Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Division of Catanduanes

Module
4 COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING 8

Perform mensuration and Calculation

San Andres Vocational School

San Andres, Catanduanes
Kreamer S. Vigen
CHS 8 Teacher-09129265002
To get the most from this Module, you need to do the following:

1. Begin by reading and understanding the Learning Outcome/s and Performance

Standards. These tell you what you should know and be able to do at the end of this
Module.

2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pretest then check your answer against
the Answer Key. If you get 99 to 100% of the items correctly, you may proceed to the
next Lesson. This means that you need not go through the Lesson because you already
know what it is about. If you failed to get 99 to 100% correctly, go through the Lesson
again and review especially those items which you failed to get.

3. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more Information Sheets. An
Information Sheet contains important notes or basic information that you need to know.

After reading the Information Sheet, test yourself on how much you learned by means
of the Self-check. Refer to the Answer Key for correction. Do not hesitate to go back to
the Information Sheet when you do not get all test items correctly. This will ensure your
mastery of basic information.

4. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity / Operation /Job Sheet directs
you to do.

5. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real life
situation.

6. Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics for you to know how well you performed.

Each Lesson also provides you with references and definition of key terms for your guide.

They can be of great help. Use them fully.

Booting – starting (a computer) by loading an operating system from a disk.
Electronic storage - a device for recording (storing) information (data).
Interface - the point of interaction or communication between a computer and any other entity,
such as a printer or human operator.
Laser - a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process of optical
amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons.
Magnetic platter - a thin, high precision disk that is coated on both sides with a high precision
magnetic material and which is used in a hard disk drive (HDD) to store data.
Memory module - a narrow printed circuit board that holds memory chips.
Magnetic storage media - any storage medium in which different patterns of magnetization are
used to represent stored bits or bytes of information
Operating system - a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide
common services for application software.
Optical storage media - any storage in which data is written and read with a laser for archival or
backup purposes.

HDD – hard disk drive

IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics
CD – Compact Disk
Direction. Match items on Column A with Column B. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

_____ 1. Chips that are located on the motherboard. A. Registers

_____ 2. A magnetic storage device that is installed B. Flash drive/Thumb drive
inside the computer.
_____ 3. Early drive controller interface that connects C. Read-only memory
computers and hard disk drives which an interface
that uses a 40-pin connector.
_____ 4. Temporary storage for data and programs D. IDE
that are being accessed by the CPU.
_____ 5. A storage device that uses lasers to read data E. Floppy Drive
on the optical media.
_____ 6. A storage device that uses removable 3.5 F. Random access memory
inch disks.
_____ 7. Soldered the memory chips on a special G. Optical Drive
circuit board.
_____ 8. A removable storage device that connects to H. DDR
a USB port.
_____ 9. Memory cells built right into the CPU. I. Hard Drive
_____ 10. Technology that doubles the maximum J. Memory module
bandwidth of SDRAM.
MEMORY

Although memory is technically any form of

electronic storage, it is used most often to identify
fast, temporary forms of storage. If your computer's
CPU had to constantly access the hard drive to
retrieve every piece of data it needs, it would operate
very slowly. When the information is kept in
memory, the CPU can access it much more quickly.
Most forms of memory are intended to store data
temporarily.

The CPU accesses memory according to a distinct hierarchy. Whether it comes from
permanent storage (the hard drive) or input (the keyboard), most data goes in random
access memory (RAM) first. The CPU then stores pieces of data it will need to access, often
in a cache, and maintains certain special instructions in the register.

ROM and RAM provide memory for a vast amount of computer equipment. They come in
different memory sizes and module sizes and have different features. The following sections
cover ROM and RAM in greater detail.

Read-only memory (ROM) chips are located on the motherboard. ROM chips contain
instructions that can be directly accessed by the CPU. Basic instructions for booting the
computer and loading the operating system are stored in ROM. ROM chips retain their
contents even when the computer is powered down. The contents cannot be erased or
changed by normal means. The contents cannot be erased, changed, or rewritten by normal
means.

ROM types include the following:

 Programmable read-only memory (PROM): Information is written to a PROM chip

after it is manufactured. A PROM chip cannot be erased or rewritten.
 Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM): Information is written to an
EPROM chip after it is manufactured. An EPROM chip can be erased with exposure
to UV light. Special equipment is required.
  Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM): Information
is written to an EEPROM chip after it is manufactured. EEPROM chips are also called
flash ROMs. An EEPROM chip can be erased and rewritten without removing the
chip from the computer.

Note:
ROM is sometimes called firmware. This is misleading, because firmware is actually
the software that is stored in a ROM chip.

Random access memory (RAM) is the temporary storage for data and programs that
are being accessed by the CPU. RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents
are erased when the computer is powered off. The more RAM in a computer, the more
capacity the computer has to hold and process large programs and files, as well as enhance
system performance.

The different types of RAM are as follows:

 Dynamic RAM (DRAM) is a memory chip that is used as main memory. DRAM must
be constantly refreshed with pulses of electricity to maintain the data stored in the
chip.
 Static RAM (SRAM) is a memory chip that is used as cache memory. SRAM is much
faster than DRAM and does not have to be refreshed as often.
 Fast Page Mode (FPM) DRAM is memory that supports paging. Paging enables faster
access to the data than regular DRAM. Most 486 and Pentium systems from 1995
and earlier use FPM memory.
 Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM is memory that overlaps consecutive data accesses.
This speeds up the access time to retrieve data from memory, because the CPU does
not have to wait for one data access cycle to end before another data access cycle
begins.
 Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) is DRAM that operates in synchronization with the
memory bus. The memory bus is the data path between the CPU and the main
memory.
 Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM is memory that transfers data twice as fast as
SDRAM. DDR SDRAM increases performance by transferring data twice per cycle.
 Double Data Rate 2 (DDR2) SDRAM is faster than DDR-SDRAM memory. DDR2
 SDRAM improves performance over DDR SDRAM by decreasing noise and crosstalk
between the signal wires.
 RAMBus DRAM (RDRAM) is a memory chip that was developed to communicate at
very high rates of speed. RDRAM chips are not commonly used

Early computers had RAM installed in the motherboard as individual chips. The individual
memory chips, called dual inline package (DIP) chips, was difficult to install and often
became loose on the motherboard. To solve this problem, designers soldered the memory
chips on a special circuit board called a memory module.
Here are some types of memory modules:

 Dual Inline Package (DIP) is an individual memory chip. A DIP had dual rows of
pins used to attach it to the motherboard.
 Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) is a small circuit board that holds several
memory chips. SIMMs have 30-pin and 72-pin configurations.
 Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) is a circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR
SDRAM, and DDR2 SDRAM chips. There are 168-pin SDRAM DIMMs, 184-pin
DDR DIMMs, and 240-pin DDR2 DIMMs.
 RAM Bus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) is a circuit board that holds RDRAM
chips. A typical RIMM has a 184-pin configuration.

Note:
Memory modules can be single-sided or double-sided. Single-sided memory modules
contain RAM on only one side of the module. Double-sided memory modules contain RAM
on both sides of the module. SIMMs have 30-pin and 72-pin configurations. DIMM is a circuit
board that holds SDRAM, DDR SDRAM and DDR2 SDRAM.

The speed of memory has a direct impact on how much data a processor can process
because faster memory improves the performance of the processor. As processor speed
increases, memory speed must also increase. For example, single-channel memory is
capable of transferring data at 64 bits. Dual-channel memory increases speed by using a
second channel of memory, creating a data transfer rate of 128 bits.
Double Data Rate (DDR) technology doubles the maximum bandwidth of SDRAM. DDR2
offers faster performance while using less energy. DDR3 operates at even higher speeds
than DDR2; however, none of these DDR technologies are backward- or forward
compatible.

Even with a wide and fast bus, it still takes longer for data to get from the memory card to
the CPU than it takes for the CPU to actually process the data. Caches are designed to
alleviate this bottleneck by making the data used most often by the CPU instantly available.
Registers are memory cells built right into the CPU that contain specific data needed by
the CPU, particularly the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). An integral part of the CPU
itself, they are controlled directly by the compiler that sends information for the CPU to
process.

STORAGE DRIVES

Storage drives read or write information on magnetic or optical storage media. The
drive can be used to store data permanently or to retrieve information from a media disk.
Storage drives can be installed inside the computer case, such as a hard drive. For
portability, some storage drives can connect to the computer using a USB port, a FireWire
port, or an SCSI port. These portable storage drives are sometimes referred to as removable
drives and can be used on multiple computers. Here are some common types of storage
drives: Floppy drive, Hard drive, Optical drive and Flash drive.

Floppy Drive

A floppy drive, or floppy disk drive, is a storage

device that uses removable 3.5-inch floppy disks.
These magnetic floppy disks can store 720 KB or
1.44 MB of data. In a computer, the floppy drive
is usually configured as the A: drive. The floppy
drive can be used to boot the computer if it
contains a bootable floppy disk. A 5.25-inch floppy drive is older technology and is seldom
used.

Hard Drive

A hard drive, or hard disk drive, is a magnetic storage device that is

installed inside the computer. The hard drive is used as permanent
storage for data. In a Windows computer, the hard drive is usually
configured as the C: drive and contains the operating system and
applications. The hard drive is often configured as the first drive in
the boot sequence. The storage capacity of a hard drive is measured
in billions of bytes, or gigabytes (GB). The speed of a hard drive is measured in revolutions
per minute (RPM). Multiple hard drives can be added to increase storage capacity.

Traditional hard drives are magnetic. Magnetic hard drives have drive motors designed to
spin magnetic platters and the drive heads. In contrast, the newer solid state drives (SSDs)
do not have moving parts. Because there are no drive motors and moving parts, the SSD
uses far less energy than the magnetic hard drive. Non-volatile flash memory chips manage
all storage on an SSD, which results in faster access to data, higher reliability, and reduced
power usage. SSDs have the same form factor as magnetic hard drives and use ATA or
SATA interfaces. SSDs can be installed as a replacement for magnetic drives.

Optical Drive

An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data

on the optical media. There are three types of optical drives:
Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and Blu-ray
Disc (BD). CD, DVD, and BD media can be pre-recorded (read-
only), recordable (write once), or rewritable (read and write
multiple times).

Several types of optical media exist:

CD-ROM is CD read-only memory media that is prerecorded.

CD-R is CD recordable media that can be recorded once.
CD-RW is CD rewritable media that can be recorded, erased, and rerecorded.
DVD-ROM is DVD read-only memory media that is prerecorded.
DVD-RAM is DVD random-access memory media that can be recorded, erased,
and rerecorded.
DVD+/-R is DVD recordable media that can be recorded once.
DVD+/-RW is DVD rewritable media that can be recorded, erased, and rerecorded.

External Flash Drive

An external flash drive, also known as a thumb drive, is a removable storage

device that connects to a USB port. An external flash drive uses the same type
of non-volatile memory chips as solid state drives and does not require power
to maintain the data. These drives can be accessed by the operating system in
the same way that other types of drives are accessed.

Network Drives

A network drive is a connection to a remote computer’s storage for access to files,

directories, and applications.

Types of Drive Interfaces

Hard drives and optical drives are manufactured with different interfaces that are used to
connect the drive to the computer. When you install a storage drive in a computer, the
connection interface on the drive must be the same as the controller on the motherboard.
Some common drive interfaces are as follows:
 Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), also called Advanced Technology Attachment
(ATA), is an early drive controller interface that connects computers and hard-disk
drives. An IDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.
 Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE), also called ATA-2, is an updated
version of the IDE drive controller interface. EIDE supports hard drives larger than
512 MB, enables Direct Memory Access (DMA) for speed, and uses the AT
Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI) to accommodate optical drives and tape drives
on the EIDE bus. An EIDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.
 Parallel ATA (PATA) refers to the parallel version of the ATA drive controller
interface.
 Serial ATA (SATA) refers to the serial version of the ATA drive controller interface.
A SATA interface uses a seven-pin connector.
 Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is a drive controller interface that can
connect up to 15 drives. SCSI can connect both internal and external drives. A
SCSI interface uses a 50-pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin connector.
Self-Check 1.1 Multiple Choice

Direction. Select the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate paper
(intermediate pad) and attach it in the module.

1. Chips are located on the motherboard. Basic instructions for booting the computer
and loading the operating system are stored on it.
a. RAM b. ROM c. Memory d. External Flash Drive
2. Types of ROM Except.
a. Programmable read-only memory (PROM)
b. Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM)
c. Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)
d. RAMBus DRAM (RDRAM)
3. It is a magnetic storage device that is installed inside the computer.
a. Hard Drive c. Memory
b. External Flash Drive d. Floppy Drive
4. Also known as a thumb drive, is a removable storage device that connects to a USB
port.
a. Hard Drive c. Memory
b. External Flash Drive d. Floppy Drive

5. It is the temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the
CPU. It is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the
computer is powered off.
a. RAM b. ROM c. Memory d. External Flash Drive
6. A storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media.
a. Hard Drive c. External Flash Drive
b. Optical Drive d. Network Drive
7. Types of RAM that is used as main memory. It must be constantly refreshed with
pulses of electricity to maintain the data stored in the chip.
a. Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
b. Static RAM (SRAM)
c. Fast Page Mode (FPM) DRAM
d. Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM
8. Types of Drive Interfaces that refers to the parallel version of the ATA drive
controller interface.
a. Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
b. Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE)
c. Parallel ATA (PATA)
d. Serial ATA (SATA)
 9. Types of optical media that can be recorded once.
a. CD-ROM c. CD-RW
b. CD-R d. DVD-ROM
10. Types of Drive Interfaces that also called Advanced Technology Attachment
(ATA), it is an early drive controller interface that connects computers and hard-disk
drives
a. Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
b. Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE)
c. Parallel ATA (PATA)
d. Serial ATA (SATA)

Task 2 – Enumeration
Direction: Enumerate the following:
1-3 Three (3) types of ROM
4-6 Give at least three (3) types of RAM
7-10 Kinds of Storage Devices
11-13 Three (3) types of Memory Module
14-15 Give at least two (2) Types of Drive Interfaces
16-18 Types of Optical Drive
19-20 Two types of memory

LO 2
Ron Gilster, PC Repair Bench Book., Wiley Publishing Inc., 10475 Crosspoint
Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256
Barry Press, Marcia Press, PC Upgrade and Repair Bible, Desktop Edition.,
Wiley Publishing Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256
LO 2
Ron Gilster, PC Repair Bench Book., Wiley Publishing Inc., 10475
Crosspoint Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256
Barry Press, Marcia Press, PC Upgrade and Repair Bible, Desktop Edition.,
Wiley Publishing Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256
KEY TO CORRECTION
Pre-Test Self-Check I
1. C 1. B
2. I 2. D
3. D 3. A
4. F 4. B
5. G 5. A
6. E 6. B
7. J 7. A
8. B 8. C
9. A 9. B
10. H 10. A
Enumeration
1-3 *Types of ROM
Programmable read-only memory (PROM)
Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM)
Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)
4-6 * Types of RAM
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Static RAM (SRAM)
Fast Page Mode (FPM) DRAM
Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM
Double Data Rate 2 (DDR2) SDRAM
RAMBus DRAM (RDRAM)
7-10 *Kinds of Storage Devices
Floppy Drive
Hard Drive
External Flash Drive
Optical Drive
11-13 * Types of Memory Module
Dual Inline Package (DIP)
Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM)
Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)
RAM Bus Inline Memory Module (RIMM)
14-15 *Types of Drive Interfaces
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE)
Parallel ATA (PATA)
Serial ATA (SATA)
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
16-18 *Types of Optical Drive
Compact Disc (CD)
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
Blu-ray Disc (BD).
19-20 *Two types of memory
Random Access Memory
Read-Only Memory