2018 CODATA adjustment From: http://physics.nist.

gov/constants

Fundamental Physical Constants — Extensive Listing

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Value Unit uncert. ur

UNIVERSAL
speed of light in vacuum c 299 792 458 m s−1 exact
vacuum magnetic permeability 4παh̄/e2 c µ0 1.256 637 062 12(19) × 10−6 N A−2 1.5 × 10−10
µ0 /(4π × 10−7 ) 1.000 000 000 55(15) N A−2 1.5 × 10−10
vacuum electric permittivity 1/µ0 c2 0 8.854 187 8128(13) × 10−12 F m−1 1.5 × 10−10
characteristic impedance of vacuum µ0 c Z0 376.730 313 668(57) Ω 1.5 × 10−10
Newtonian constant of gravitation G 6.674 30(15) × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 2.2 × 10−5
G/h̄c 6.708 83(15) × 10−39 (GeV/c2 )−2 2.2 × 10−5
Planck constant∗ h 6.626 070 15 × 10−34 J Hz−1 exact
4.135 667 696 . . . × 10−15 eV Hz−1 exact
h̄ 1.054 571 817 . . . × 10−34 Js exact
6.582 119 569 . . . × 10−16 eV s exact
h̄c 197.326 980 4 . . . MeV fm exact
Planck mass (h̄c/G)1/2 mP 2.176 434(24) × 10−8 kg 1.1 × 10−5
energy equivalent mP c2
1.220 890(14) × 1019 GeV 1.1 × 10−5
Planck temperature (h̄c5 /G)1/2 /k TP 1.416 784(16) × 1032 K 1.1 × 10−5
Planck length h̄/mP c = (h̄G/c3 )1/2 lP 1.616 255(18) × 10−35 m 1.1 × 10−5
Planck time lP /c = (h̄G/c5 )1/2 tP 5.391 247(60) × 10−44 s 1.1 × 10−5
ELECTROMAGNETIC
elementary charge e 1.602 176 634 × 10−19 C exact
e/h̄ 1.519 267 447 . . . × 1015 A J−1 exact
magnetic flux quantum 2πh̄/(2e) Φ0 2.067 833 848 . . . × 10−15 Wb exact
conductance quantum 2e2/2πh̄ G0 7.748 091 729 . . . × 10−5 S exact
−1
inverse of conductance quantum G0 12 906.403 72 . . . Ω exact
Josephson constant 2e/h KJ 483 597.848 4 . . . × 109 Hz V−1 exact
von Klitzing constant µ0 c/2α = 2πh̄/e2 RK 25 812.807 45 . . . Ω exact
Bohr magneton eh̄/2me µB 9.274 010 0783(28) × 10−24 J T−1 3.0 × 10−10
5.788 381 8060(17) × 10−5 eV T−1 3.0 × 10−10
µB /h 1.399 624 493 61(42) × 1010 Hz T−1 3.0 × 10−10
µB /hc 46.686 447 783(14) [m−1 T−1 ]† 3.0 × 10−10
µB /k 0.671 713 815 63(20) K T−1 3.0 × 10−10
nuclear magneton eh̄/2mp µN 5.050 783 7461(15) × 10−27 J T−1 3.1 × 10−10
3.152 451 258 44(96) × 10−8 eV T−1 3.1 × 10−10
µN /h 7.622 593 2291(23) MHz T−1 3.1 × 10−10
µN /hc 2.542 623 413 53(78) × 10−2 [m−1 T−1 ]† 3.1 × 10−10
µN /k 3.658 267 7756(11) × 10−4 K T−1 3.1 × 10−10
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR
General
fine-structure constant e2/4π0 h̄c α 7.297 352 5693(11) × 10−3 1.5 × 10−10
−1
inverse fine-structure constant α 137.035 999 084(21) 1.5 × 10−10
Rydberg frequency α2 me c2 /2h = Eh /2h cR∞ 3.289 841 960 2508(64) × 1015 Hz 1.9 × 10−12
energy equivalent hc R∞ 2.179 872 361 1035(42) × 10−18 J 1.9 × 10−12
13.605 693 122 994(26) eV 1.9 × 10−12
Rydberg constant R∞ 10 973 731.568 160(21) [m−1 ]† 1.9 × 10−12
Bohr radius h̄/αme c = 4π0 h̄2/me e2 a0 5.291 772 109 03(80) × 10−11 m 1.5 × 10−10
Hartree energy α2 me c2 = e2/4π0 a0 = 2hcR∞ Eh 4.359 744 722 2071(85) × 10−18 J 1.9 × 10−12
27.211 386 245 988(53) eV 1.9 × 10−12
quantum of circulation πh̄/me 3.636 947 5516(11) × 10−4 m2 s−1 3.0 × 10−10
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2018 CODATA adjustment From: http://physics.nist.gov/constants

Fundamental Physical Constants — Extensive Listing

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Value Unit uncert. ur

2πh̄/me 7.273 895 1032(22) × 10−4 m2 s−1 3.0 × 10−10

Electroweak
Fermi coupling constant‡ GF /(h̄c)3 1.166 3787(6) × 10−5 GeV−2 5.1 × 10−7
weak mixing angle§ θW (on-shell scheme)
sin2 θW = s2W ≡ 1 − (mW /mZ )2 sin2 θW 0.222 90(30) 1.3 × 10−3
Electron, e−
electron mass me 9.109 383 7015(28) × 10−31 kg 3.0 × 10−10
5.485 799 090 65(16) × 10−4 u 2.9 × 10−11
energy equivalent me c 2
8.187 105 7769(25) × 10−14 J 3.0 × 10−10
0.510 998 950 00(15) MeV 3.0 × 10−10
electron-muon mass ratio me /mµ 4.836 331 69(11) × 10−3 2.2 × 10−8
electron-tau mass ratio me /mτ 2.875 85(19) × 10−4 6.8 × 10−5
electron-proton mass ratio me /mp 5.446 170 214 87(33) × 10−4 6.0 × 10−11
electron-neutron mass ratio me /mn 5.438 673 4424(26) × 10−4 4.8 × 10−10
electron-deuteron mass ratio me /md 2.724 437 107 462(96) × 10−4 3.5 × 10−11
electron-triton mass ratio me /mt 1.819 200 062 251(90) × 10−4 5.0 × 10−11
electron-helion mass ratio me /mh 1.819 543 074 573(79) × 10−4 4.3 × 10−11
electron to alpha particle mass ratio me /mα 1.370 933 554 787(45) × 10−4 3.3 × 10−11
electron charge to mass quotient −e/me −1.758 820 010 76(53) × 1011 C kg−1 3.0 × 10−10
electron molar mass NA me M (e), Me 5.485 799 0888(17) × 10−7 kg mol−1 3.0 × 10−10
reduced Compton wavelength h̄/me c = αa0 λC 3.861 592 6796(12) × 10−13 m 3.0 × 10−10
Compton wavelength λC 2.426 310 238 67(73) × 10−12 [m]† 3.0 × 10−10
classical electron radius α2 a0 re 2.817 940 3262(13) × 10−15 m 4.5 × 10−10
Thomson cross section (8π/3)re2 σe 6.652 458 7321(60) × 10−29 m2 9.1 × 10−10
electron magnetic moment µe −9.284 764 7043(28) × 10−24 J T−1 3.0 × 10−10
to Bohr magneton ratio µe /µB −1.001 159 652 181 28(18) 1.7 × 10−13
to nuclear magneton ratio µe /µN −1838.281 971 88(11) 6.0 × 10−11
electron magnetic moment
anomaly |µe |/µB − 1 ae 1.159 652 181 28(18) × 10−3 1.5 × 10−10
electron g-factor −2(1 + ae ) ge −2.002 319 304 362 56(35) 1.7 × 10−13
electron-muon magnetic moment ratio µe /µµ 206.766 9883(46) 2.2 × 10−8
electron-proton magnetic moment ratio µe /µp −658.210 687 89(20) 3.0 × 10−10
electron to shielded proton magnetic
moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) µe /µ0p −658.227 5971(72) 1.1 × 10−8
electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio µe /µn 960.920 50(23) 2.4 × 10−7
electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio µe /µd −2143.923 4915(56) 2.6 × 10−9
electron to shielded helion magnetic
moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) µe /µ0h 864.058 257(10) 1.2 × 10−8
−1 −1
electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µe |/h̄ γe 1.760 859 630 23(53) × 1011 s T 3.0 × 10−10
28 024.951 4242(85) MHz T−1 3.0 × 10−10
Muon, µ−
muon mass mµ 1.883 531 627(42) × 10−28 kg 2.2 × 10−8
0.113 428 9259(25) u 2.2 × 10−8
energy equivalent mµ c2 1.692 833 804(38) × 10−11 J 2.2 × 10−8
105.658 3755(23) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
muon-electron mass ratio mµ /me 206.768 2830(46) 2.2 × 10−8
muon-tau mass ratio mµ /mτ 5.946 35(40) × 10−2 6.8 × 10−5
muon-proton mass ratio mµ /mp 0.112 609 5264(25) 2.2 × 10−8
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Fundamental Physical Constants — Extensive Listing

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Value Unit uncert. ur

muon-neutron mass ratio mµ /mn 0.112 454 5170(25) 2.2 × 10−8

muon molar mass NA mµ M (µ), Mµ 1.134 289 259(25) × 10−4 kg mol −1
2.2 × 10−8
reduced muon Compton wavelength h̄/mµ c λC,µ 1.867 594 306(42) × 10−15 m 2.2 × 10−8
muon Compton wavelength λC,µ 1.173 444 110(26) × 10−14 [m]† 2.2 × 10−8
muon magnetic moment µµ −4.490 448 30(10) × 10−26 J T−1 2.2 × 10−8
to Bohr magneton ratio µµ /µB −4.841 970 47(11) × 10−3 2.2 × 10−8
to nuclear magneton ratio µµ /µN −8.890 597 03(20) 2.2 × 10−8
muon magnetic moment anomaly
|µµ |/(eh̄/2mµ ) − 1 aµ 1.165 920 89(63) × 10−3 5.4 × 10−7
muon g-factor −2(1 + aµ ) gµ −2.002 331 8418(13) 6.3 × 10−10
muon-proton magnetic moment ratio µµ /µp −3.183 345 142(71) 2.2 × 10−8
Tau, τ−
¶
tau mass mτ 3.167 54(21) × 10−27 kg 6.8 × 10−5
1.907 54(13) u 6.8 × 10−5
energy equivalent mτ c2 2.846 84(19) × 10−10 J 6.8 × 10−5
1776.86(12) MeV 6.8 × 10−5
tau-electron mass ratio mτ /me 3477.23(23) 6.8 × 10−5
tau-muon mass ratio mτ /mµ 16.8170(11) 6.8 × 10−5
tau-proton mass ratio mτ /mp 1.893 76(13) 6.8 × 10−5
tau-neutron mass ratio mτ /mn 1.891 15(13) 6.8 × 10−5
tau molar mass NA mτ M (τ), Mτ 1.907 54(13) × 10−3 kg mol−1 6.8 × 10−5
reduced tau Compton wavelength h̄/mτ c λC,τ 1.110 538(75) × 10−16 m 6.8 × 10−5
tau Compton wavelength λC,τ 6.977 71(47) × 10−16 [m]† 6.8 × 10−5
Proton, p
proton mass mp 1.672 621 923 69(51) × 10−27 kg 3.1 × 10−10
1.007 276 466 621(53) u 5.3 × 10−11
energy equivalent mp c2 1.503 277 615 98(46) × 10−10 J 3.1 × 10−10
938.272 088 16(29) MeV 3.1 × 10−10
proton-electron mass ratio mp /me 1836.152 673 43(11) 6.0 × 10−11
proton-muon mass ratio mp /mµ 8.880 243 37(20) 2.2 × 10−8
proton-tau mass ratio mp /mτ 0.528 051(36) 6.8 × 10−5
proton-neutron mass ratio mp /mn 0.998 623 478 12(49) 4.9 × 10−10
proton charge to mass quotient e/mp 9.578 833 1560(29) × 107 C kg−1 3.1 × 10−10
proton molar mass NA mp M (p), Mp 1.007 276 466 27(31) × 10−3 kg mol−1 3.1 × 10−10
reduced proton Compton wavelength h̄/mp c λC,p 2.103 089 103 36(64) × 10−16 m 3.1 × 10−10
proton Compton wavelength λC,p 1.321 409 855 39(40) × 10−15 [m]† 3.1 × 10−10
proton rms charge radius rp 8.414(19) × 10−16 m 2.2 × 10−3
proton magnetic moment µp 1.410 606 797 36(60) × 10−26 J T−1 4.2 × 10−10
to Bohr magneton ratio µp /µB 1.521 032 202 30(46) × 10−3 3.0 × 10−10
to nuclear magneton ratio µp /µN 2.792 847 344 63(82) 2.9 × 10−10
proton g-factor 2µp /µN gp 5.585 694 6893(16) 2.9 × 10−10
proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio µp /µn −1.459 898 05(34) 2.4 × 10−7
shielded proton magnetic moment µ0p 1.410 570 560(15) × 10−26 J T−1 1.1 × 10−8
(H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C)
to Bohr magneton ratio µ0p /µB 1.520 993 128(17) × 10−3 1.1 × 10−8
to nuclear magneton ratio µ0p /µN 2.792 775 599(30) 1.1 × 10−8
proton magnetic shielding correction
1 − µ0p /µp (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) σp0 2.5689(11) × 10−5 4.2 × 10−4

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Fundamental Physical Constants — Extensive Listing

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Value Unit uncert. ur

proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µp /h̄ γp 2.675 221 8744(11) × 108 s−1 T−1 4.2 × 10−10
42.577 478 518(18) MHz T−1 4.2 × 10−10
shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio
2µ0p /h̄ (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) γp0 2.675 153 151(29) × 108 s−1 T−1 1.1 × 10−8
42.576 384 74(46) MHz T−1 1.1 × 10−8
Neutron, n
neutron mass mn 1.674 927 498 04(95) × 10−27 kg 5.7 × 10−10
1.008 664 915 95(49) u 4.8 × 10−10
energy equivalent mn c2 1.505 349 762 87(86) × 10−10 J 5.7 × 10−10
939.565 420 52(54) MeV 5.7 × 10−10
neutron-electron mass ratio mn /me 1838.683 661 73(89) 4.8 × 10−10
neutron-muon mass ratio mn /mµ 8.892 484 06(20) 2.2 × 10−8
neutron-tau mass ratio mn /mτ 0.528 779(36) 6.8 × 10−5
neutron-proton mass ratio mn /mp 1.001 378 419 31(49) 4.9 × 10−10
neutron-proton mass difference mn − mp 2.305 574 35(82) × 10−30 kg 3.5 × 10−7
1.388 449 33(49) × 10−3 u 3.5 × 10−7
energy equivalent (mn − mp )c 2
2.072 146 89(74) × 10−13 J 3.5 × 10−7
1.293 332 36(46) MeV 3.5 × 10−7
neutron molar mass NA mn M (n), Mn 1.008 664 915 60(57) × 10−3 kg mol−1 5.7 × 10−10
reduced neutron Compton wavelength h̄/mn c λC,n 2.100 194 1552(12) × 10−16 m 5.7 × 10−10
neutron Compton wavelength λC,n 1.319 590 905 81(75) × 10−15 [m]† 5.7 × 10−10
neutron magnetic moment µn −9.662 3651(23) × 10−27 J T−1 2.4 × 10−7
to Bohr magneton ratio µn /µB −1.041 875 63(25) × 10−3 2.4 × 10−7
to nuclear magneton ratio µn /µN −1.913 042 73(45) 2.4 × 10−7
neutron g-factor 2µn /µN gn −3.826 085 45(90) 2.4 × 10−7
neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio µn /µe 1.040 668 82(25) × 10−3 2.4 × 10−7
neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio µn /µp −0.684 979 34(16) 2.4 × 10−7
neutron to shielded proton magnetic
moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) µn /µ0p −0.684 996 94(16) 2.4 × 10−7
−1 −1
neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µn |/h̄ γn 1.832 471 71(43) × 108 s T 2.4 × 10−7
29.164 6931(69) MHz T−1 2.4 × 10−7
Deuteron, d
deuteron mass md 3.343 583 7724(10) × 10−27 kg 3.0 × 10−10
2.013 553 212 745(40) u 2.0 × 10−11
energy equivalent md c2 3.005 063 231 02(91) × 10−10 J 3.0 × 10−10
1875.612 942 57(57) MeV 3.0 × 10−10
deuteron-electron mass ratio md /me 3670.482 967 88(13) 3.5 × 10−11
deuteron-proton mass ratio md /mp 1.999 007 501 39(11) 5.6 × 10−11
deuteron molar mass NA md M (d), Md 2.013 553 212 05(61) × 10−3 kg mol−1 3.0 × 10−10
deuteron rms charge radius rd 2.127 99(74) × 10−15 m 3.5 × 10−4
deuteron magnetic moment µd 4.330 735 094(11) × 10−27 J T−1 2.6 × 10−9
to Bohr magneton ratio µd /µB 4.669 754 570(12) × 10−4 2.6 × 10−9
to nuclear magneton ratio µd /µN 0.857 438 2338(22) 2.6 × 10−9
deuteron g-factor µd /µN gd 0.857 438 2338(22) 2.6 × 10−9
deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio µd /µe −4.664 345 551(12) × 10−4 2.6 × 10−9
deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio µd /µp 0.307 012 209 39(79) 2.6 × 10−9
deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio µd /µn −0.448 206 53(11) 2.4 × 10−7

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Fundamental Physical Constants — Extensive Listing

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Value Unit uncert. ur

Triton, t
triton mass mt 5.007 356 7446(15) × 10−27 kg 3.0 × 10−10
3.015 500 716 21(12) u 4.0 × 10−11
energy equivalent mt c2 4.500 387 8060(14) × 10−10 J 3.0 × 10−10
2808.921 132 98(85) MeV 3.0 × 10−10
triton-electron mass ratio mt /me 5496.921 535 73(27) 5.0 × 10−11
triton-proton mass ratio mt /mp 2.993 717 034 14(15) 5.0 × 10−11
triton molar mass NA mt M (t), Mt 3.015 500 715 17(92) × 10−3 kg mol−1 3.0 × 10−10
triton magnetic moment µt 1.504 609 5202(30) × 10−26 J T−1 2.0 × 10−9
to Bohr magneton ratio µt /µB 1.622 393 6651(32) × 10−3 2.0 × 10−9
to nuclear magneton ratio µt /µN 2.978 962 4656(59) 2.0 × 10−9
triton g-factor 2µt /µN gt 5.957 924 931(12) 2.0 × 10−9
Helion, h
helion mass mh 5.006 412 7796(15) × 10−27 kg 3.0 × 10−10
3.014 932 247 175(97) u 3.2 × 10−11
energy equivalent mh c2 4.499 539 4125(14) × 10−10 J 3.0 × 10−10
2808.391 607 43(85) MeV 3.0 × 10−10
helion-electron mass ratio mh /me 5495.885 280 07(24) 4.3 × 10−11
helion-proton mass ratio mh /mp 2.993 152 671 67(13) 4.4 × 10−11
helion molar mass NA mh M (h), Mh 3.014 932 246 13(91) × 10−3 kg mol−1 3.0 × 10−10
helion magnetic moment µh −1.074 617 532(13) × 10−26 J T−1 1.2 × 10−8
to Bohr magneton ratio µh /µB −1.158 740 958(14) × 10−3 1.2 × 10−8
to nuclear magneton ratio µh /µN −2.127 625 307(25) 1.2 × 10−8
helion g-factor 2µh /µN gh −4.255 250 615(50) 1.2 × 10−8
shielded helion magnetic moment µ0h −1.074 553 090(13) × 10−26 J T−1 1.2 × 10−8
(gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C)
to Bohr magneton ratio µ0h /µB −1.158 671 471(14) × 10−3 1.2 × 10−8
to nuclear magneton ratio µ0h /µN −2.127 497 719(25) 1.2 × 10−8
shielded helion to proton magnetic
moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) µ0h /µp −0.761 766 5618(89) 1.2 × 10−8
shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic
moment ratio (gas/H2 O, spheres, 25 ◦ C) µ0h /µ0p −0.761 786 1313(33) 4.3 × 10−9
shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio
2|µ0h |/h̄ (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) γh0 2.037 894 569(24) × 108 s−1 T−1 1.2 × 10−8
32.434 099 42(38) MHz T−1 1.2 × 10−8
Alpha particle, α
alpha particle mass mα 6.644 657 3357(20) × 10−27 kg 3.0 × 10−10
4.001 506 179 127(63) u 1.6 × 10−11
energy equivalent m α c2 5.971 920 1914(18) × 10−10 J 3.0 × 10−10
3727.379 4066(11) MeV 3.0 × 10−10
alpha particle to electron mass ratio mα /me 7294.299 541 42(24) 3.3 × 10−11
alpha particle to proton mass ratio mα /mp 3.972 599 690 09(22) 5.5 × 10−11
alpha particle molar mass NA mα M (α), Mα 4.001 506 1777(12) × 10−3 kg mol−1 3.0 × 10−10
PHYSICOCHEMICAL
Avogadro constant NA 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol−1 exact
Boltzmann constant k 1.380 649 × 10−23 J K−1 exact
8.617 333 262 . . . × 10−5 eV K−1 exact
k/h 2.083 661 912 . . . × 1010 Hz K−1 exact
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Fundamental Physical Constants — Extensive Listing

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Value Unit uncert. ur

k/hc 69.503 480 04 . . . [m−1 K−1 ]† exact

k
atomic mass constant
mu = 121
m(12 C) = 2hc R∞ /α2 c2 Ar (e) mu 1.660 539 066 60(50) × 10−27 kg 3.0 × 10−10
energy equivalent mu c2 1.492 418 085 60(45) × 10−10 J 3.0 × 10−10
931.494 102 42(28) MeV 3.0 × 10−10
molar mass constantk Mu 0.999 999 999 65(30) × 10−3 kg mol−1 3.0 × 10−10
molar massk of carbon-12 Ar (12 C)Mu M (12 C) 11.999 999 9958(36) × 10−3 kg mol−1 3.0 × 10−10
molar Planck constant NA h 3.990 312 712 . . . × 10−10 J Hz−1 mol−1 exact
molar gas constant NA k R 8.314 462 618 . . . J mol−1 K−1 exact
Faraday constant NA e F 96 485.332 12 . . . C mol−1 exact
standard-state pressure 100 000 Pa exact
standard atmosphere 101 325 Pa exact
molar volume of ideal gas RT /p
T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa Vm 22.710 954 64 . . . × 10−3 m3 mol−1 exact
or standard-state pressure
Loschmidt constant NA /Vm n0 2.651 645 804 . . . × 1025 m−3 exact
molar volume of ideal gas RT /p
T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa Vm 22.413 969 54 . . . × 10−3 m3 mol−1 exact
or standard atmosphere
Loschmidt constant NA /Vm n0 2.686 780 111 . . . × 1025 m−3 exact
Sackur-Tetrode (absolute entropy) constant∗∗
5 2 3/2
2 + ln[(mu kT1 /2πh̄ ) kT1 /p0 ]
T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa S0 /R −1.151 707 537 06(45) 3.9 × 10−10
or standard-state pressure
T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa −1.164 870 523 58(45) 3.9 × 10−10
or standard atmosphere
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
(π2 /60)k 4/h̄3 c2 σ 5.670 374 419 . . . × 10−8 W m−2 K−4 exact
first radiation constant for spectral
radiance 2hc2 sr−1 c1L 1.191 042 972 . . . × 10−16 [W m2 sr−1 ]†† exact
first radiation constant 2πhc2 = π sr c1L c1 3.741 771 852 . . . × 10−16 [W m2 ]†† exact
second radiation constant hc/k c2 1.438 776 877 . . . × 10−2 [m K]† exact
Wien displacement law constants
b = λmax T = c2 /4.965 114 231... b 2.897 771 955 . . . × 10−3 [m K]† exact
b0 = νmax /T = 2.821 439 372... c/c2 b0 5.878 925 757 . . . × 1010 Hz K−1 exact

∗
The energy of a photon with frequency ν expressed in unit Hz is E = hν in J. Unitary time evolution of the state of this photon is given by
exp(−iEt/h̄)|ϕi, where |ϕi is the photon state at time t = 0 and time is expressed in unit s. The ratio Et/h̄ is a phase.
†
The full description of m−1 is cycles or periods per meter and that of m is meter per cycle (m/cycle). The scientific community is aware of
the implied use of these units. It traces back to the conventions for phase and angle and the use of unit Hz versus cycles/s. No solution has been
agreed upon.
‡
Value recommended by the Particle Data Group (Tanabashi, et al., 2018).
§
Based on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons mW /mZ recommended by the Particle Data Group (Tanabashi, et al., 2018). The
value for sin2 θW they recommend, which is based on a variant of the modified minimal subtraction (MS) scheme, is sin2 θ̂W (MZ ) = 0.231 22(4).
¶
This and other constants involving mτ are based on mτ c2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group (Tanabashi, et al., 2018).
k
The relative atomic mass Ar (X) of particle X with mass m(X) is defined by Ar (X) = m(X)/mu , where mu = m(12 C)/12 = 1 u is the
atomic mass constant and u is the unified atomic mass unit. Moreover, the mass of particle X is m(X) = Ar (X) u and the molar mass of X is
M (X) = Ar (X)Mu , where Mu = NA u is the molar mass constant and NA is the Avogadro constant.
∗∗
The entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass Ar is given by S = S0 + 23 R ln Ar − R ln(p/p0 ) + 52 R ln(T /K).
††
The full description of m2 is m−2 × (m/cycle)4 . See also footnote for m−1 .
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