‫ݑ‬ᇱ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ͳ

ͳ ͳ ͳ
ൌ ʹ ή ‫ ݔ‬ସ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ͷ ή ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ Žȁ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
Ͷ ͵ ʹ

ͳ ସ ͳ ଷ ͷ ଶ
ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ Žȁ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
ʹ ͵ ʹ

ʹ ͳ ସ ͳ ଷ ͷ ଶ
ʹ‫ ݔ‬ସ ൅ ͷ‫ ͵ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ
න ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ Žȁ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
‫ݔ‬൅͵ ʹ ͵ ʹ

Whenever the numerator looks almost like the derivative of the denominator
that it makes you think that if you add and subtract and multiply and divide
the numerator correctly, we might just be able to come up with a different
form of the integrand that is much easier to integrate; try it. If you have no
other options, then just do it.

Example 2.11: Logarithmic Integrals

Evaluate the indefinite integral

ʹ
න ݀‫ݔ‬
ͳ ൅ ݁ʹ‫ݔ‬

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Solution:
Rewriting the expression

ʹ ͳ
න ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ ʹන ݀‫ݔ‬
ͳ ൅ ݁ʹ‫ݔ‬ ͳ ൅ ݁ ଶ௫

We also try to add and subtract 1 to the numerator.

ሺͳ ൅ ݁ ଶ௫ ሻ െ ݁ ଶ௫
ൌ ʹන ݀‫ݔ‬
ͳ ൅ ݁ ଶ௫
ሺͳ ൅ ݁ ଶ௫ ሻ ݁ ଶ௫
ൌ ʹනቈ ଶ௫
െ ቉ ݀‫ݔ‬
ͳ൅݁ ͳ ൅ ݁ ଶ௫
݁ ଶ௫
ൌ ʹ න ቈͳ െ ቉ ݀‫ݔ‬
ͳ ൅ ݁ ଶ௫
݁ ଶ௫
ൌ ʹ න ݀‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ න ݀‫ݔ‬
ͳ ൅ ݁ ଶ௫

The first term looks ready for integration.

For the second term, let ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ͳ ൅ ݁ ଶ௫ and ‫ݑ‬ᇱ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ʹ݁ ଶ௫ which means we
only have to put 2 inside the integral

ʹ݁ ଶ௫
ൌ ʹ න ݀‫ ݔ‬െ න ݀‫ݔ‬
ͳ ൅ ݁ ଶ௫
Integrating

ʹ
න ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ Žȁͳ ൅ ݁ ଶ௫ ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
ͳ ൅ ݁ʹ‫ݔ‬

There are other ways to deal with rational expressions. It will be explored
more in Module 5. But the division should always be carried out first when the
rational function is improper. Remember that a rational function is improper
when the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of
the denominator.

With enough experience, trial-and-error is eliminated

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Learning Tasks
Provide the solution for each of the statements below. Remember to treat
variables other than the variable of integration is constants.
ହ
ͳ ͵ Ͷ ͵‫ ݔ‬ൗଷ ͵
1. න ቆ‫ ݔ‬ଶൗଷ െ ଶൗ ൅ െ ቇ ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ
ଵ
െ ͵‫ ݔ‬ൗଷ ൅ ସ െ Ͷ Žȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
‫ݔ‬ ହ ‫ݔ‬ ͷ Ͷ‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ ଷ

ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳሻଷ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ͵‫ ݕ‬ଶ

2. න ݀‫ ݕ‬ൌ െ ൅ ͵‫ ݕ‬െ Žȁ‫ݕ‬ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
‫ݕ‬ ͵ ʹ
ଷ ͳ ʹܽଷ௫Τଶ ͻܽସ௫Τଷ ͳͺܽ଻௫Τ଺
3. න൫ܽ௫Τଶ ൅ ܽ௫Τଷ ൯ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ቆ െ ൅ െ ܽ௫ ቇ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
Žȁܽȁ ͵ Ͷ ͹
‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ܽଶ ͳ య
4. න ଷ ଶ
݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ Žሺ‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ͵ܽଶ ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ Ž ඥ‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ͵ܽଶ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ܥ‬
‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ܽ ‫ݔ‬ ͵
ܽ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܾ ܽ‫ ܾ ݔ‬ଶ െ ܽଶ
5. න ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ൅ Žሺܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽሻ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ ܾ ܾଶ
‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ܽଷ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ
6. න ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ൅ ൅ ܽଶ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹܽଷ Žሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
‫ݔ‬െܽ ͵ ʹ
ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ ሻ ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ
7. න ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ൅ ʹܽ‫ ݔ‬െ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ሺܽଶ െ ܾ ଶ ሻଶ Žሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܾሻ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
‫ݔ‬൅ܾ ʹ
݁ ௫ିଵ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬௘ିଵ ͳ ͳ ‫ ݁ݔ‬௫ ൅ ݁‫ ݔ‬௘ ͳ
8. න ௫ ௘
݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ න ௫ ௘
ቆ ቇ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ Žȁ݁ ௫ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬௘ ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
݁ ൅‫ݔ‬ ݁ ݁ ൅‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ ݁
ܽ ௫ ܾ ଷ௫
9. නሺܽ ௫ ܾ ଷ௫ ሻ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ නሺܾܽ ଷ ሻ௫ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ൅‫ܥ‬
Ž ܾܽ ଷ
ܽ௠௫ା௡ ܾ ௣௫ା௤
10 නሺܽ௠௫ା௡ ܾ ௣௫ା௤ ሻ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ൅‫ܥ‬
Ž ܽ௠ ܾ ௣
ܽଶ௫ ൅ ܾ ଶ௫ ͳ ܽଶ௫ ܾ ଶ௫
11 න ௫
݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ ௫ ቆ ൅ ቇ൅‫ܥ‬
݁ ݁ ʹ Ž ܽ െ ͳ ʹ Ž ܾ െ ͳ
ܽଶ ܾ ଶ௫ ʹሺܾܽሻ௫ାଵ ܾ ଶ ܽଶ௫
12 නሺܾܽ ௫ ൅ ܾܽ ௫ ሻଶ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ െ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
ʹ Ž ܾ Žሺܾܽሻ ʹ Ž ܽ

Assessment
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals. Remember to treat variables other
than the variable of integration is constants.
ସ
ଷ ͳ ʹ ͳ ‫׬‬൫ξ‫ ݓ‬൅ ξܽ൯
1. න ቆ‫ ݔ‬ൗହ െ ଷ ൅ ସ ൅ ቇ ݀‫ݔ‬ 2. ݀‫ݓ‬
‫ ݔ‬ൗହ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ ξ‫ݓ‬
͵ ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ
3. න ݀‫ݔ‬ 4. න ݀‫ݔ‬
ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ ͹‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷ
‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ͸‫ ݔ‬൅ ͺ ݁ ௫ିଵ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬௘ିଵ
5. න ݀‫ݔ‬ 6. න ݀‫ݔ‬
ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͻ ݁௫ ൅ ‫ݔ‬௘

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ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ ሻ ଷ ܽ ൅ Ž ‫ݔ‬
7. න ݀‫ݔ‬ 8. න ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬െܽ ‫ݔ‬

Instructions on how to submit student output

Please see class policies for details.

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