Batch Link :-https://unacademy.

com/batch/sankalp-nda-2-
detailed-batch-course-for-2021/QPG9VHY1
COMPLEX NUMBER (NOTES) :-

(i) Natural Number (𝑁): 𝑁 = {1,2,3, … … … … }

(ii) Whole Number (W): W = {0,1,2, … … … … } = {N} + {0}
(iii) Integers (Z or I): Z or I = {… . . −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3, … … . . }
(iv) Rational Numbers (𝑄): The numbers which are in the form of p/q (Where 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈
𝐼, 𝑞 ≠ 0 )
(v) Irrational Numbers (𝑄 𝑐 ): The numbers which are not rational i.e. which can not be
expressed in p/q form or whose decimal part is non terminating non repeating but which
may represent magnitude of physical quantities. e.g. √2, 51/3 , 𝜋, e, … .. etc.
(vi) Real Numbers R : The set of Rational and Irrational Number is called as set of Real
Numbers i.e. N ⊂ W ⊂ Z ⊂ Q ⊂ R

Imaginary Number Square root of a negative real number is an imaginary number, while
solving equation x 2 + 1 = 0 we get x = ±√−1 which is imaginary. So the quantity √−1 is
denoted by ‘i’ called ‘iota’ thus i = √−1.
Integral Power of Iota 𝒊 = √−𝟏 so 𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏; 𝒊𝟑 = −𝒊 and 𝒊𝟒 = 𝟏
Hence 𝒊𝟒𝐧+𝟏 = 𝒊; 𝒊𝟒𝐧+𝟐 = −𝟏; 𝒊𝟒𝐧+𝟑 = −𝒊; 𝒊𝟒𝐧 or 𝒊𝟒𝐧+𝟒 = 𝟏

Complex Number :- A number of the form z = x + iy where x, y ∈ R and 𝑖 = √−1 is

called a complex number where x is called as real part and y is called imaginary part of
complex number and they are expressed as Re (z) = x, Im (z) = y
Here if x = 0 the complex number is purely Imaginary and if y = 0 the complex number
is purely Real. Note:

Inequalities in complex number are not defined because ‘i’ is neither

positive, zero nor negative so 𝟒 + 𝟑𝐢 < 𝟏 + 𝟐𝐢 or 𝐢 < 𝟎 or 𝐢 > 𝟎 is meaning less.

If two complex numbers are equal, then their real and imaginary parts are separately
equal. Thus if 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 ⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑
so if 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0
The complex number 0 is purely real and purely imaginary both.

Algebra of Complex Number

If z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 be any two complex number then

(i) Addition (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) + (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑) = (𝑎 + 𝑐) + 𝑖(𝑏 + 𝑑)

(ii) Subtraction (a +ib)-(c +id) = (a − c) + i(b − d)
(iii) Multiplication (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑖𝑎𝑑 + 𝑖𝑏𝑐 + 𝑖 2 𝑏𝑑 = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)
 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 (𝑎+𝑖𝑏)(𝑐−𝑖𝑑)
. (iv) Division =
𝑐+𝑖𝑑 (𝑐+𝑖𝑑)(𝑐−𝑖𝑑)

(when at least one of c and d is non zero)

(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑) (𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑)

= 2 2
+𝑖 2
𝑐 +𝑑 𝑐 + 𝑑2
1
Note: Additive inverse of 𝑧 is −𝑧 and multiplicative inverse of 𝑧 is 𝑧.

Conjugate of a Complex Number :

If 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary
part and it is denoted by z̅. i.e. z̅ = a − ib

Properties of Conjugate Complex Number Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑧‾ = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 then:-

̅̅̅̅
(i) (𝒛‾) = 𝒛
(ii) 𝒛 + 𝒛‾ = 𝟐𝒂 = 𝟐𝐑𝐞 (𝒛) = purely real
(iii) 𝐳 − 𝐳̅ = 𝟐𝐢𝐛 = 𝟐𝐈𝐦 (𝐳) = purely imaginary
(iv) 𝒛𝒛‾ = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = |𝒛|𝟐
(v) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 = ̅̅̅ 𝒛𝟏 + ̅̅̅
𝒛𝟐
(vi) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 = ̅̅̅ 𝒛𝟏 − ̅̅̅
𝒛𝟐
̅̅̅̅̅̅
(vii) 𝒓𝒆 = 𝒓𝒆
𝒊𝜽 −𝒊𝜽
̅̅̅̅̅
𝒛 𝒛‾
(viii) ( 𝟏) = 𝟏
𝒛𝟐 𝒛‾𝟐
̅̅̅
(ix) 𝒛 = (𝒛‾)
𝒏 𝒏

(x) ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = ̅̅̅𝒛
𝒛𝟏 ̅̅̅𝟐
(xi) 𝐳 + 𝐳̅ = 𝟎 or 𝐳 = −𝐳̅ ⇒ 𝐳 = 𝟎 or 𝐳 is purely imaginary
(xii) 𝐳 = 𝐳̅ ⇒ 𝐳 is purely real

Modulus of a Complex Number If 𝒛 = 𝒙 + iy then modulus of is denoted by |𝒛|.

Thus z = x + iy ⇒ |z| = √x 2 + y 2

Properties of Modulus of a Complex Number :-

(i) |𝒛| ≥ 𝟎
(ii) −|𝒛| ≤ 𝐑𝐞 (𝒛) ≤ |𝒛|
(iii) −|𝒛| ≤ 𝐈𝐦 (𝒛) ≤ |𝒛|
(iv) |𝒛| = |𝒛‾| = | − 𝒛| = | − 𝒛‾|
(v) 𝐳𝐳̅ = |𝐳|𝟐
𝐳̅
(vi) 𝐳 −𝟏 = 𝟐
|𝐳|
( vii )|𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 | = |𝒛𝟏 ||𝒛𝟐 |
(viii) |𝒛𝒏 | = |𝒛|𝒏
𝒛 |𝒛 |
(ix) | 𝟏| = |𝒛𝟏 |, where |𝒛𝟐 | ≠ 𝟎
𝒛𝟐 𝟐
(ix) |𝒛𝟏 ± 𝒛𝟐 |𝟐 = |𝒛𝟏 |𝟐 + |𝒛𝟐 |𝟐 ± 𝟐𝐑𝐞 (𝒛𝟏 𝒛‾𝟐 )
(x) |𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 |𝟐 + |𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 |𝟐 = 𝟐[|𝒛𝟏 |𝟐 + |𝒛𝟐 |𝟐 ]
(𝐱𝐢)|𝐳𝟏 + 𝐳𝟐 |𝟐 = |𝐳𝟏 |𝟐 + |𝐳𝟐 |𝟐 + 𝟐|𝐳𝟏 ||𝐳𝟐 |𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 )
where 𝜽𝟏 and 𝜽𝟐 are the argument of 𝐳𝟏 and 𝐳𝟐
𝒛𝟏
(xii) |𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 |𝟐 = |𝒛𝟏 |𝟐 + |𝒛𝟐 |𝟐 ⇔ is purely imaginary.
𝒛𝟐
(xiii) |𝐳𝟏 ± 𝐳𝟐 | ≤ |𝐳𝟏 | + |𝐳𝟐 | (triangle inequality)
(xiv) |𝒛𝟏 ± 𝒛𝟐 | ≥ ||𝒛𝟏 | − |𝒛𝟐 || (triangle inequality)

Amplitude or Argument of Complex Number:

The amplitude or argument of a complex number z is the inclination of the directed line
segment representing z, with real axis.

𝑦
If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + iy then amp (𝑧) = tan−1 ( )
𝑥
Note: - Principle value of any complex number lies between −𝝅 < 𝜽 ≤ 𝝅.

Principal value of argument:-

(i) If complex number lies in first quadrant then 𝐚𝐫𝐠 (𝐳) = 𝜽.

(ii) If complex number lies in second quadrant then 𝐚𝐫𝐠 (𝐳) = 𝝅 − 𝜽.
(iii) If complex number lies in third quadrant then 𝐚𝐫𝐠 (𝐳) = −(𝝅 − 𝜽).
(iv) If complex number lies in fourth quadrant then arg (𝐳) = −𝜽.

Properties of Argument of a Complex Number :-

(i) amp (any real positive number) = 0

(ii) amp (any real negative number) = 𝜋
𝜋
(iii) amp (𝑧 − 𝑧‾) = ±
2
(iv) amp (𝑧1 , 𝑧2 ) = amp (𝑧1 ) + amp (𝑧2 ) + 2𝑘𝜋∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐼
z
(v) amp ( 1) = amp (𝑧1 ) − amp (𝑧2 ) + 2𝑘𝜋∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐼.
z2
1
(vi) amp (𝑧‾) = −amp (z) = amp ( )
z
(vii) amp (−𝑧) = amp (𝑧) ± 𝜋
(viii) amp(𝑧 𝑛 ) = 𝑛 amp (𝑧) + 2𝑘𝜋(k = 0,1 or −1)
(ix) amp (𝑧) + amp (𝑧‾) = 2𝑘𝜋
∀ proper value of 𝑘 must be chosen so that
R.H.S. lies in (−𝜋, 𝜋].

Representation of a Complex Number in various forms :-

(i) Cartesian Form:-

Every complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + iy can be represented by a point on the Cartesian plane
known as Complex plane (Argand diagram) by the ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦).
Length 𝑂𝑃 is called modulus of the complex number denoted by |𝑧| and 𝜃 is called the
argument or amplitude.
𝑦
|𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 & 𝜃 = tan−1
𝑥

Trigonometric/Polar Form:

𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖sin 𝜃) where |𝑧| = 𝑟; arg 𝑧 = 𝜃;

Eulerian Form:

𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ; |𝑧| = 𝑟; arg 𝑧 = 𝜃; 𝑧‾ = 𝑟𝑒 −𝑖𝜃

e𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + isin 𝜃 and e−i𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − isin 𝜃

Square Root of a Complex Number The square root of 𝐳 = 𝐚 + 𝐢𝐛 is

|𝑧| + 𝑎 |𝑧| − 𝑎
√𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = ± [√ + 𝑖√ ] for 𝑏 > 0 and
2 2

|𝑧| + 𝑎 |𝑧| − 𝑎
= ± [√ − 𝑖√ ] for 𝑏 < 0
2 2

Logarithm of a Complex Number Let z = x + iy be a complex number and in polar form

𝜃
of z is rei , then

log (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = log (𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = log (𝑟) + 𝑖𝜃

𝑦
= log (√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖tan−1
𝑥

or log 𝑧 = log (|𝑧|) + 𝑖amp (𝑧)

In general, z = rei ( 𝜃 + 2n𝜋 )
log 𝑧 = log |𝑧| + 𝑖arg 𝑧 + 2𝑛𝜋𝑖

De- Moivre’s Theorem:-

A simplest formula for calculating powers of complex numbers in the form of cos 𝜃 and
sin 𝜃 is known as De-Moivre’s theorem,

If 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 (set of integers), then (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖sin 𝜃)𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖sin 𝑛𝜃 and if 𝑛 ∈ 𝑄 (set of
rational numbers),then cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖sin n𝜃 is one of the values of (cos 𝜃 + isin 𝜃)n .
Note:
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
(i) (sin 𝜃 + 𝑖cos 𝜃)𝑛 = [cos ( − 𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖sin ( − 𝑛𝜃)]
2 2

(ii) (cos 𝜃1 + isin 𝜃1 )(cos 𝜃2 + isin 𝜃2) … (cos 𝜃n + isin 𝜃n ) = cos (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + ⋯ + 𝜃n ) + isin (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + ⋯ + 𝜃n )
(iii) (sin 𝜃 ± 𝑖cos 𝜃)𝑛 ≠ sin 𝑛𝜃 ± 𝑖cos 𝑛𝜃

𝟏 𝐢√𝟑
Cube Root of Unity Cube root of unity are 𝟏, 𝝎, 𝝎𝟐 , where 𝝎 = − + = 𝐞𝒊𝟐𝝅/𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
−𝟏−𝐢√𝟑
and 𝝎𝟐 = 𝟐
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅
𝐚𝐫𝐠 (𝝎) = 𝟑
and 𝐚𝐫𝐠 (𝝎𝟐 ) = 𝟑

Properties of Cube Roots of Unity:

(i) 𝜔3 = 1 or 𝜔3𝑟 = 1
(ii) 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0
(iii) Cube roots of unity lie on the unit circle |z| = 1 and divide its circumference into 3
equal parts.
(iv) It always forms an equilateral triangle.
(vi) Cube roots of −1 are −1, −𝜔, −𝜔2

Important Identities :-
(a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 − 𝜔)(𝑥 − 𝜔2 )
(b) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 + 𝜔)(𝑥 + 𝜔2 )
(c) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑦𝜔)(𝑥 − 𝑦𝜔2 )
(d) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝜔𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦𝜔2 )
(e) 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦𝜔)(𝑥 + 𝑦𝜔2 )
(f) 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦𝜔)(𝑥 − 𝑦𝜔2 )
(g) 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 + 𝜔𝑦 + 𝜔2 𝑧)(𝑥 + 𝜔2 𝑦 + 𝜔𝑧)

The 𝐧th Roots of Unity :

The n th roots of unity, it means any complex numebr z, which satisfies the equation
2k𝜋 2k𝜋
z n = 1 or z = (1)1/n or z = cos n + isin n , where k = 0,1,2, … , (n − 1)
Properties of 𝐧th Roots of Unity:
i2𝜋
(i) nth roots of unity form a GP with common ratio e n .
(ii) Sum of nth roots of unity is always 0 .
(iii) Sum of pth powers of nth roots of unity is n, if p is a multiple of n.
(iv) Sum of pth powers of nth roots of unity is zero, if p is not a multiple of n.
(v) Product of 𝑛th roots of unity is (−1)𝑛−1 ,
(vi) The nth roots of unity lie on the unit circle |z| = 1 and divide its circumference into n
equal parts.

Some Important Results :-

If 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖sin 𝜃 then :-

1
(i) z + z = 2cos 𝜃

1
(ii) z − z = 2isin 𝜃
1 1
(iii) z n + zn = 2cos n𝜃, z n − zn = 2isin n𝜃

(iv) If 𝑥 = cos 𝛼 + 𝑖sin 𝛼, 𝑦 = cos 𝛽 + 𝑖sin 𝛽, 𝑧 = cos 𝛾 + 𝑖sin 𝛾 and given, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0,

then :-
1 1 1
(a) + + = 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
(b) yz + zx + xy = 0
(c) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 0
(d) 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑧

Application of Complex Number in Co-ordinate Geometry :-

(i) Distance between complex points :

(a) The distance between two points P(z1 ) and Q(z2 ) is given by PQ = |z2 − z1 |
(b) Section formula : If R(z) divides the line segment joining P(z1 ) and Q(z2 ) in the ratio
m1 : m2 ( m1 ,, m2 > 0 ). Then,

m1 z2 +m2 z1
For internal division z =
m1 +m2

m1 z2 −m2 z1
For external division z =
m1 −m2

Triangle in Complex Plane :

(a) If the vertices 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 of a Δ represent the complex nos. 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 respectively, then

z1 +z2 +z3
Centroid of the Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
3
 𝑎𝑧1 +𝑏𝑧2 +𝑐𝑧3
Incentre of the Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

𝑧1 𝑧‾1 1
1
b) Area of the triangle with vertices A(z1 ), B(z2 ) and C(z3 ) is given by Δ = 2 |𝑧2 𝑧‾2 1|
𝑧3 𝑧‾3 1

(c)The triangle whose vertices are the points represented by complex numbers 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 is
1 1 1
equilateral if 𝑧 −𝑧 + 𝑧 −𝑧 + 𝑧 −𝑧 = 0
1 2 2 3 3 1
or 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 + 𝑧3 𝑧1.

(iii) Straight line in Complex Plane:

(a) General equation of a line in complex plane is 𝑎‾𝑧 + 𝑎𝑧‾ + 𝑏 = 0 where b ∈ R and a is a
fixed non zero complex number.
a Re(a)
(b) The complex and real slope of the line ̅̅̅
a𝑧 + az̅ = k are (− a̅) and (− Im(a)).

(c) Equation of the line joining complex number z1 and z2 is z = t1 + (1 − t)z1 , t ∈ R or

z z̅ 1
z−z1 z̅−z̅1
z2 −z1
= z̅ −z̅ = |z1 z̅1 1| = 0
2 1
z2 z̅2 1

(d) z1 z2 are two fixed points, then |z − z1 | = |z − z2 | represents perpendicular bisector of

the line segment joining z1 and z2 .

|a̅z1 +az̅1 +b|

(e) The length of perpendicular form a point z1 to a̅z + az̅ + b = 0 is given by
2|a|

(f) The equation of a line parallel to the line 𝑎‾𝑧 + 𝑎𝑧‾ + 𝑏 = 0 is 𝑎‾𝑧 + 𝑎𝑧‾ + 𝜆 = 0, where
𝜆 ∈ 𝑅.

(g) The equation of a line perpendicular to the line 𝑎‾𝑧 + 𝑎𝑧‾ + 𝑏 = 0 is 𝑎𝑧‾ − 𝑎‾𝑧 + 𝑖𝜆 = 0,
where 𝜆 ∈ 𝑅.

(h) The equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining points A(z1 )
and B(z2 ) is z(z̅1 − z̅2 ) + z̅(z1 − z2 ) = |z1 |2 − |z2 |2

Circle in Complex Plane:-

(a) Equation of circle with centre z0 and radius r is |z − z0 | = r or zz̅ + z0 z̅0 − zz̅0 −
z̅z0 = r 2
(b) General equation of a circle is zz̅ + az̅ + a̅z + b = 0
where b ∈ R and a is fixed complex number. For this circle, centre is the points a and
radius = √|𝐚|2 − b .

𝑧3 −𝑧1
(c) Condition for four given points 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 &𝑧4 to be concyclic is, the number ⋅
𝑧3 −𝑧2
𝑧4 −𝑧2
is real.
𝑧4 −𝑧1

(d) The equation of the circle described on the line segment joining 𝑧1 &𝑧2 as diameter is
(𝑧 − 𝑧1 )(𝑧‾ − 𝑧‾2 ) + (𝑧 − 𝑧2 )(𝑧‾ − 𝑧‾1 ) = 0