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Mathematical Language and Logic (Part 3)

This document discusses the fundamentals of logic, including statements, compound statements, and logical connectives. It defines statements, compound statements, conjunction, disjunction, negation, and conditional statements. Examples are provided to illustrate translating between English and symbolic notation.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
36 views26 pages

Mathematical Language and Logic (Part 3)

This document discusses the fundamentals of logic, including statements, compound statements, and logical connectives. It defines statements, compound statements, conjunction, disjunction, negation, and conditional statements. Examples are provided to illustrate translating between English and symbolic notation.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Module 2:

Mathematical Language and Logic


(Part 3)
Mathematics in the Modern World

Mathematics Area
De La Salle Lipa

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 1 / 26


Contents

Contents

1 Some Fundamentals of Logic


Statements
Compound Statements and Connectives

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 2 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Statements

Statements

In everyday English, we use many different kinds of


sentences. Some of these sentences are clearly true or
false. Others are opinions, questions, and exclamations.
However, in logic we are concerned solely with
statements, and not all English sentences are statements.
Definition
A statement is a sentence that is either true or false, but
not both simultaneously.

Remark
As long as a sentence is either true or false, even if we do
not know which it is, then that sentence is a statement.

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 3 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Statements

Statements

Here are examples of statements:


1 Manila is the capital of Philippines. (This is true.)
2 William Shakespeare wrote the television series
Modern Family. (This is false. Shakespeare had
nothing to do with Modern Family (perhaps writer’s
block after Macbeth).)
3 The United States has the world’s highest divorce
rate. (It’s clearly either true or false, and it’s not
necessary to know which it is.)

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 4 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Statements

Statements

Some sentences, such as commands, questions, and


opinions, are not statements because they are not either
true or false.
The following sentences are not statements:
1 Read pages 18 - 29. (This is an order or command.)
2 If I start losing my memory, how will I know?
(This is a question.)
3 Titanic is the greatest movie of all time.
(This is an opinion.)

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 5 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Statements

Statements (Notation)

Notation
The truthfulness or falsity of a statement is called its
truth value.
In general we denote mathematical statements by small
letters p, q, r, . . . and we denote their truth value by
either T (True) or F (False).

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 6 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

Definition
When one or more simple statements are combined with
logical connectives such as and, or, not, if . . . then,
and if and only if, the result is called a compound
statement, while the simple statements that make up the
compound statement are called component statements.

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 7 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

Examples
Decide whether each statement is compound.
1 George Washington was the first U.S. president, and
John Adams was his vice president.
(This statement is compound using the connective
“and”. The component statements are “George
Washington was the first U.S. president” and “John
Adams was his vice president”.)

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 8 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

Examples
Decide whether each statement is compound.
2 If what you’ve told me is true, then we are in great
peril.
(This statement is also compound. The component
statements “what you’ve told me is true” and “we
are in great peril” are linked with the connective
“if . . . then”.)

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 9 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

Examples
Decide whether each statement is compound.
3 We drive across New Mexico toward the town with
the curious name Truth or Consequences.
(This statement is not compound. Even though “or”
is a connective, here it is part of the name of the
city. It is not connecting two statements.)

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 10 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

Definition (Conjunction & Disjunction)


Any two statements can be combined by the word “and”
or “or” to form a compound statement called the
conjuction or the disjunction statement respectively.

Notation
Mathematically, the symbol for conjunction is ∧ and the
symbol for disjunction is ∨; in brief

conjunction and ∧
disjunction or ∨

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 11 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

Definition (Negation)
For any given statement p, the negation of p can be
formed by writing “It is not the case...” or “It is false
that...” before p or, if possible, by inserting in p the word
“not”.

Notation
Mathematically, the symbol for negation is ∼ or ¬; in brief

negation not ∼ or ¬

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 12 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives


Examples: Translating a Symbolic Statement into Words
Let p and r represent the following component
statements:
p : My backpack is heavy.
r : It’s going to rain.
Write each symbolic statement in words.
1 p∧r
(My backpack is heavy and it’s going to rain.)
2 ∼p∨r
(The symbol ∼ is translated as “not” and applies
only to the first symbol not the entire expression.
Therefore, the symbolic statement represents “My
backpack is not heavy or it’s going to rain.”)

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 13 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives


Examples: Translating a Symbolic Statement into Words
Let p and r represent the following component
statements:
p : My backpack is heavy.
r : It’s going to rain.
Write each symbolic statement in words.
3 ∼ (p ∨ r)
(Because of the parenthesis, the “not” applies to the
entire expression. Therefore, the symbolic statement
represents “It is not the case that either my
backpack is heavy or it’s going to rain.”)
4 ∼ (p ∧ r)
(It is not the case that both my backpack is heavy
and it’s going to rain.)
(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 14 / 26
Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

Examples: Translating from English to Symbolic Form


Let p and q represent the following component
statements:
p : The bill receives majority approval.
q : The bill becomes a law.
Write each compound satement below in symbolic form:
1 The bill receives majority approval or the bill does
not become a law. (p ∨ ∼ q)
2 The bill receives majority approval and the bill
becomes a law. (p ∧ q)

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 15 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives


Definition (Conditional Statement)
A conditional statement (implication) is a compound
statement that uses the connective if . . . then, or
anything equivalent.

Here are a few conditional statement:


1 If it rains, then I carry my umbrella.
2 If the president comes, then security will be tight.
3 If the check doesn’t arrive today, I will call to find
out why. (Notice that the word then was implied but
not explicitly stated; the sentence is equivalent to the
statement “If the check doesn’t arrive today, then I
will call to find out why.”)
(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 16 / 26
Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

Conditional Statement Notation


The conditional is written with an arrow, so that “if p,
then q” is symbolized as

p→q

We read p → q as “p implies q” or “if p, then q”.


In the conditional p → q, the statement p is the
antecedent (hypothesis or premise) while q is the
consequent (conclusion).

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 17 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

The table below shows some of the common ways to


translate conditional statement p → q into English.

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 18 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

Examples: Translating from English to Symbolic Form


Let r represent “A triangle is a right triangle” and s
represent “The sum of the squares of the two sides equals
the square of the hypotenuse.”
Write each compound statement below in symbolic form:

a A triangle is a right triangle if the sum of the squares


of the two sides equals the square of the hypotenuse.
(s → r)
b A triangle is a right triangle only if the sum of the
squares of the two sides equals the square of the
hypotenuse. (r → s)

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 19 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

Remark (Conditional Statement)


“p only if q” is the opposite of “p if q”

The first means p → q, while the second means q → p.

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 20 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives


Examples: Expressing Symbolic Statements in English
Let p, q, and r represent the following component
statements:
p : A student misses lecture.
q : A student studies.
r : A student fails.
Write each of the symbolic statements below in words.
1 (q ∧ ∼ p) → ∼ r
(If a student studies and does not miss lecture, then
the student does not fail.)
2 q ∧ (∼ p → ∼ r)
(A student studies, and if a student does not miss
lecture then the student does not fail.)

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 21 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

Definition (Biconditional Statement)


A biconditional statement is a compound statement
that uses the connective if and only if.
In symbol, p if and only if q (often abbreviated p iff q) is
written as p ↔ q.

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 22 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives

The table below shows some of the common ways to


translate biconditional statement p ↔ q into English.

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 23 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Compound Statements and Connectives


Examples: Expressing Symbolic Statements in English
Let p, q, and r represent the following component
statements:
p : She will go on vacation.
q : She cannot take the train.
r : She cannot get a loan.
Write each of the symbolic statements below in words.
1 p ↔∼q
(She will go on vacation if and only if she can take
the train.)
2 ∼r↔∼p
(She can get a loan if and only if she does not go on
vacation.)

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 24 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Summary (Logic Connectives and Symbols)

Statement Connective Symbolic Form Type


not p not ∼p negation
p and q and p∧q conjuction
p or q or p∨q disjunction
If p, then q If ... then p→q conditional
p if and
only if q if and only if p↔q biconditional

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 25 / 26


Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Statements and Connectives

Try This! (Practice Exercise)


p : Pres. Duterte is a good president
q : Government officials are corrupt.
r : People are happy.
Write the following compound statements in symbolic
form.
a If Pres. Duterte is a good president, then
government officials are not corrupt.
b If government officials are not corrupt, then the
people are happy.
c If Pres. Duterte is a good president and people are
happy, then government officials are not corrupt.
d Pres. Duterte is not a good president if and only if
government officials are corrupt and the people are
not happy.
(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 26 / 26

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