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Oracle SQL Tips

This document provides a summary of common SQL commands and functions including commands for altering tables, committing data, creating constraints, creating and dropping database objects, inserting and deleting records, modifying columns, renaming tables, and performing various select statements using functions like counts, averages, sums, minimums, maximums and more. It also includes tips for formatting column displays in SQL Plus.

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66 views7 pages

Oracle SQL Tips

This document provides a summary of common SQL commands and functions including commands for altering tables, committing data, creating constraints, creating and dropping database objects, inserting and deleting records, modifying columns, renaming tables, and performing various select statements using functions like counts, averages, sums, minimums, maximums and more. It also includes tips for formatting column displays in SQL Plus.

Uploaded by

kamranocp
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Oracle SQL Tips

Altering a users password, making changes to a table


Alter (i.e. adding a column).
Commit Commit data to a database table.
Constraints Creating table constraints
Creates a table,view, index, sequence, user etc. in the
Create database.
Delete Delete a record from a table.
Drop Drop a table or viewfrom a database.
Insert Insert records into a table.
Modify Modify a column in a table.
Rename Renames a table.
Select  
Column Alias Creates an alias for the database column.

Order By (Ascending & Descending) Orders data in ascending or descending order.

Count Counts the number of rows.


AVG Determines the average of a column.
SUM Determines the sum of a column.
MIN Identifies the minimum value in a column.

MAX Identifies the maximum value in a column.

Distinct Eliminates duplicate rows.


Math Operators Perform mathematical operations.
Logical Operators Apply logic to your search conditions.
Like / = Create specific search conditions.
A listing of popular commands and settings used in
SQL Plus SQL Plus.
Commands  
Column Formatting for Displays  
Describe Describe a database table.
   
   

Alter

Application:

Altering a users password, making changes to a table or column.


Change Password:

ALTER user username IDENTIFIED BY newpassword


Example
ALTER USER tony IDENTIFIED BY cereal

Adding a column:

ALTER TABLE tablename ADD column name datatype


Example:
ALTER TABLE project ADD names varchar2(25) Commit
Application:
Commit data to a database table.
Save inserted data
Commit Constraints
Application:
Allows for the creation of column constraints such as Primary and Foreign keys.
Create Primary Key
CONSTRAINT constraint name_pk PRIMARY KEY

Example

CONSTRAINT cd_cd_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (cd_id)


{NOTE: this is the format when using at the end of you column declarations in a CREATE Table statement)   
Create a Foreign Key
CONSTRAINT constraint name_fk REFERENCES tablename(primary key)

Example

CONSTRAINT cd_cd_id_fk REFERENCES cd(cd_id)


{NOTE: this is the format when using at the end of you column declarations in a CREATE Table statement)  

ADD a PRIMARY Key Constraint (after table created)

ALTER TABLE tablename


ADD CONSTRAINT constraint name PRIMARY KEY (column name)

Example

ALTER TABLE cd
ADD CONSTRAINT cd_cd_id_pk PRIMARY KEY(cd_id);

Add a FOREIGN KEY Constraint (after table created)

ALTER TABLE tablename


ADD CONSTRAINT constraint name REFERENCES table(column name)

Example

ALTER TABLE cd
ADD CONSTRAINT cd_cd_id_fk REFERENCES cd(cd_id);       Create

Application:

Creates a table,view, index, sequence, user etc. in the database.


Create Table
CREATE TABLE tablename (data definition)
Example:
CREATE TABLE project ( name varchar2(25), activity varchar2(30))
Create View
CREATE VIEW viewname (column names)AS SELECT select statement
Example:
CREATE VIEW report (Names, Addresses) AS SELECT Select name, address FROM book   Delete
Application:
Delete a record from a table.
Delete record
DELETE FROM tablename WHERE search condition
Example:
DELETE FROM project WHERE projid = 21   Drop

Application:

Drop a table or view from a database.


Drop Table
DROP TABLE tablename

Example

DROP TABLE projects


Drop View
DROP VIEW view name

Example

DROP VIEW lowscores   Insert

Application:

Insert records into a table.

Insert record

INSERT INTO table (columns1, column2....) VALUES (value1, value2...)

Example

INSERT INTO project (name, activity) VALUES (building, construction)

Modify

Application:

Modify a column in a table.

Modify a column in a table

ALTER TABLE tablename MODIFY column name new data definition

Example:
ALTER project MODIFY (name varchar2(50))

Rename

Application:

Renames a table.

Rename table

RENAME oldtablename TO new tablename

Example:

RENAME projects99 TO projects2000   Various Select Statements

SELECT Statement

SELECT column1, column2... FROM table

Example

SELECT project_name FROM project

Column Alias
Creates an alias for the database column. SELECT column name "alias name" FROM table

Example

SELECT name "Our Team" FROM project   

Order By

SELECT column FROM table ORDER BY column name

Example

SELECT name FROM project ORDER BY project_num

Order By (Ascending order)

SELECT name FROM project ORDER BY project_num ASC

Order By (Descending order)

SELECT name FROM project ORDER BY project_num DESC

COUNT

Returns an integer representing the number of counted rows.

Example
SELECT count(*) FROM projects

AVG

Returns the average value of a numberic column's returned values.

Example

SELECT avg(project_cost) FROM project

SUM

Sums a numeric column;'s returned values.

Example

SELECT sum(project_count) FROM project

MIN

Returns the minimum value of a numeric column's returned values.

Example

SELECT min(project_cost) FROM project

MAX

Returns the maximum value of a numeric column's return values.

Example

SELECT max(project_cost) FROM project

Distinct

Supresses duplicate values.

Example

SELECT DISTINCT project_date FROM project

Math Operators (+,-,*,/)

Performs basic calculations in a select statement

Example
SELECT total+5 FROM project

Logical Operators (AND, OR, NOT)

Allows you to apply multiple search criteria.

Example

SELECT project_name FROM projects WHERE project_date > '02-FEB-00' AND project_cost <
150.00

LIKE or =

These are applied to your search condition in the WHERE clause.

Example LIKE

Use when applying wildcards on VARCHAR2 datatypes. SELECT name FROM project WHERE name LIKE
'JONES%'

Example =

Use when knowing the exact search parameter in your WHERE cluase. SELECT cost FROM project WHERE
cost = 150.00   SQL Plus

Commands

Most of the commands listed here also require a FULL path name to carry out the desired task.

Save FILENAME

Saves a file.

Get FILENAME

Opens a file.

Start FILENAME

Executes a file.

@FILENAME

Executes a file.

Edit FILENAME

Opens a file for editing in Notepad.

Spool FILENAME
Spools out to a file.

Exit

Exits out of SQL Plus

Disc

Disconnects from the Database.

Connect

Connects to the database: CONNECT username/password@instance

Formatting Columns

Apply these techniques to alter the way your data is displayed in a columnar format.

Character and Date Columns

An, sets the display width of n

Examples

Create column headings

COLUMN name HEADING ‘Customer|Name’ FORMAT A70

COLUMN bact_balance JUSTIFY LEFT FORMAT $999,999,990.00

COLUMN inv_date FORMAT A9 NULL ‘No Invoice’

Display the current settings

COLUMN name

Clear Settings

COLUMN name CLEAR

Describe

Diplays table column names and datatypes. DESCR tablename

Example

DESCR project   

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