Statistics

VARIABLE
- any information, attribute, characteristic, 1
; if x=0

{ }
number, or quantity that describes a person,
4
place, event, thing or idea that can be
measured or counted P ( X )= 1 ;if x=1
- can be qualitative or quantitative (discrete or
2
continuous)
1
; if x=2
DISCRETE VARIABLE 4
- a quantitative variable whose value can only be where x i s the number o heads when tossing a pair of
attained through counting unbiased coins.
- it can be finite in number of possible values or PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION OF A
countably infinite if the counting process has o end DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION
- a quantitative variable that can assume an infinitely - a probability distribution function of a
many, uncountable number of real number discrete random variable
RANDOM VARIABLE - it assigns a probability value to each
- a variable whose value is dependent to the sample point
outcome of a well-defined random event  The probability mass function
or experiment f (x) for a discrete random
SAMPLE SPACE variable X is specified by
- the set of all possible outcomes in an giving the values of
experiment f ( x )=P( X=x ) for all x in
* each outcome is called sample point
the range of X .
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
- a table of values that shows the
- if the outcome in an experiment has only countable or
probability of any of the outcomes of
countably infinite number of outcomes
an experiment
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
Example:
- if the outcome in an experiment can take an
The discrete probability distribution of getting a head
uncountably infinite number of possible outcomes
in tossing a 3 unbiased coins
within a specified real number interval.
Number of Heads 0 1 2 3
POSSIBLE VALUES OF A RANDOM
VARIABLE
( x)
- values that are obtained from functions that assign a P( X =x) 1 3 3 1
real number to each point of a sample space 8 8 8 8
Example:
Consider tossing a pair of unbiased coins. Let H stands Find the probability of getting 2 to 3 heads
for a head and T stands for a tail. The possible sample Number of Heads ( x) 2 3
space is { TT, TH, HT, HH }. P( X =x) 3 1
If we are interested in the number of heads, each 8 8
sample point in the sample space would become { 0, 1, ∴ The probability of getting 2 to 3 heads is
2 }.
P ( 2≤ X ≤ 3 )=P ( X=2 )+ P (X=3)
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
- a function P(X) that shows the relative probability
3 1
= +
that each outcome of an experiment will happen 8 8
Example: 4 1
= =
Consider tossing a pair of unbiased coins. 8 2
S = { TT, TH, HT, HH } PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM
No Heads One Head Two Heads - it shows the relative probabilities of the
T T TH H H sample points in a form of a bar graph
1 HT 1
4 21 4
42
Probability histogram of the sample points of getting a
head in tossing a 3 unbiased coins
 a. Mean : μ= ∑ [ x ∙ P (X=x )]
0.4 b. Variance:
0.35 σ 2=∑ ¿ ¿
0.3 c. Standard deviation:
0.25 √ variance or √ σ 2 = σ
0.2 INTERPRETATION OF MEAN AND VARIANCE
OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
0.15
In a random variable, the mean is the average
0.1 value of all the outcomes. The mean of a random
0.05 variable weighs each outcome( x ) according to its
0 probability( p). If the random variable X is multiplied
0 1 2 3
to a value b and then increased by value a , the mean
will be affected in the same manner, that is,
PROPERTIES OF DISCRETE RANDOM μa +bx =a+bμ x .this is a property of the mean of a
VARIABLE discrete random variable.
The sum of the probabilities of a discrete random The variance describes the average square
variable is always equal to 1. deviation of each variable from the mean. If the mean
n
is the center of a random variable’s probability
∑ P( X=x i )=1 distribution, then the variance is a measure of how
i=1
Outcome of an Probability of each much the probability mass is spread out around this
Experiment Outcome center.
x1 P ¿) Example:
x2 P ¿) Students were asked to estimate the length (in
inches) of a table. The errors in the estimated values
x3 P ¿)
were recorded and tabulated as follows:
xn P ¿)
Error x 3 4 5 6 7
Example 0.25 0.1 0.3 0.15 0.2
P( X =x)
X 0 1 2 3
P(X ) 1 3 3 1 1. Find the mean error of this probability
8 8 8 8 distribution.
n Solution:
∑ P( X=x i )=P ( X=0 )+ P ( X=1 ) + P ( X=2 )+ P( X=3) Mean μ= ∑[ x ∙ P ( X=x )]
i=1
1 3 3 1
¿ + + + ¿ 3 ( 0.25 ) +4 ( 0.1 )+ 5 ( 0.3 ) 6 ( 0.15 )+ 7 ( 0.2 )=4.95
8 8 8 8
2. Determine the variance and the standard
8
¿ =1 deviation.
8 Solution:
The range of X is { 0 , 1 ,2 , 3 } .
Variance σ 2=∑ ¿ ¿
The total probability is 1.
MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A RANDOM
VARIABLE ¿ ( 3−4.95 )2 ( 0.25 ) + ( 4−4.95 )2 ( 0.1 ) + ( 5−4.95 )2 ( 0.3 ) + ( 6−4.9
MEAN of the discrete random variables ≈ 2.05
- also known as the expected value Standard deviation σ =√ σ 2
- the weighted average of all possible values of ¿ √ 2.05
the random variables ≈ 1.43
- symbol used for the mean is μ
Variance NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND STANDARD
- a measurement of spread or dispersion NORMAL VARIABLES
- it measures the variation of the values of a
random variable from the mean Normal Probability Distribution
- the symbol used for the variance is σ 2and its - a data distribution where the mean, median,
square root σ is called standard deviation and mode are equal and the distribution is
Formulas: clustered at the center
If P( X =x) is the probability of every value of x , - its graph is a symmetrical bell-shaped curve
 0.3
0.25 FINDING THE AREA OF A REGION UNDER
0.25 THE NORMAL CURVE
0.2
0.2 0.2 Every region under the normal curve corresponds to
0.15
0.15 0.15 the area bounded by μor z=0 and the number of units
0.1 of the z−score is from the center
0.1 0.1
0.05 The z−table shows the areas under the normal
0 curve for every z−score from μ or z=0.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

What is the area under the normal curve from z=0 to

PROPERTIES OF A NORMAL CURVE z=0.25 ?
• The mean, median, and mode are equal and are
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
represented by the central point along the
0.0
horizontal axis which determines the highest 0.1
point of the curve. 0.2 0.0987
• The curve is symmetric around the mean and 0.3
is asymptotic to the horizontal axis; that is, the What is the area under the normal curve from z=0 to
curve extends indefinitely in both directions. z=0.25 ?
• The total area ( or probability ) under the
The area under the curve from z=0 to
normal curve is equal to 100% or 1; or 50% or
z=0.25 is 0.0987. This means that 9.87% of the
0.5 to each side from the center.
data can be found inside this interval.
STANDARD SCORE OR Z-SCORE
- the equivalent value of a raw score expressed
What percentage of its branches have a profit of ₱73
in terms of the mean ( μ) and standard
million to ₱80 million?
deviation (σ )of the distribution Given: μ=73
- it measures the distance of any particular raw x=80
score ( x) from the mean in standard deviation σ =3.25
units x−μ
Solution: z=
σ
Given the raw score x , the formula for its equivalent ¿ 2.15
standard score or z -score is A=0.4842
x−μ
z=
σ ∴ 48.42% of the DG Company’s branches have a
Example: profit of ₱73 million to ₱80 million.
The DG Company has 100 branches
nationwide. The annual profit of DG Company is
normally distributed with a mean of ₱73 million a year
and a standard deviation of ₱3.25 million. Find the z -
score pertaining to the number of branches having a
sales of ₱80 million.

Given: μ=73
x=80
σ =3.25

Solution:
x−μ
z=
σ
80−73
¿
3.25
7
¿
3.25
¿ 2.15