ECE 4800

ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES
Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculations

Dr. Mohsin Jamil

Spring 2021
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Power calculation
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Instantaneous power
❑ Definition: The product of the instantaneous voltage across the
device and the instantaneous current flowing through it.
(the passive sign convention is assumed):

p(t ) = v(t )i (t )
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Passive sign convention

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Instantaneous power

di(t )
v(t ) = L
dt

i (t ) = v(t )dt + i (t0 )

1 t
L t 0

dv(t )
i (t ) = C
dt
i (t )dt + v(t0 )
1 t
C t0
v(t ) =
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Instantaneous power
❑ For sinusoidal voltage and current:
p(t ) = v(t )i (t )
v(t ) = Vm cos(t +  v )
i (t ) = I m cos(t +  i )
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Instantaneous power
p(t ) = v(t )i (t )
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Instantaneous power
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Average power
❑ The average power P is obtained by integrating the instantaneous
power p(t) over one period.
t x +T
p(t )dt
1
P=
T 
tx

❑ Average power is also known as “real power”, “active power”.

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Average power
❑ For sinusoidal voltage and current:
v(t ) = Vm cos(t +  v )
i (t ) = I m cos(t +  i )

V I  V I 
p(t ) =  m m  cos( v −  i ) +  m m  cos(2t +  v +  i )
 2   2 

❑ The average power:

V I 
P =  m m  cos( v −  i )
 2 
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Power factor
❑ The average power for sinusoidal power supply:
V I 
P =  m m  cos( v −  i )
 2 

❑ Power factor angle:  = ( v −  i )

❑ Power factor
pf = cos 
➢ Lagging:   0 , current lags voltage, inductive load
➢ Leading:   0 , current leads voltage, capacitive load
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Example 1
❑ Given the time-domain voltage v = 4cos(πt/6) V, find
both the average power and an expression for the
instantaneous power that result when the corresponding
phasor voltage V = 40 V is applied across an
impedance Z = 260  .
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Example 1 solution
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Example 1 solution
V I  V I 
p(t ) =  m m  cos( v −  i ) +  m m  cos(2t +  v +  i )
 2   2 
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Example 1 solution
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Average power - resistor

❑ The average power absorbed by an ideal resistor R:
v(t ) = Vm cos(t +  v )
i (t ) = I m cos(t +  i )
v = i

V I  V I 
P =  m m  cos( v −  i ) =  m m  cos(0) = m m
V I
 2   2  2

v(t ) = i (t )R Vm = I m R
Vm cos(t +  v ) = I m R cos(t +  i ) Im =
Vm
v = i R

Vm I m 1 2 1 Vm2
P= = ImR =
2 2 2 R
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Average power - inductor or capacitor

❑ The average power absorbed by an ideal inductor or

an ideal capacitor will be related to an angle, ±90°:
v(t ) = Vm cos(t +  v )
i (t ) = I m cos(t +  i )
 v −  i = 90

 Vm I m   Vm I m 
P=  cos( v −  i ) =   cos( 90) = 0
 2   2 
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Example 2
❑ Find the average power being delivered to an
impedance Z L = (8 − j11)  by a current I = 520 A .
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Example 3
❑ Find the average power absorbed by each of the three
passive elements as well as the average power
supplied by each source.
j2  − j2 

200 V 2 100 V
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Example 3 solution

− 200 + I1 ( j 2 ) + (I1 − I 2 )2 = 0
(I 2 − I1 )2 + I 2 (− j 2) + 100 = 0
I1 = 5 − j10 = 11.180(− 63.435) A
I 2 = 5 − j 5 = 7.071(− 45) A
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Example 3 solution
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Example 3 solution
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The operator j

V = Vm e j = Vm  
1e j 90 = 190
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Effective values (rms)

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Effective (rms) for sinusoidal waveforms

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Effective (rms) values

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Apparent power
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Power factor

Power factor angle is equal to the phase angle of the equivalent impedance of
the circuit.
V Vm  v  Vm 
Z= = =  ( v −  i )
I I m  i  I m 
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Phasors

http://www2.ensc.sfu.ca/~glennc/e220/e220l20.pdf
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Example 4
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Example 4 solution
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Example 4 solution

Vm I m 1 2 1 Vm2
P= = ImR =
2 2 2 R
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Complex power

V I 
P =  m m  cos( v −  i )
 2 
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Complex power
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Complex power
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Inductive and capacitive load

Inductive Load:

Capacitive Load:
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Active/Real Power and Reactive Power

NERC: The North American Electric Reliability Corporation

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Complex power
Two loads in the circuit connected in parallel, L1 and L2. Load 1 absorbed an average
power of 8 kW at a leading power factor of 0.8; Load 2 absorbs an apparent power of
20 kVA at a lagging power factor of 0.6.

For Load 1: PF1 = 0.8 leading P1 = 8 kW

1 = − cos −1 (0.8) = −36.87

For Load 2: PF2 = 0.6 lagging S 2 = 20 kVA

 2 = cos −1 (0.6) = 53.13

S L = S1 + S 2 = VI1* + VI 2* = VI s* The power factor of the combined two loads in

parallel is determined by angle between V and Is.
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Complex power calculation

❑ Alternate formula for complex power calculation given rms phasor values:
Veff
S = Veff I *
eff
Veff = ZI eff I eff = Z = R + jX
Z
S = Veff I eff
*
= (ZI eff )I eff
*
= Z I eff I eff
*
( )
= I eff Z = I eff
2 2
(R + jX ) =
( I R )+ j ( I
eff
2
eff
2
)
X = P + jQ
2 1
P = I eff R =
2
Im R
2
2 1
Q = I eff X = Im X
2

2
* 2
 Veff  Veff V
*
Veff
S = Veff I eff = Veff   = = = P + jQ
* eff

 Z  Z* R − jX
2 2
For pure resistive Veff For pure reactive Veff
elements (X = 0): P= elements (R = 0): Q=
R X
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Complex power calculation

❑ Alternate formula for complex power calculation
using peak phasor values:
1 *
S = VI
2
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Complex power calculation

❑ Complex power calculation using the impedance:
* 2
 V  V VV V
* *
S = V I = V   = V * = * = *
Z  Z Z Z

V must be the voltage across Z

2
V
S=
Z*
2
V
Z=
S*
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Reactive power compensation

2
P = I eff R
2
Q = I eff X
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Reactive power compensation

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Reactive power compensation

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Reactive power compensation

Lagging Lagging
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Reactive power compensation

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Reactive power compensation on distribution poles

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Capacitor banks
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Power factor correction

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Power factor correction

Passive harmonic filter tuned

at 5th harmonic frequency

400 kVAR
480V
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Power factor correction

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Power factor correction

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Example 5

1 HP = 0.746 kW
1 kW = 1.341 HP
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Example 5 solution
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Example 5 solution
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Example 10.5
In the circuit, a load having an impedance of 39+j26  is fed from a
voltage source through a line having an impedance of 1+j4 . The
voltage (rms) of the source is 2500 V.
❑ Calculate the load current IL and voltage VL
❑ Calculate the average and reactive power delivered to the load.
❑ Calculate the average and reactive power consumed by the line.
❑ Calculate the average and reactive power supplied by the source.
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Example 10.5 solution

❑ Calculate the load current IL and voltage VL
V 2500 2500
IL = = =
Z (1 + j 4 ) + (39 + j 26) 40 + j 30
= 5 − 36.87 A(rms )

VL = I L Z L = (5 − 36.87)(39 + j 26) = 234.36 − 3.18V (rms )

❑ Calculate the average and reactive power delivered to the load.

S L = VL I L* = (234.36 − 3.18)(5 − 36.87)

*

= (234.36 − 3.18)(536.87) = (975 + j 650)VA

PL = 975W QL = 650Var
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Example 10.5 solution

❑ Calculate the average and reactive power consumed by the line
Method 1:
S Line = VLine I L* = (V − VL )(5 − 36.87)
*

= (2500 − 234.36 − 3.18)(536.87)

= (25 + j100)VA
PLine = 25W QLine = 100Var

Method 2:
2
PLine = I Leff RLine = 52 1 = 25W 2
P = I eff R =
1 2
Im R
2
2
QLine = I Leff X Line = 52  4 = 100Var Q = I eff
2 1
X = Im X
2

2
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Example 10.5 solution

❑ Calculate the average and reactive power supplied by the source
Method 1
S = VI L* = (2500)(5 − 36.87)
*

= (2500)(536.87)
= (1000 + j 750)VA
P = 1000W Q = 750Var

Method 2

S = S L + S Line = (975 + j 650) + (25 + j100)

= (1000 + j 750)VA
P = 1000W Q = 750Var
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Example 10.7
❑ Calculate the average and reactive
power delivered to each impedance in
the circuit.
❑ Calculate the average and reactive
power associated with each source in
the circuit.
❑ Verify that the average power
delivered equals the average power
absorbed.

Note: The given voltage and current phasors did not marked with rms, so that means
they are using peak values. In this case, the complex power calculation will be:
1
S = VI *
2
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Maximum power transfer

❑ For maximum power transfer to the load ZL: Z L = ZTh
*

❑ Derivation:
Z L = RL + jX L Z Th = RTh + jX Th
VTh
I=
(RL + RTh ) + j ( X L + X Th )
The average power delivered to the load:
2
VTh RL
P = I RL =
2

(RL + RTh )2 + ( X L + X Th )2
To maximize P, we must find RL and XL where the following equations are true:
P
=0  X L = − X Th
X L
Z L = ZTh
*
P
= 0  RL = RTh
RL
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The maximum average power absorbed

❑ When the load impedance ZL: Z L = Z Th
*

VTh
❑ The load current I: I=
2 RL

❑ The maximum average power delivered to the load using rms

value: 2 2
VTh RL VTh
P = I RL = =
2
2
4 RL 4 RL
❑ The maximum average power delivered to the load using peak
value: 2
VTh _ m
P=
8 RL
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The maximum average power absorbed

as shown below

Note: here the max power is

calculated using peak current
and voltage values. If the rms
values are used, the power
calculation should be
2 2
VTh RL VTh
P = I RL = =
2
2
4R L 4 RL
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Example 10.8
1) Determine the impedance ZL for the circuit that results
in maximum average power transferred to ZL.
2) What is the maximum average power transferred to
the load impedance determined in 1).
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Example 10.8 solution

1) Determine Thevenin equivalent first at the terminal ab.
2) Z L = ZTh
*

2 2
3) VTh VTh _ m
P= =
4 RL 8RL Source
transformation
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Electric energy
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Electric energy
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Electric energy
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Reference
❑ Hayt, Kemmerly and Durbin, Engineering Circuit Analysis,
8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2012, ISBN 978-
0073529578
❑ Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, “Electric Energy- an
Introduction”, 3rd ed. ISBN: 978-1-4-6650303-8.