Scribd
Upload
82 views21 pages

Lecture 16 - Hydraulics - Intro (Compatibility Mode)

Hydraulics deals with using liquids to transmit and modulate force for performing work. Hydraulic systems are widely used in industrial applications where high power must be amplified or packed into a small space. They have advantages like efficient power transmission over distances, power amplification, and precise control. However, they require containment of fluids and filtration to prevent contamination. The fundamentals of hydraulics rely on Pascal's law that pressure is transmitted undiminished in all directions through confined liquids. Hydraulic systems use differential piston areas and incompressible fluid properties to amplify and modulate forces for mechanical applications.

Uploaded by

Cybex Engineering
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
82 views21 pages

Lecture 16 - Hydraulics - Intro (Compatibility Mode)

Hydraulics deals with using liquids to transmit and modulate force for performing work. Hydraulic systems are widely used in industrial applications where high power must be amplified or packed into a small space. They have advantages like efficient power transmission over distances, power amplification, and precise control. However, they require containment of fluids and filtration to prevent contamination. The fundamentals of hydraulics rely on Pascal's law that pressure is transmitted undiminished in all directions through confined liquids. Hydraulic systems use differential piston areas and incompressible fluid properties to amplify and modulate forces for mechanical applications.

Uploaded by

Cybex Engineering
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Hydraulics – Introduction

Lecture 16
outline
• introduction
› what is hydraulics?
› applications of hydraulics
› why are hydraulic systems used?
» advantages
» disadvantages
› fundamentals of hydraulics
what is hydraulics?

• “hydraulics” deals with properties of liquids and how


they can be used to do work
• originally
› considered behaviour of water
› water wheels, dams, etc.
• now
› considers all liquids
› “power hydraulics”
» confined liquid under pressure does work
• basic principles:
› fluid under pressure used to transmit power
› hydrostatics
» fluid in a closed container subjected to a compressive force
» resulting pressure transmitted throughout system undiminished
and equal in all directions
what is hydraulics?
• in this course
› look at industrial hydraulic systems – i.e. “fluid power systems”
» power transmission system
» uses fluid to carry the power
› basically a method of coupling the power of an engine/electric motor
to some operation being performed

Figure 1.1
applications of hydraulics
• numerous applications in various fields
• broadly categorized by primary purpose
› control power
› control torque, velocity, position
applications of hydraulics
• hydrostatic transaxle for small vehicles
applications of hydraulics
• heavy-duty excavator
applications of hydraulics
• robotic car transporter
why are hydraulic systems used?

• often used in industrial, mobile, aircraft designs


• pneumatics – earlier technology
• electric power – more widespread
• but, systems that require high power amplification or
that must pack great energy into a small space are
invariably hydraulic
advantages

• efficient power transmission over distances


› locate power input away from power output
› transmission lines can change direction, pass through tight spaces
› high power to volume and power to weight ratios
› components readily available
› eliminate slack, backlash
• power amplification
› small effort = large amount of work
› precise control
› safety/protection
» overload
disadvantages

• mostly due to fluid characteristics


• containment
› must be positively contained, prevented from going where it
shouldn’t
› leaks
» messy
» hazardous
› rupture/burst of high pressure system is dangerous
• vulnerable to dirt/contamination
› filtration required – expensive
› monitoring
fundamentals of hydraulics
• hydraulic systems take advantage of mechanical
properties of fluids
› fluidity
» flows, takes shape of container
» deformed by forces acting on it
› Pascal’s laws
» pressure transmitted undiminished, same at all points
» pressure exerted equally in all directions
» pressure exerted normal to any surfaces
• OK for static fluids, but kinetic factors might be important
› flow effects
» friction losses, inertia effects
› Bernoulli’s theorem
» energy at two points remains constant (potential, pressure, flow)
assuming no friction of leakage losses
• industrial systems – pressure usually high compared to
flow
› considered hydrostatic
› potential differences, low flow rates make kinetic effects minor
fundamentals of hydraulics
• force vectors in lateral x-section balanced and
contained
• useable force vectors – directed against piston
• force, F, determined by pressure, P, and area, A
fundamentals of hydraulics
• equal areas – equal forces
• accomplished?
› move 100 lb weight around corner
• this basic principle applies to nearly all mechanical
uses of fluid power
fundamentals of hydraulics
• Pascal’s law independent of shape of container
• cross section can change
• connection of any size, shape, length can be used
› practical limiting factors
fundamentals of hydraulics
• input piston smaller than output piston
› input force multiplied
» determined by relative sizes of pistons
› also works in reverse
fundamentals of hydraulics
• hydraulic cylinder
› equal pressures on both sides of piston
› different areas
» net unbalanced force of 200 lb acts to the right
fundamentals of hydraulics
• consider displacement of pistons
› hydraulic oil nearly incompressible
› volume of fluid moved by one piston moves other piston
» equal areas – equal movement
» different areas – different movement
» volume (displacement) - same
fundamentals of hydraulics

• friction present in fluid and mechanical movements


› pressure drop, reduced force amplification
fundamentals of hydraulics
• work done:
work done = pressure x volume
• power:
power = pressure x flow rate
questions?

You might also like