0% found this document useful (0 votes)
55 views21 pages

Lecture 18 - Hydraulics - Systems (Compatibility Mode)

This document provides an overview of hydraulic systems and their components. It discusses power inputs such as pumps and accumulators, power outputs including motors and actuators, and power transmission elements like reservoirs, lines, filters and valves. Accumulators can act as energy storage devices and help meet peak power demands. Proper sizing of accumulators depends on charging and discharging processes. Linear actuators consist of cylinders, pistons and end caps and generate force based on fluid pressure and flow rate. Power transmission components must be efficient, leak-free and contamination-free. Reservoirs store fluid and provide make-up for leakage. Multiple stages of filtration are typically used to minimize contamination in hydraulic systems.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
55 views21 pages

Lecture 18 - Hydraulics - Systems (Compatibility Mode)

This document provides an overview of hydraulic systems and their components. It discusses power inputs such as pumps and accumulators, power outputs including motors and actuators, and power transmission elements like reservoirs, lines, filters and valves. Accumulators can act as energy storage devices and help meet peak power demands. Proper sizing of accumulators depends on charging and discharging processes. Linear actuators consist of cylinders, pistons and end caps and generate force based on fluid pressure and flow rate. Power transmission components must be efficient, leak-free and contamination-free. Reservoirs store fluid and provide make-up for leakage. Multiple stages of filtration are typically used to minimize contamination in hydraulic systems.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Hydraulics – Systems (II)

Lecture 18
outline
• systems overview
• system components
› power input
» pumps, accumulators
› power output
» motors, actuators
› power transmission
» reservoirs, lines, filters
› control devices
» valves: relief/pressure control, flow control, directional, servo
• hydraulic circuits
power inputs – accumulators
• act as energy storage devices
• pneumatic-hydraulic or mechanical-hydraulic
› both provide boundary between working hydraulic fluid and a
compressed gas used to store energy
• two common uses:
› energy source
› damper
power inputs – accumulators
• variable flow demands
› fixed displacement pump to meet
peak demands wasteful
» must supply max. flow
continuously
» flow passes through relief valve
› instead, use smaller pump with an
accumulator
» pump would only need to supply
average flow requirement, QA:

» pump charges the accumulator


over long time periods
» sudden, peak power demands
supplied by accumulator
› accumulator charged with oil – gas is
compressed
› certain volume of oil discharged from
the accumulator during pressure
drop
power inputs – accumulators
• sizing depends on charging/discharging process
• isothermal: pV=const

• adiabatic: pVn=const

• physical size is V1
• depending on process speed, one would govern
• consider both, select accumulator according to next
largest standard size
power output

• rotary or linear motion


• powered in one direction – single acting
• powered in both directions – double acting
power output – motors

• rotary actuator
› essentially a pump in reverse
› continuous rotation – as long as fluid is supplied
• semi-rotary
› higher torque capability
› limited rotation
power output – actuators

• linear actuators – cylinders, jack, rams


• many variations, mounting configurations,
manufacturing techniques
• basic actuator consists of:
› cylinder barrel
› sealed piston
› piston rod
› two end caps, one with piston rod seal
› fluid connection ports
• force exerted on piston by fluid:

• friction in seals reduces available force


• flow rate:
power output – actuators

• unbalanced, double acting


› simple loads
› extension – more flow required
› fixed flow – extension slower
› fixed pressure – load capacity lager in extension
› compensate with valve settings
power output – actuators

• balanced, double acting


› overcomes effect of differential area
› symmetrical valve – uniform control characteristics in both directions
› disadvantage – increased length in axial direction
power transmission

• should be:
› efficient
› leak free
› contamination free
› reliable
• includes:
› tubing
› piping
› hoses
› connectors
› reservoirs
› filters
power transmission – reservoirs

• no direct part in power transmission – but, influences


condition of fluid
• functions:
› stores fluid
› provides make-up oil for leakage
› space for expansion/contraction
› separation of bubbles, dirt
› heat dissipation
• provides base pressure
› draw fluid from
› exhaust fluid into
› usually open to atmosphere, but may be pressurized
power transmission – reservoirs
power transmission – lines and connections

• industrial applications:
› must withstand pressure
› flow rates limited
• sometimes space and weight critical:
› mobile, marine applications – space
› aerospace – weight
power transmission – lines and connections
• lines:
› tubing
» easily bent
» available in many sizes, materials
• 1/8” to 2” OD, thin/thick walled
• consider strength, flow, pressure losses,
temperature
• typically design for 1/6 strength, 15 ft/s velocity
» relatively few pieces and fittings
» installed in field
» neater system, smoother flow, less chance of
leakage
› piping:
» OD fixed, ID varies with thickness – nominal
dimensions not related consistently to OD or ID
» larger systems; long, permanent straight runs
power transmission – lines and connections
• lines:
› hose:
» reinforced synthetic rubber
» standards available
» use where relative motion occurs
• wear, leakage concerns
• can’t make tight radius turns
power transmission – lines and connections
• connections:
› called fittings
› join lines and connect lines to components
› three tasks:
» joint firm and leak proof
» carry loads from system, lines
» provide seal between parts
› two categories:
» separable:
• can easily be separated and
reconnected
• e.g. pipe joints, flared joints, face
seals
» permanent:
• brazed, welded, etc.
» choice depends on nature and intended
use
» try to minimize number of fittings; use
permanent if possible
power transmission – filters

• 70% of system failures due to dirty fluid


• contamination – material chemically reactive hazard or
mechanical impairment
› particulate matter: rust, paint chips, metal, small tools
› gums/sludges: combustion products, oxidative breakdown
› water
› gasses
• internal/external sources
• minimize by:
› keep fluid clean
› careful design
› material selection
› filtration
» residual contamination
» contamination generated by operation
power transmission – filters

• filters:
› mechanical screens
› remove particles by forcing fluid through
holes paths
» too small for particles to pass
through
› specifying size, fineness, location of filter
depends on:
» size/weight of filters
» accessibility
• elements are replaceable
(pressure drop sensing)
• number and nature of critical
elements in system
• dimensions of clearances
• nature/amount of expected
contamination
power transmission – filters
• location of filters
› normally two stages:
» upstream of pump, in reservoir
• coarse strainer, 40 m
• must minimize pressure losses
» main filter downstream
• full system pressure
• finer, 10-25 m
questions?

You might also like