Defence Works Functional Standard

Specification 031

Internal Cleaning of Fuel Tanks

AIRFIELDS AND BULK FUELS GROUP

DEFENCE ESTATE ORGANISATION (WORKS)

Ministry of Defence

London: The Stationery Office

© Crown copyright 1996. Published for the Ministry of Defence under licence
from the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to The Copyright

Unit, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate,
Norwich NR3 1BQ

ISBN 0 11 772489 0
Foreword

This document is for the use of Top Level Budget Holders (TLBHs) for
application by the Project Sponsors, Property Managers (PROMs),
Establishment Works Consultants (EWCs), Works Service Managers (WSMs)
and other parties involved in the internal cleaning of fuel tanks on the MOD
Estate.
This Standard is expected to be used principally by EWCs, WSMs and tank
cleaning Contractors: it replaces DOE/PSA Standard Specification (M&E) No
114 TOL Tanks - Preparation for Inspection and Maintenance Cleaning'.

Amendments to this Functional Standard will be advised by DEO(W) Technical

Bulletin, issued to PROM and TLBH Works Staff. It is the responsibility of the
user to check with the PROM or Project Sponsor if amendments have been
issued. There is a feedback sheet at Annex C for suggested changes or
developments to the document.
Technical advice and assistance on MOD petroleum matters can be obtained
from DEO(W). Approaches may be through local DEO(W) offices or directly to
the petroleum Technical Authority, (DEO(W) TA):

Head of Bulk Petroleum Installations

Airfields and Bulk Fuels Group
Defence Estate Organisation (Works)
Blakemore Drive
SUTTON COLDFIELD
West Midlands
B75 7RL

Notwithstanding that this document sets out guidance for specialist works
concerning tank cleaning and is the MOD preferred solution, its use does not
absolve a PM or WSM from any responsibility for tank cleaning, neither does its
existence constrain him from using alternative methods, providing such
alternatives can be demonstrated to provide a result of equal safety, quality and
cost effectives.

This Standard has been devised for the use of the Crown and its Contractors in
the execution of contracts for the Crown. The Crown hereby excludes all liability
(other than liability for death or personal injury) whatsoever and howsoever
arising (including, but without limitation, negligence on the part of the Crown
its servants or agents) for any loss or damage however caused where the
Standard is used for any other

Compliance with a DEO(W) Functional Standard will not of itself confer

immunity from legal obligations.

iii
Abbreviations

DEO(W) Defence Estate Organisation (Works)

DWS Defence Works Services
EA Environment Agency
EWC Establishment Works Consultant
GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic
MOD Ministry of Defence
PM Project Manager
PROM Property Manager
SEPA Scottish Environmental Protection Agency
TA Technical Authority
TLBH Top Level Budget Holder
WSM Works Services Manager
Contents

Page
FOREWORD
ABBREVIATIONS
CONTENTS

1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 AIM
1.3 DEFINITIONS
1.4 REGULATIONS
1.5 STANDARDS

2 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 5
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 REQUIREMENTS

3 PRE-CLEANING ACTIVITIES 7
3.1 INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS
3.2 TAKING TANKS OUT OF SERVICE
3.3 GAS-FREEING

4 CLEANING PROCEDURES 11
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 EXTENT OF THE CLEANING PROCESS
4.3 METHODS OF CLEANING INTERNALLY COATED
TANKS
4.4 METHODS OF CLEANING UNCOATED TANKS
4.5 STANDARDS OF TANK CLEANLINESS

5 CLEANING FREQUENCY 15
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 FREQUENCY OF INSPECTIONS
5.3 PARAMETERS INDICATIVE OF IMMEDIATE TANK
CLEANING BEING REQUIRED

6 DISPOSAL OF WASTE 17
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 REQUIREMENTS
 7 RETURNING THE TANK TO SERVICE 19
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 REQUIREMENTS

ANNEXES
ANNEX A—TANK CLEANING CERTIFICATE
ANNEX B—PRECAUTIONS SPECIFIC TO PRODUCT GROUPS
ANNEX C—CHANGE SUGGESTION FORM

vi
Section 1 General Requirements

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The internal cleaning of tanks fulfils several requirements:

to remove hazardous products for safe

to reduce the risk to personnel during internal modification work.

to aid invasive inspection procedures (eg. non-destructive wall thickness

checks) for determining the condition of the tank.

to ensure no cross contamination of product should the tank use change.

This Standard has been issued to reflect the latest health and safety guidelines,
environmental constraints and to comply with current MOD requirements.

This Standard does not cover the cleaning of chemical containing tanks.
However, the same principles apply but specific advice on the hazards and
precautions should be obtained from the supplier of the relevant chemicals.

1.2 AIM

The aim of this Functional Standard is to:

a. Provide the Contractor with details of the methodology required to

undertake safe and thorough cleaning procedures.
b. Advise the Contractor and WSM or PM of the demarcation of
responsibilities concerning each stage of the cleaning and reinstatement
process.

1.2.1 Arrangement
The document is arranged in the following manner, to achieve the aim:

a. Section 1 defines the applicable standards and regulations.

b. Section 2 advises the safety requirements to be employed.

c. Sections 3 and 4 provide details of the cleaning processes required.

d. Section 5 gives guidance on tank cleaning intervals.

e. Sections 6 and 7 provide details on waste disposal and recommissioning.

1
Internal Cleaning of Fuel 1 General Requirements
Tanks

1.3 DEFINITIONS

The terms used within this Standard shall be read as having the definitions
given below:

Contractor: The company employed to carry out tank cleaning work on a site.

Establishment Works Consultant (EWC): The organisation responsible for

the provision of specialist examinations, surveying, scheduling, financial
assessments and overseeing services in support of the PROM of the
Establishment.

Flammable: Refers to any solid, liquid or vapour which is easily ignited. For
ignition of gases the volume of gas in air (%) must be between the lower and
upper flammable limits.

Gas-free: A tank is considered to be gas-free when the concentration of

flammable gases is within safe prescribed limits. The term does not imply
absence of toxic gases or sufficiency of oxygen for tank entry.

Project Manager (PM): An official of the MOD or commercial representative

responsible for the purpose of management and administration of the works
covered within this Functional Standard. For work within the remit of the
WSM, the term PM shall be read as WSM.

Property Manager (PROM): An MOD official responsible for conducting the

day-to-day property management business at the Establishment.

Project Sponsor: The representative of the TLBH responsible for the delivery
of the project through all stages.

Preferred: This indicates the course of action to be pursued when there is a

choice between acceptable alternatives.

Pyrophoric scale or deposits: Normally finely divided ferrous sulphide

formed in the presence of mercaptans or hydrogen sulphide. It is capable of such
rapid oxidation on exposure to air that heating to incandescence can occur.

Scale: Solid matter including rust adhering to tank surfaces.

Sludge: Semi-liquid or solid matter remaining in a tank after removal of clean

fuel.

Technical Authority: Branch of DEO(W) with responsibility for providing

authoritative technical works advice.

Works Services Manager (WSM): The organisation responsible to the PROM

for planning, organisation and managing operation, maintenance and repair of
plant and facilities, and the design and construction of new works up to a
specific value on the MOD Establishment for which it is appointed.

1.4 REGULATIONS

The completed work, and all aspects of the execution thereof, shall comply with
all relevant latest enactments, statutory instruments, regulations and codes
including the following where applicable:

a. The Factories Acts and Regulations made thereunder.

b. The Health and Safety at Work Act and Regulations made thereunder.

2
Internal Cleaning of Fuel 1 General Requirements
Tanks

c. The Control of Pollution Act and Regulations made thereunder.

d. The Environmental Protection Act and Regulations made thereunder

e. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations.

1.5 STANDARDS

The Works shall comply with the latest editions of appropriate standards
including:

a. British Standards
BS 5345 The Selection, Installation and Maintenance of Electrical
Apparatus for use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres.

Part 1: General Recommendations.

b. Institute of Petroleum Standards

IP 16 Tank Cleaning Safety Code

c. American Petroleum Institute Standards

API 2015 Planning and Managing Tank Entry from Decommissioning

Through Recommissioning

d. Health and Safety Executive Guidelines

CS 15 The Cleaning and Gas-freeing of Tanks containing Flammable
Residues

e. MOD Standards
JSP 375 Joint Service Health and Safety Handbook

DWS Functional Standard 07 The Inspection, Maintenance and Testing of

Equipment Installed at Petroleum
Installations—Mechanical & Electrical

DEO(W) Functional Standard Internal Coating of Aviation Fuel Tanks

Specification 032

DEO(W) Functional Standard Petroleum

Safety Rules and Procedures
03

Throughout this Functional Standard reference is made to DEO(W)

Safety Rules and Procedures 03. At sites where it is not yet implemented
the earlier DOE/PSA MEG Volume 8 Section 53 applies.

Where there is a discrepancy either between the requirements of this

document and those listed in clauses 1.4 and 1.5 herein, or between the
documents listed in clauses 1.4 and 1.5 themselves, such discrepancy
shall be referred to the PROM or WSM for resolution.

It should be assumed that the resolution will be in favour of the most

onerous requirement.

3
Section 2 Safety Requirements

2.1 INTRODUCTION

a. This Standard calls for the use of substances and procedures that may be
injurious to health if adequate precautions are not taken. It refers only to
the technical suitability and in no way absolves the Contractor from
statutory obligations relating to health and safety at any stage.

2.2 REQUIREMENTS

a. The Contractor shall be fully responsible for all safety measures relating
to cleaning processes. This includes, but is not limited to, the provision of
adequate ventilation arrangements in confined spaces to deal with any
hazardous atmospheres created by the processes, the earthing and
bonding of equipment and the provision of the correct personal and
respiratory protective equipment for the working environment.

b. The works on tanks must be controlled in accordance with the DEO(W)

Functional Standard Safety Rules and Procedures 03—Petroleum. The
WSM or PM may advise of special precautions which apply to the
particular installation.

A formal assessment of the risks associated with the cleaning task at the
particular location must be performed and presented in writing at the
planning stage of the project so that additional task related safety
measures are fully identified for implementation

c. The WSM or PM will advise the Contractor of any hazards associated

with a tank's previous usage and special precautions that shall be taken
when working in a tank which has at any time contained lead products.

d. Refer to Annex B for precautions specific to product groups.

e. Tanks which have contained leaded petrol will still retain organic lead
compounds which have been absorbed into the tank plates. Consequently
even after the tank has been cleared of sludge and scale a toxic
atmosphere will still exist. Forced ventilation of the tank and the use of
breathing apparatus together with protective clothing is to be continued
for as long as personnel are inside, or within the immediate vicinity of
tank openings.

f. The entry to buried, horizontal tanks at motor transport fuelling

installations is not permitted. These tanks generally do not have
adequate access arrangements for personnel wearing personal protective
equipment.

5
Internal Cleaning of Fuel 2 Safety Requirements
Tanks

g. The Contractor shall be conversant with and implement the requirements

of JSP 375 Joint Service Health and Safety Handbook and the Control of
Substances Hazardous to Health.
h. The Contractor shall install a windsock to determine the prevailing wind
direction and hence ensure that all potential spark producing equipment
is located a minimum distance of 10 m upwind.

i. All equipment shall be bonded to the tank and earthed to prevent the
build-up of static electricity.
Section 3 Pre-cleaning Activities

3.1 INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

a. The operational history of the tank as regards the liquids that have been
stored in it should be checked. The physical and chemical properties of
these tank contents and any associated deposits should be assessed for
expected behaviour under tank cleaning conditions. Particular attention
should be paid to properties such as flash point, electrical conductivity,
lead content, toxic additives and hydrogen sulphide.
b. Before the tank is taken out of service any sludge or sediment should be
minimized by operational measures eg. dilution or chemical addition. The
subsequent volume of sludge should then be estimated.

c. Tank drawing and inspection records should be consulted for details that
may influence the cleaning process eg. potential pockets or drainage
systems. A visual external inspection of the tank should complement the
review, taking into account proposed drainage routes, recirculation loops
and positive isolation positions.

d. Tank roofs shall be externally inspected only after records have been
reviewed for potential corrosion problems and then by a minimum of two
persons. Provision of breathing apparatus should be considered based on
tank contents and location of vents. An inertia reel lifeline is required
when areas to be inspected are not surrounded by handrails.

e. The tank surrounds should be inspected to ascertain access possibilities,

firefighting resources and potential sources of ignition.

3.2 TAKING TANKS OUT OF SERVICE

a. Tanks should be emptied to the maximum extent by using the normal

operational piping system. Where tanks cannot be emptied completely
using the conventional system special measures should be considered
such as temporary connections to low drains, the introduction of water to
raise the product level or vacuum pumping.

b. After the tank has been emptied all connecting pipes shall be emptied
and flushed with water.
c. All water used for clearance and flushing is to be collected for separate
treatment or disposal unless its quality is acceptable for the normal
interception system. Refer also to Section 6.

7
Internal Cleaning of Fuel 3 Pre-cleaning Activities
Tanks

d. Double isolation is required from all piping systems connected to the tank
(refer to para f for drain systems). This is to be accomplished as close to
the tank shell as possible utilising tight shut-off valves, blinds, spades or
pipework removal. If valves are to be closed then they are to be protected
against inadvertent operation by the use of pneumatic or electric isolation
of the actuator. In the case of manual valves the handwheels are to be
removed.

Pipework disconnection may result in release of hydrocarbon vapours

therefore proper selection of equipment and personal protective
apparatus is required.

e. Any relief valve discharges into the tank should be blanked off. A review
of the relief system is required to ensure that any blinding off will not
impair the integrity of the rest of the site system.

f. Drain systems shall be isolated from the tank unless the cleaning
procedure requires the use of the system. In such cases measures are to
be taken to ensure the prevention of backflow from other sources.

g. All tank mounted electrical equipment (except earthing and bonding

cables) is to be isolated at the distribution system.

h. Tank cathodic protection systems shall be disconnected 24 hours before

any work is to commence to allow depolarization to take place.

3.3 GAS-FREEING

a. Precautions, types of equipment to be employed, acceptable work levels,

gas monitoring and recording methods are detailed in DEO(W)
Functional Standard Safety Rules and Procedures 03—Petroleum.

b. During gas-freeing the tank atmosphere may be in the flammable range

for a certain period of time. To shorten this period, rapid gas-freeing rates
are generally recommended. It may however be preferable to reduce the
rate of vapour expulsions from the tank by limiting the number of tank
openings used or by partially closing them off, this decision will be
dependent on the tank environment and the prevailing weather
conditions.

c. As hydrocarbon vapours are heavier than air and tend to concentrate at

the tank base, vapours should be discharged at high level and low level
openings should remain closed. Before opening any manholes the internal
pressure should be equalized with the atmospheric pressure by opening a
small aperture eg. a drain or dip tube connection.

d. The following methods of gas-freeing are acceptable for fixed roof and
horizontal tanks.

(i) Filling the tank with water via a bottom connection or a top
connection with an internal downpipe. To avoid the formation of static
electricity the filling rate should be slow until the inlet nozzle has
been covered. The water level must be limited to the cylindrical part
of the tank and consequently vapours remaining in the roof space may
still cause the atmosphere to be unsafe after draining. Valve
arrangements on the inlet and drain systems are required to enable

8
Internal Cleaning of Fuel 3 Pre-cleaning Activities
Tanks

full control to be attained. During draining, adequate numbers of

apertures must be opened to prevent internal vacuum conditions
occurring.

Before this method is selected a check on the tank foundations and

structural design of the tank must be undertaken to ensure they will
withstand the imposed water load. If the water is of an appropriate
quality it may be disposed of via the site interception system provided
a check of the drainage and interception system is undertaken to
ensure that it is capable of coping with the required volume.

(ii) Filling the tank with inert gas via a bottom connection or a top
connection with an internal downpipe. To avoid the possibility of the
light inert gas escaping without displacing the vapours only small roof
apertures should be opened. Inert gases are hazardous, consequently
precautions are required which are to include the use of breathing
apparatus.

Care must be taken in the selection of the gas. Carbon dioxide will
form a mist of ice particles on expansion which are highly electrically
charged, hence it should not be used when the tank atmosphere is in
the flammable range. Nitrogen is suitable under all circumstances but
to avoid static accumulation a slow filling rate should be used.

(iii) Natural air ventilation may be used by opening multiple roof

manholes that are as far apart as possible. To aid vapour clearance an
upwind manhole may be fitted with a windsail and a downwind
manhole with a flexible duct reaching to the tank bottom. The
windsail shall not be made of a synthetic material as electrostatic
charges can occur.

(iv) Forced or induced air ventilation may be installed by using extractors

or air blowers. Extractors (one per tank) or air blowers (one per tank)
should be positioned on roof manholes fitted with electrically
conductive flexible ducts reaching to the tank bottom. All other roof
manholes should be open. Alternatively an air blower may direct air
through a shell manhole via a conductive flexible duct. All equipment
is to be earthed and bonded.

The selection of equipment should take into account the hazardous

area classification and temperature requirements (normally Zone 1
and T4 to BS 5345 Part 1) and the possibility of incendive sparking.

The opening of manholes and attachment of equipment to tanks which

are not gas-free is a hazardous operation requiring the use of
breathing apparatus.

e. For tanks not covered by sub-para d. specialist advice will be required.

In particular tanks built into rock caverns will require additional
extractors and blowers whilst those which have protective brick or
concrete walls will have a tank annular space within which vapours
can accumulate.

f. Tanks which have stored material containing hydrogen sulphide or

sulphur compounds are susceptible to the formation of pyrophoric
scale on the roof and walls and pyrophoric deposits in the bottom
sludge. To avoid the possibility that this scale will heat by exothermic

9
Internal Cleaning of Fuel 3 Pre-cleaning Activities
Tanks

oxidation and cause ignition of other deposits the use of natural air
ventilation is preferred. When pyrophoric deposits are suspected the
flooding of the tank bottom by water should be considered.

g. Any illumination necessary for inspection (and subsequent cleaning)

activities shall be certified to Zone 1 and T4 requirements in
accordance with BS 5345 Part 1.

h. When tanks are partitioned no internal access is permitted until the

entire tank has been gas-freed.

10
Section 4 Cleaning Procedures

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The extent of cleaning is dependent on the reasons why the tank is to be

cleaned. A range of possibilities therefore exists according to the reasons for the
cleaning and the condition experienced upon an inspection at an early stage in
the process.
It is recommended that after initial gas-freeing the tank is inspected to
ascertain the full extent of the cleaning process.

4.2 EXTENT OF THE CLEANING PROCESS

The following examples indicate the situations which can be expected during an
inspection and the suggested extent of the cleaning process.

Internally coated aviation fuel tanks,

undergoing periodic internal
inspection.
a) Coating perfect, no solid or micro- After inspection no further cleaning.
biological contamination.
b) As a) but areas of the coating are Dry off suspect areas for more
suspect. detailed investigation.
c) Solid or micro-biological Wipe down all surfaces until dry and
contamination. clean.

2. Uncoated aviation fuel tanks,

undergoing periodic internal
inspection.
a) No solid or micro-biological Remove rust and scale in accordance
contamination. with the table in section 4.4.
b) Solid or micro-biological Remove rust, scale and surface dirt in
contamination. accordance with the table in section
4.4.
c) Major corrosion or structural Ascertain extent and seek specialist
problems. advice.

3. Steel petrol tanks. (Refer to Section

2.2 for access limitations)
a) No signs of corrosion. After inspection no further cleaning.
b) Corrosion present. Remove rust, scale and surface dirt in
accordance with the table in section
4.4.

11
Internal Cleaning of Fuel 4 Cleaning Procedures
Tanks

4. GRP petrol tanks. (Refer to Section

2.2 for access limitations)
a) No solid contamination. After inspection no further cleaning.
b) Solid contamination. Wipe down all surfaces until dry and
clean.

5. Diesel and distillate grade fuel oil.

a) No solid or micro-biological Remove rust and scale in accordance
contamination. with the table in section 4.4.
b) Solid or micro-biological Remove rust, scale and surface dirt in
contamination. accordance with the table in section
4.4.
c) Major corrosion or structural Ascertain extent and seek specialist
problems. advice.

6. Residual grade fuel oil.

a) No solid or micro-biological Remove rust and scale in accordance
contamination. with the table in section 4.4.
b) Solid or micro-biological Remove rust, scale and surface dirt in
contamination. accordance with the table in section
4.4.
c) Major corrosion or structural Ascertain extent and seek specialist
problems. advice.

4.3 METHODS OF CLEANING INTERNALLY COATED TANKS

All surfaces shall be wiped down with absorbent rags and sponges until they are
dry and clean to the touch.

4.4 METHODS OF CLEANING UNCOATED TANKS

All surfaces shall be cleaned as appropriate to the type of fuel contained and the
surface condition in accordance with the following:

Aviation fuel Wire brush and scrape Wipe down until clean
until all scale and loose and dry to the touch.
material is removed. Do not use detergents.
Only use kerosene type
solvents.

Petrol Wire brush and scrape Wipe down until clean

until all scale and loose and dry to the touch.
material is removed. Do not use corrosive
solvents.

Diesel and distillate grade Wire brush and scrape or Wipe down until clean
fuel oil water jet until all loose and dry to the touch.
material is removed. Do not use corrosive
solvents.

Residual grade fuel oil Wire brush and scrape or Water or steam jet or
water jet or steam jet and scrape down to parent
scrape until all loose metal or paint.
material is removed.

12
Internal Cleaning of Fuel 4 Cleaning Procedures
Tanks

4.5 STANDARDS OF TANK CLEANLINESS

a. Hot Work Standard

This is the degree of cleaning required to enable hot work to take place in
the tank. After removal of all product and sludges the tank must be
tested to demonstrate a gas-free condition. The gas-free condition applies
to all void spaces and under the tank bottom plates.

After the tank plates have been cleaned to show a waxy, greasy film they
are to be washed to a metal finish. This may be achieved by:

hot water washing.

cold water spray or jetting under high pressure.

diesel washing.

kerosene washing.

chemical washing with detergents.

manual wiping.

The cleaning method selected will depend on the product stored, the
degree of cleanliness already achieved and the local means available. If
diesel washing is selected then it should be applied at very low pressure,
the tank atmosphere continuously monitored and the residue washed off
the walls with water.

Washing with hydrocarbons having a higher volatility than kerosene is

prohibited.

The selection of any detergents should be considered carefully taking into

account any toxic vapours that may be released.

Wash water containing chemicals, detergents or oils will be detrimental

to the efficiency of the site interceptors and will require additional
treatment and disposal.

b. Inspection Standard

This is similar to sub-para. 4.5a. but requires a higher finish on welded

and bolted areas. Any abrasives used should not contain silica.

c. Internal Coating Standard

Refer to DEO(W) Functional Standard Specification 032 'Internal Coating

of Aviation Fuel Tanks'.

d. Decontamination for Demolition Standard

Each case should be reviewed and a detailed procedure developed.

13
Section 5 Cleaning Frequency

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The requirement for cleaning a tank is dependent on:

whether it is subject to a specified periodic internal inspection

the need to prevent cross contamination due to an intended change of

product

the need to internally modify the tank

whether product contamination has occurred

In all cases the PROM is responsible for authorising cleaning operations.

5.2 FREQUENCY OF INSPECTIONS

a. Petrol, diesel and distillate grade fuel oil containing tanks shall only be
cleaned if a change of product is required or if there is a fuel quality
problem.

b Aviation fuel containing tanks shall be cleaned in accordance with DWS

Functional Standard 07 'The Inspection, Maintenance and Testing of
Equipment Installed at Petroleum Installations—Mechanical &
Electrical'.

5.3 PARAMETERS INDICATIVE OF IMMEDIATE TANK CLEANING BEING REQUIRED

a. Change of use to aviation fuel containment from any other product.

b. Change of use from one grade of lubrication oil to another.

c. When heavy micro-biological contamination is present.

15
Section 6 Disposal of Waste

6.1 INTRODUCTION

a. The disposal of waste is a Service responsibility because the Service/MOD

is the owner of the waste. This Section is included because of the
environmental implications of handling waste and the necessary interface
between the Contractor and Service activities.

b. The Service owner will require 48 hours notice prior to disposal of any
waste which is to be classified duty free in order that the local Customs
& Excise can be informed.

c. The Contractor shall provide suitable handling equipment and vehicles to

remove from site any sludge or scale which could give rise to dangerous
conditions.

d. The re-processing of contaminated fuel is the Service responsibility and

arrangements should be in place to cater for duty free and duty paid
products.

6.2 REQUIREMENTS

a.

b.

17
Internal Cleaning of Fuel 6 Disposal of Waste
Tanks

The method of disposal is subject to the type of waste but as a general

rule re-processing is preferred to incineration. Mixing into concrete is not
recommended as lead vapours are produced in the process and the
resulting concrete is of limited use as it cannot be used for load bearing
purposes.
In certain circumstances it may be possible to dispose of contaminated
water via the site interception system provided that independent
laboratory samples and disposal volumes are acceptable to the local
sewage authority and the EA or SEPA as appropriate.

c. It is the WSM's responsibility to ensure that:

the waste is transferred only by a registered carrier.

a description of the waste is provided to enable other persons to avoid

contravention of the Environmental Protection Act.

the waste transfer note is provided in accordance with the

Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations.

the waste is deposited or disposed of at a correctly licensed and

managed facility.

the local Waste Regulation Authority is advised of the movement of

any lead or hydrocarbon substances under the Control of Pollution
(Special Waste) Regulations.

18
Section 7 Returning the Tank to
Service

7.1 INTRODUCTION

It is the WSM's responsibility to ensure that the tank is clean, all services have
been reinstated and that the tank has been put back into its operational mode.
In Naval Oil Fuel Depots cleaning of F-44 and F-76 containing tanks is
undertaken by the depot personnel whilst other tanks are cleaned by
Contractors under the supervision of the WSM. The WSM is responsible for
bringing the tanks back into operational mode but the depot staff are
responsible for bringing the tank back into service.

7.2 REQUIREMENTS

The following actions are required to return any tank into its operational mode:

a. The earthing and bonding systems have been reinstated.

b. All electrical cables have been reconnected and tested.

c. All instruments have been reinstated and tested.

d. All debris and equipment has been removed from inside the tank and the
tank roof and bund.

e. The automatic vents are in position and set.

f. The roof drains and sumps are clear of debris.

g. Any relief valves have been tested and reinstalled.

h. All apertures have been gasketted and bolted closed.
i. All pipework has been re-connected.

j. All drain valves are closed.

k. The cathodic protection systems have been re-connected.

19
Annex A Tank Cleaning Certificate

A suggested certificate indicating that cleaning has been satisfactorily completed

is on the following page.

21
Client:

Address:

TANK CLEANING CERTIFICATE

I/We being the person(s) responsible (as indicated by my/our signature(s) below) for the cleaning of the
tanks listed below CERTIFY that the said work for which I/we have been responsible is to the best of my/
our knowledge and belief in accordance with DEO(W) Functional Standard Specification 031
Cleaning of Fuel Tanks'.

Number of continuation sheets

For the Cleaning:

Name (In Block Letters): Position:

For and on behalf of:

Address:

Signature: Date:

23
Annex B Precautions Specific to
Product Groups

B.1 Unleaded Petrol, Naphtha, Kerosene, Jet Fuels and Diesel (None of which
contain Hydrogen Sulphide)
a. Possibility of corrosion of the tank surfaces leading to element instability
and risk of falling objects.

b. Biological processes in water layers may leave slimy and slippery

conditions on the tank bottom.

c. Additives such as fuel systems icing inhibitor, benzene or methanol may

be concentrated to hazardous levels in the tank bottoms.

d. Particular attention should be paid to gas-freeing.

B.2 Unleaded Petrol, Naphtha, Kerosene, Jet Fuels and Diesel (All containing
Hydrogen Sulphide)
a. Possibility of corrosion of the tank surfaces leading to element instability
and risk of falling objects.

b. Biological processes in water layers may leave slimy and slippery

conditions on the tank bottom.

c. Additives such as fuel systems icing inhibitor, benzene or methanol may

be concentrated to hazardous levels in the tank bottoms.

d. Particular attention should be paid to gas-freeing.

e. The presence of Hydrogen Sulphide may cause pyrophoric deposits for

which water flooding of the tank bottom is recommended.

B.3 Leaded Petrol

a. Leaded petrol contains tetraethyl lead (TEL) or tetramethyl lead (TML)
which are very toxic in both solid and vapour form. The symptoms of lead
alkyl poisoning (which may be from a single severe exposure or a
cumulative effect) vary from sleep disturbance through intense anxiety to
coma and death. Personnel entering tanks should be afforded high levels
of protection and their clothing decontaminated after use.

b. Tanks which have contained, but no longer contain, leaded substances

may still be toxic many years later. Lead-in-air tests are required to
prove residual levels and hence whether special precautions are required.

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Internal Cleaning of Fuel Annex B Precautions Specific to Product Groups
Tanks

B.4 Aromatic Lube Oil Distillates, Solvents and White Spirits

a. Possibility of corrosion of the tank surfaces leading to element instability
and risk of falling objects.

b. Biological processes in water layers may leave slimy and slippery

conditions on the tank bottom.

c. Additives such as fuel systems icing inhibitor, benzene or methanol may

be concentrated to hazardous levels in the tank bottoms.

d. Particular attention should be paid to gas-freeing.

e. The presence of Hydrogen Sulphide may cause pyrophoric deposits for

which water flooding of the tank bottom is recommended.

f. Aromatic constituents are toxic, particularly benzene, exposure to which

leads to bone and marrow abnormalities and can result in leukaemia.

B.5 Residual Fuel Oils

a. These may contain a variety of substances including hydrogen sulphide
and aromatics. It is therefore important in such circumstances to obtain
the tank's storage history.

b. Heavy sludges may form on the tank bottoms and highly viscous residues
on the walls.

c. Residual fuel oil is stored at elevated temperatures (above 100°C) and

consequently the tank exterior is normally insulated. Under normal
operating conditions the insulation may become impregnated with
hydrocarbons which reduces the normal oil auto-ignition temperature and
hence constitutes a cleaning hazard. Depending on the degree of oil
spillage into the insulation around manhole areas consideration should be
given for temporary local insulation removal.

B.6 Lubricating Oils

a. The type of additives must be verified to determine the level of toxicity.

b. By definition these substances will leave slippery residues on the walls

and bottom.

26
Internal Cleaning of Fuel Annex B Precautions Specific to Product Groups
Tanks

Annex C Change Suggestion Form

27
Internal Cleaning of Fuel Annex C Change Suggestion Form
Tanks

Originator: Date:

Ref:

Section: Page:

Change Detail:

Continuation Sheet included ? Y N

Reason:

Continuation Sheet included ? Y N

Action: Ref:

Action Date:

Approved:

Actioned:

Printed in the United Kingdom for The Stationery Office

Dd302364 12/96 C8 G559 10170

29