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Lecture 17 (Compatibility Mode)

Hydraulic systems consist of four main parts: a power input, power output, power transmission, and controls. Common power inputs include pumps and accumulators. Pumps must be positive displacement to trap fluid and create pressure. Common power outputs convert fluid power back into mechanical motion through devices like motors and actuators. Fluid is transmitted through the system for cooling and filtration. Controls regulate factors like pressure, flow, and direction to operate the system.

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47 views

Lecture 17 (Compatibility Mode)

Hydraulic systems consist of four main parts: a power input, power output, power transmission, and controls. Common power inputs include pumps and accumulators. Pumps must be positive displacement to trap fluid and create pressure. Common power outputs convert fluid power back into mechanical motion through devices like motors and actuators. Fluid is transmitted through the system for cooling and filtration. Controls regulate factors like pressure, flow, and direction to operate the system.

Uploaded by

Cybex Engineering
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hydraulics – Systems

Lecture 17
outline
• systems overview
• system components
› power input
» pumps, accumulators
› power output
» motors, actuators
systems overview
• hydraulic system for power transmission consists of 4
main parts:
› power input
› power output
› power transmission
› controls
system components
system components

• system definition:
“A volumetrically rigid system in which an incompressible
fluid (in the ideal case) is trapped between positive
displacement, i.e. pressure generating actuators.”

• positive displacement – displace volume of fluid equal


to swept volume of movement
• pressure generated because fluid confined
• system pressure:
“The pressure in the fluid at any part of a hydraulic
system will depend on the lowest resistance to outlet
or escape of the fluid from that part of the system to
the lower outer (datum) pressure.”
• datum pressure – usually atmospheric
system components

• fluid takes path of least resistance


› easier to pass through relief valve than move load
» load is stationary
» fluid stationary between load and relief valve
» pressure at actuator (ignoring pressure drops) is relief valve
pressure
system components

• fluid takes path of least resistance


› easier to move load than pass through relief valve
» pressure at relief valve lower than valve
setting
» fluid flows to actuator
» some friction losses – pressure at actuator
lower than at relief valve
system components

• fluid takes path of least resistance


› load increases – actuator may be “pushed back”
into the system
» reverse flow
» pressure at actuator greater than at relief
valve
• must be considered to prevent damage to
system
system components

• fluid takes path of least resistance


› system pressure depends on lowest resistance
to outlet flow
» load determines actual pressure in the
system
» relief valve only sets maximum pressure
system components
• system inputs
› mechanical power from prime mover converted into fluid power in a
pump
» pump – only creates flow; pressure determined by load on
system
› electric motor most common prime mover
› pump must be positive displacement
» fluid trapped between positive displacement devices
» overload protection required (relief valve)
system components
• system outputs
› fluid power converted back into mechanical form
› positive displacement devices
› may be similar or identical to pumps
› rotary, linear motion
› output is what we are concerned with – does the system perform its
intended function?
system components
• power transmission
› transfers fluid from system input to output
› includes cooling, filtration
system components
controls
› force amplifying, low powered systems – relatively simple
» control of output effected by input
› industrial – larger powers
» avoid start/stop/reverse of prime mover to control input
» run prime mover continuously
» control speed, direction, thrust within system
› 3 groups:
» pressure, flow, direction – may be combination of these
power input

• common sources:
› pumps
» mechanical-hydraulic transducers
› accumulators
» pneumatic-hydraulic or mechanical-hydraulic transducers
power inputs – pumps

• rarely find turbine, impeller, propeller pumps


• require positive displacement pumps
› intentional flow path from inlet to outlet
› pump moves fluid at any pressure
› pressure too high – failure occurs
• 3 categories: vane, gear, piston
power inputs – pumps

• vane pumps
› sliding vanes in cam ring
› volume of pumping chambers increase and decrease with rotation
› balanced design – opposing pairs of inlet and outlet ports
› simple design – can produce variable displacement
power inputs – pumps
• gear pumps
› most robust and rugged
› external gear pump most common
» drive and driven gears
» number of teeth, pitch diameter, tooth width determine
displacement
power inputs – pumps
• piston pumps
› highest pressure
capability
› axial, bent axis, radial
configurations
› operation – oil flow into
cavity as piston retreats,
forces oil into other
chamber when piston
advances
› variable displacement
achieved by varying
effective pumping stroke
power inputs – pumps
• analysis of pumps
• flow rate

• with leakage flow

• volumetric efficiency
power inputs – pumps
• power required, no losses

• shaft power required

• mechanical efficiency

• overall efficiency
power inputs – pumps
• Example – hydraulic power and pump sizing
References

[1] F. Bradbury, Hydraulic Systems and Maintenance, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Toronto,
1972.

[2] G.E. Totten, Handbook of Hydraulic Fluid Technology, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2000.

[3] G.R. Keller, Hydraulic Systems Analysis, Hydraulics and Pneumatics Magazine, 1985.

[4] A.B. Goodwin, Fluid Power Systems, The MacMillan Press, London, 1976.

[5] F. Yeaple, Fluid Power Design Handbook, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1990.

[6] H.L. Stewart and J.M. Storer, Fluid Power, 3rd ed., Bobbs-Merrill Educational Publishing,
Indianapolis, 1980.

[7] T.C. Frankenfield, Using Industrial Hydraulics, Hydraulics and Pneumatics Magazine,
Cleveland, 1984.
questions?

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