This document discusses methods for measuring horizontal distances in surveying. It describes direct methods like taping/chaining and indirect optical methods like tachometry. Modern electronic distance measurement instruments are also covered. Sources of error in taping like tape length and non-horizontal setup are discussed along with corrections. Accessories used for distance measurement like ranging poles, plumb bobs and arrows are also mentioned.
This document discusses methods for measuring horizontal distances in surveying. It describes direct methods like taping/chaining and indirect optical methods like tachometry. Modern electronic distance measurement instruments are also covered. Sources of error in taping like tape length and non-horizontal setup are discussed along with corrections. Accessories used for distance measurement like ranging poles, plumb bobs and arrows are also mentioned.
This document discusses methods for measuring horizontal distances in surveying. It describes direct methods like taping/chaining and indirect optical methods like tachometry. Modern electronic distance measurement instruments are also covered. Sources of error in taping like tape length and non-horizontal setup are discussed along with corrections. Accessories used for distance measurement like ranging poles, plumb bobs and arrows are also mentioned.
This document discusses methods for measuring horizontal distances in surveying. It describes direct methods like taping/chaining and indirect optical methods like tachometry. Modern electronic distance measurement instruments are also covered. Sources of error in taping like tape length and non-horizontal setup are discussed along with corrections. Accessories used for distance measurement like ranging poles, plumb bobs and arrows are also mentioned.
Tewodro www.tnigatu.wordpress tedynihe@gmail Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement oduction ne of the basic measurements in surveying is the determina the distance between two points on the earth’s surface for fixing position, setout and in scaling. ethods Pacing Odometer of a vehicle Taping (chaining) Tachometry Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement ethods of making linear measurements
rect methods
ptical methods
D.M methods
he direct method, the distance is actually measured during field
g a chain or a tape. This is the most commonly used method for surements.
he optical methods, principles of optics are used. The distance
ally measured in field but it is computed indirectly. The instrument making observations is called tachometer. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement
ctronic Distance Measuring (E.D.M) instruments have b
veloped quite recently.
ese are practically replacing the measurement of distan
ng chains or tapes. There is a large variety of s truments and depending upon the precision required truments should be used. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement
Electronic Distance Measuring (E.D.M)
EDM
P Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement proximatemethods e methods given below may be used in reconnaissance or for detec jor mistakes in linear measurements obtained with a chain or a tape Pacing
A distance between two
points can be approximately be determined by counting the number of paces and multiplying it with average length of the pace. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement
Passometer: is a small instrument which counts the number of pac Pedometer This instrument directly gives the distance by multiplying the number of paces with the average pace length of the person carrying the instrument. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement dometer odometer is a simple ice which can be ached to the wheel of a ycle or any such vehicle. odometer registers the mber of revolution made the wheel. The distance ered is equal to the duct of the number of olutions and the imeter of the wheel. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement
peedometer his is used in automobiles for measuring distances. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement
asuring Wheel a wheel fitted with a and handle. The is graduated and s a distance per ution. There is a dial records the er of revolution. the distance can be uted. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement
e degree of accuracy btained by rent distance easurement methods Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement in Surveying a method of land surveying in which only lin uantities are measured. Formerly ropes, lines and chords for linear measurements Then chains were invented in the 17th century. Nowadays steel tapes most commonly graduated in ft or m w decimal fractions Linen or cloth tapes, fiberglass tapes can be used for low precis Invar tapes- extreme precision, alloy of steel and nickel; expensive to afford for ordinary work; low coefficient of ther expansion cf. steel tapes (1/30 of steel) Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement
suring Tapes are used for more accurate measurement. The tapes are classified based on the ials of which they are made of such as:
th or linen tape
re Tape
tallic Tape
el tape
ar Tape Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement or linen Tape en tapes are closely woven linen d varnished to resist moisture. y are generally 10 m, 20 m, 25 m d 30 m long in length and 12 to 15 m wide. They are generally used for et measurements. These tapes are t and flexible. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement
Glass Tape se tapes are similar to linen plastic coated tapes but these made of glass fibre. The tapes quite flexible, strong and non- ductive. These can be used in vicinity of electrical pment. These tapes do not tch or shrink due to changes emperature or moisture. These es are available in length of 20 30 m and 50 m length. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement tallic Tape linen tape reinforced with brass or pper wires to prevent stretching or wisting of fibres is called a metallic pe. As the wires are interwoven and pe is varnished these wires are sible to naked eyes. This is supplied a lather case with a winding evice. Each metre length is divided to ten parts (decimetres) and each art is further sub-divided into ten arts. It is commonly used for taking fset in chain surveying. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement
el Tape steel tape is made of steel on of width varying from 6 to mm. The commonly available h are 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, 30. m 50 m. It is graduated meters, in meters, and meters Steel tapes are used of measurement accurate nces. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement
r Tape ar tape are made of alloy of nickel % and steel 64 % having very low efficient of thermal expansion. se are 6 mm wide and generally ilable in length of 30 m, 50m, 0m. It is not affected by change of mperature therefore, it is used en high degree of precesion is uired. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement n Surveying ssories: Ranging poles-most of the time painted in red & white, 2-3m long u to align a straight line between two points. Taping pins –for marking ends of tapes or intermediate points w required Plumb bobs – to indicate vertical direction Hand levels- for establishing horizontal line of sight on sloping groun Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement nging Rods and Offset Rods ging rods are used for ranging some rmediate points on the survey line. ging rods are generally 2 to 3 m in length and painted with alternate bands of black or white or and white colour with length of each equalizing m. The location of any survey station can be wn from long distances only by means of ing rods. If the distance is too long, a rod of th 4.0 to m is used and is called ranging pole. offset rod is similar to ranging rod with the ption that instead of the flag, a hook is provided he top for pushing and pulling the chain or the . It is also used for measuring small offsets Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement
ows rows are made of tempered steel re of diameter 4 mm. one end of e arrow is bent into ring of ameter 50 mm and the other end pointed. Its overall length is 400 m. Arrows are used for counting e number of chains while easuring a chain line. An arrow inserted into the ground after ery chain length measured on e ground. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement gs gs are made of timber or steel and ey are used to mark the position of e station or terminal points of a rvey line. Wooden pegs are 15 cm ng and are driven into the ground th the help of a hammer. Basic Survey Measurements Horizontal Distance Measurement
mb Bob mb-bob is used to transfer points the ground. It is also used for fixing instruments exactly over the tion point marked on the ground by checking the center of trument whether coincides with the ter of the peg or station not, by pending the plumb-bob exactly at center of the instrument under it. mb bob is thus used as centering in theodolites and plane table. Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections ape is not of standard length pe may be too short or too long when compared to a stand under specific conditions of tension, temperature and met pport. When the tape is too short the surveyor will actually measure a dista less than that shown on the graduations. Hence, a negative correc is needed. Similarly, when the tape is too long, a distance greater than that sh on the graduations is measured, hence a positive correction is applie Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections ape is not of standard length is the absolute correction per tape length, Lm is the to ance measured and ln is the nominal tape length, olute correction Ca is given by and re Lt is the actual distance measured. Alternatively, l true distance can be calculated as re Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections ape is not horizontal e tape is inclined, an error, which is cumulative in nature duced. Errors from this source may be considerable w suring slope distances over hilly ground. Where considera es exist, this error will be large and slope correction is require he slope distance is S, and the slope angle (vertical angle) i orrected horizontal distance H is H= S cos α and the correction DC= Cslope = S cos α- S = S (cos α - 1) Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections ape is not horizontal e elevation difference between A and B is known and is n H= (S2 - h2 ) ½ By binomial expansion:
relatively short lines involved in taping the first term
erally suffice. Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections ariations in temperature causes expansion or contraction of the material of which the tap e. e standard temperature (Ts) and field temperature (T) are different unt of correction for temperature, Ct is Ct = L α (T - Ts) e e coefficient of thermal expansion of the material of the tape, 1/C he total measured distance or the nominal tape length, Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections Variations in temperature
ermination of temperature: On cloudy days- over
temperature with a thermometer can give perature of tape. But on sunny days the temperatu he tape can be obtained by attaching thermometer ends of the tape. Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections riations in tension / pull pull used in the field is different from that used during calibration, th ges its length slightly according to the relationship between stress and orrection for pull Cp is
e he measured length, he pull applied in the field (kg or N), he pull used for standardization, he cross sectional area of the tape (cm2 or mm 2 ) and he modulus of elasticity of the material of the tape (kg/cm2 or N/mm2 Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections g standardized on the flat and used in catenary, the general equati ction is applied. e, the correction (m), he number of unsupported lengths, he weight per unit length of the tape (kg/m, N/m), e unsupported length (m), he total measured length (m), he total weight of tape (kg) and he tension applied at the time of measurement (kg, N). Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections ag If standardized on the flat and used in catenary, the ge tion for correction is applied. effect of this sag may be eliminated by increasing the pull o of the tape in the case of light tapes. The required tension d the normal tension for the tape can be found from: Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections ag f standardized in catenary the tape is used on the flat, a positive correction is applied. the tape is used in catenary at a tension P, the correction w he difference between the two relative corrections > Ps, the correction will be positive. Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections ag
If standardized in catenary
he heads of the tape are at considerably different le
sag correction should be Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections Misalignment and deformation of tape
he end of the tape is out of line by a distance d
th L, error will be:
correction will be negative
Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections Misalignment and deformation of tape
he tape is not pulled straight & the center of the ta
of line by a length d, then
correction will be negative.
Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections eduction to Mean Sea Level (M.S.L.) he case of long lines in triangulation surveys the relatio een the length AB measured on the ground and the equiv h A′B′ at mean sea level has to be considered . Determinat equivalent mean sea level length of the measured length is k duction to mean sea level. Basic Survey Measurements Systematic Errors in Taping and Corrections eduction to Mean Sea Level (M.S.L.) reduced length at mean sea level is given by
re R = the mean earth’s radius (6372 km), and H =
age elevation of the line. When H is considered s pared to R, the correction to L is given as and The si correction is always negative.
