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Chapter I

The document discusses the theory and principles of surveying. It covers different types of surveying including plane, geodetic, preliminary, layout and control surveying. It also discusses surveying units, scales, activities including field work and office work, and reference systems for horizontal and vertical measurements.

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Abdulselam Abdurahman
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60 views16 pages

Chapter I

The document discusses the theory and principles of surveying. It covers different types of surveying including plane, geodetic, preliminary, layout and control surveying. It also discusses surveying units, scales, activities including field work and office work, and reference systems for horizontal and vertical measurements.

Uploaded by

Abdulselam Abdurahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER

Introductio
Tewodro
www.tnigatu.wordpress
tedynihe@gmail
Theory of Errors and Basic Adjustment Principle

justments
mply that the given values of the observations must be alter
djusted, to make them consistent with the model, leading t
niqueness of the estimated unknowns.
echniques used to adjust redundant measurements.
• Least squares method
• Other approximate adjustment techniques
– If measurements are of equal quality, or weight, the residual could be divided equally am
observations.
– If these were not true and the different weights of the observations could be estimated, t
observation would be assigned a residual that is somewhat different from the others.
Introduction
urveying is the art of measuring distances, angles, and positi
bove, on or below the earth’s surface.
urveying also includes the art of locating or setting out points
n the ground from a plan or a map.
urposes:
  To determine the relative positions of points on the earth’s
urface – to locate arbitrary points, configuration of the ground
rection and length of lines, boundary lines, etc,
  To set out the lines and grades needed for the constructio
uildings, roads, dams, and other structures,
  To calculate areas, volumes and other related quantities,
  As well as to prepare necessary maps and diagrams of an
rea.
day surveying affects almost everything in our daily lives. For
xample it is being used: Application
In developing databases for natural resource management.
In establishing boundaries of public and private lands.
In preparing navigational maps (land, air, water).
To map the earth above and below the sea.
In geological and geophysical studies
In planning design construction erection renovation and
maintenance of engineering works.
Types of Surveying (curvature of the earth)
Plane surveying: is the type of surveying where the mean
surface of the earth is considered as a plane.
– For small areas less than 250 km2 plane surveying can safely be used

Geodetic surveying: is that branch of surveying, which takes into


account the true shape of the earth (spheroid).
– Surveys employing the principle of geodesy are of hig precision and
generally extend over a large area.
Types of Surveying (purpose)
Preliminary survey (Data gathering) -here distances and angles ar
measured to locate existing physical features on maps plans etc so
that the data can be used for further works.
Layout survey- involves marking on the ground (using wood stake
iron bars, aluminum and concrete monuments, nails, spikes, etc.)
the features shown on a design plan. Example property line,
engineering works (roads, pipelines, bridges . . .)
Control survey- used to reference both preliminary and layout
surveys. Horizontal control can be arbitrarily placed, but it is usual
tied directly to property lines, roadway center lines, or coordinate
control stations
Types of Surveying (type of work done.)
Land surveys – are plane surveys used for locating property lines,
subdividing land into smaller parts, determining land areas, and any othe
information involving the transfer of land from one owner to another.
Topographic surveys – preliminary surveys used to tie in the natural and
man-made surface features of an area. The features are located relative t
one another by tying them all into the same control lines or control grid.
Route surveys – preliminary, layout, and control surveys that range over a
narrow, but long strip of land. Typical projects that require route surveys
are highways, railroads, transmission lines, and channels.
Types of Surveying (type of work done.)
Construction surveys – are run for locating structures and providin
required elevation points.
Hydrographic surveys – preliminary surveys that are used to tie in
underwater features to a surface control line. Usually shorelines,
marine features, and water depths are shown on the hydrographic
map.
Photogrammetric surveys – are run to acquire aerial photographs
for measurement and interpretation.
Geological surveys – are run to produce information on formation
characteristics of rocks etc.
Units of Measurement
e are two principal measurements in surveying works:
ear measurements: the basic unit used is the meter. Decimal fractio
e meter are also used when accuracy is required. Other units includ
ot, the inch, the yard, the mile, etc.

gular measurements: even though the basic unit is the radian, the deg
ed in surveying field works. For accuracy subdivisions of the degre
ailable, viz. the minute and the second.
Scales
e scale of a map or a plan is the ratio of a distance measured on the plan or map
responding distance on the ground. Example 1:100, 1:10,000. Scale primarily de
the type of the work done (the accuracy with which a distance is to be transferre
map or the plan). In general, scales may be categorized as follows:
aps
a) Large scales < 1:200
b) Intermediate scales 1:2000 to 1:10,000
c) Small scales 1:10,000 to 1:100,000,000
ans
d) Site plans 1:50 to 1:500
e) Detail plans 1:1 to 1:20
Surveying Activities
mplete Surveying activity involves the following steps:
Reconnaissance of the area to be surveyed,
Planning of the survey Management and decision-making.
Appropriate methods and instruments required are chosen,
Field measurement,
Office work, and
Generally the above activities are grouped under Field work and office
work.
Surveying Activities
eld Work: - involves:
1. Reconnaissance of the area to be surveyed
2. Care, handling and adjustment of instrument
3. Performing measurements
4. Setting out in the field
5. Recording of measured data
Surveying Activities
ference System
provide a suitable framework to which all surveys are referen
s necessary to establish horizontal datum and Vertical datum
eferences). A horizontal datum is the surface to which horizont
stances are referred and consists of an ellipsoid of revolution
proximating the figure of the earth. For the purpose of horizo
ference the earth is approximated by an ellipsoid with semi m
is (radius) of 6,378,137m and a semi minor axis (radius) of
356,752.314m.
Reference System
rvey Geographic reference system: This is composed of surface (ellip
isions denoted by Geographic lines of latitude and longitude. The lati
n east west and are parallel to the equator .the latitude lines are form
ojecting the latitude angles out of the surface of the earth and is mea
0 max N and S from the equatorial plane .The longitude lines all ru
nverging at the poles
Reference System
rvey Grid reference: In this system the earth’s surface is divid
rectangular grid for horizontal reverence. This system is limit
e so that no serious errors will accumulate when the curvatu
e earth is ignored.
rvey Vertical references: A vertical datum is a surface whic
evations and depths are referred. Although Vertical dimen
n be referenced to any datum, the referenced datum most w
ed is that of mean sea level (msl) which is assigned an elevati
000m.

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