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Ferromagnetism & Antiferromagnetism Basics

This document discusses the magnetic susceptibility of the Ising antiferromagnet. It defines the Neel temperature as the transition temperature into the antiferromagnetic state. It presents the equations for differential magnetic susceptibility and shows that it is non-zero for an antiferromagnet. The susceptibility is analyzed for different temperature ranges relative to the Neel temperature.

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Anderson Garcia Poveda
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152 views8 pages

Ferromagnetism & Antiferromagnetism Basics

This document discusses the magnetic susceptibility of the Ising antiferromagnet. It defines the Neel temperature as the transition temperature into the antiferromagnetic state. It presents the equations for differential magnetic susceptibility and shows that it is non-zero for an antiferromagnet. The susceptibility is analyzed for different temperature ranges relative to the Neel temperature.

Uploaded by

Anderson Garcia Poveda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to the Theory

of Ferromagnetism
Exact solution of the Ising model in one
dimension. Antiferromagnetism

Neél temperature. Magnetic susceptibility of the


Ising antiferromagnet in the mean-field
approximation
Neél temperature
 zJ   x   z J x
Denote 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥, 𝑥𝐵 = −𝑥 x  tanh    tanh  
 T   T 
 TN 
Denote 𝑧 𝐽 ≡ 𝑇𝑁 x  tanh  x 
 T 
The solution is already known θ → 𝑇𝑁

 T 
x  3 1   , T  TN
 TN 
 2TN T
x  1  2e , T 0

𝑇𝑁 is called the Neel temperature or transition temperature


into antiferromagnetic state
Antiferromagnetism
Total magnetization of antiferromagnetic
N N N N
ˆiA z  iB z
ˆ  B i A z
ˆ   B  iB z
ˆ
M 2 2  2 2 
V V
N N N N
 B x A   B xB B x  B x
 2 2  2 2 0
V V
Magnetic susceptibility
M
 0
H
Differential magnetic susceptibility
 M 
  ?
 H  H 0
Magnetic susceptibility of the
Ising antiferromagnet
Differential magnetic susceptibility
 M   M   2B N  x A xB 
   B     h  h 
 H  H 0  h  h 0 2V   h 0
Partial derivatives
  h  xBTN   x A  1  tanh 2  h  xBTN    1 TN xB 
 x A  tanh    h       T  T h 
  T     T   
 
 x  tanh  h  x ATN   xB  2  h  x ATN
 1  tanh 
   1 TN x A 
 B        T  T h 
 T   h   T   
x A  1 TN xB 
 h  1  x A    T  T h 
2

   x A xB 2 2 TN  x A xB  
    1  x      
 xB  1  x 2    1  N x A 
T h h  T T  h h 
B  
 h   T T h 
Magnetic susceptibility of the
Ising antiferromagnet
x A xB 2 1  x 2 
The sum of partial derivatives  
h h T  1  x 2  TN

 N 

2
2
1  x 2
 

Differential magnetic susceptibility   B

2V  T  1  x 2  TN 
 h 0

 TN 
Analysis in the absence of magnetic field x  tanh  x 
 T 
A. In the case 𝑇 > 𝑇𝑁 the order parameter 𝑥 = 0

 2B N  1 
  
V  T  TN 
Magnetic susceptibility of the
Ising antiferromagnet
𝑇𝑁 −𝑇
B. In the case of ≪ 1, the order parameter squared is
𝑇𝑁
equal
 T  μ 2B N  3T  2TN  μ 2B N
x  3 1 
2
χ    T  TN  χ 
 TN  2 V  2T  TN  2V

C. If the temperature decreases below 𝑇𝑁 , differential


magnetic susceptibility decreases linearly

 2B N  3T  2TN   2B N  2T  TN  T  TN 
    
2V  2T  TN  2V  2T  TN 
 2B N  T  TN   2B N  T  TN   2B N T
 1   1  
2V  2T  TN  2V  TN  2V TN
Magnetic susceptibility of the
Ising antiferromagnet
D. In the case of 𝑇 ≪ 𝑇𝑁 , the order parameter squared is
equal
2TN
2T 
 N μ N
2
4e T
4μ 2B N  2TTN
x 2  1  4e T
χ B
2TN
 e
V  VT
T  4TN e T
Summary
• Antiferromagnetic ordering is realized if the exchange
integral is less than zero for the nearest neighbors and is
equal to zero for other atom pairs
• Antiferromagnetic phase transition occurs at Neél
temperature. At Neél temperature spontaneous
magnetization appears in each sublattice, but atomic
magnetic moments of these sublattices have opposite
directions
• Total magnetization of the antiferrromagnet is equal to
zero, but differential magnetic susceptibility is not equal to
zero
• The temperature dependence of antiferromagnet
differential magnetic susceptibility does not have the
divergence as in the case of ferromagnetism

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