Lecture 18 - Hydraulics - Systems (Compatibility Mode)
Lecture 18 - Hydraulics - Systems (Compatibility Mode)
Lecture 18
outline
• systems overview
• system components
› power input
» pumps, accumulators
› power output
» motors, actuators
› power transmission
» reservoirs, lines, filters
› control devices
» valves: relief/pressure control, flow control, directional, servo
• hydraulic circuits
power inputs – accumulators
• act as energy storage devices
• pneumatic-hydraulic or mechanical-hydraulic
› both provide boundary between working hydraulic fluid and a
compressed gas used to store energy
• two common uses:
› energy source
› damper
power inputs – accumulators
• variable flow demands
› fixed displacement pump to meet
peak demands wasteful
» must supply max. flow
continuously
» flow passes through relief valve
› instead, use smaller pump with an
accumulator
» pump would only need to supply
average flow requirement, QA:
• adiabatic: pVn=const
• physical size is V1
• depending on process speed, one would govern
• consider both, select accumulator according to next
largest standard size
power output
• rotary actuator
› essentially a pump in reverse
› continuous rotation – as long as fluid is supplied
• semi-rotary
› higher torque capability
› limited rotation
power output – actuators
• should be:
› efficient
› leak free
› contamination free
› reliable
• includes:
› tubing
› piping
› hoses
› connectors
› reservoirs
› filters
power transmission – reservoirs
• industrial applications:
› must withstand pressure
› flow rates limited
• sometimes space and weight critical:
› mobile, marine applications – space
› aerospace – weight
power transmission – lines and connections
• lines:
› tubing
» easily bent
» available in many sizes, materials
• 1/8” to 2” OD, thin/thick walled
• consider strength, flow, pressure losses,
temperature
• typically design for 1/6 strength, 15 ft/s velocity
» relatively few pieces and fittings
» installed in field
» neater system, smoother flow, less chance of
leakage
› piping:
» OD fixed, ID varies with thickness – nominal
dimensions not related consistently to OD or ID
» larger systems; long, permanent straight runs
power transmission – lines and connections
• lines:
› hose:
» reinforced synthetic rubber
» standards available
» use where relative motion occurs
• wear, leakage concerns
• can’t make tight radius turns
power transmission – lines and connections
• connections:
› called fittings
› join lines and connect lines to components
› three tasks:
» joint firm and leak proof
» carry loads from system, lines
» provide seal between parts
› two categories:
» separable:
• can easily be separated and
reconnected
• e.g. pipe joints, flared joints, face
seals
» permanent:
• brazed, welded, etc.
» choice depends on nature and intended
use
» try to minimize number of fittings; use
permanent if possible
power transmission – filters
• filters:
› mechanical screens
› remove particles by forcing fluid through
holes paths
» too small for particles to pass
through
› specifying size, fineness, location of filter
depends on:
» size/weight of filters
» accessibility
• elements are replaceable
(pressure drop sensing)
• number and nature of critical
elements in system
• dimensions of clearances
• nature/amount of expected
contamination
power transmission – filters
• location of filters
› normally two stages:
» upstream of pump, in reservoir
• coarse strainer, 40 m
• must minimize pressure losses
» main filter downstream
• full system pressure
• finer, 10-25 m
questions?