LOMBA ESSAI NAS IONAL

AGRITA FTM UGM 2021

UNIVERSITAS GAJAH MADA

UPAYA PENANGGULANG AN K EMISK INAN

MELALUI PROGRAM NAS IONAL PEMBERDAYA
MASYARAK AT ( PNPM) DI MASA PANDEMI
Su b Te ma:
E l i m i n a t e P o ve r t y

D isu su n o le h:

W i d ya S ya hp u t r i 3020210172
R a f i M u ha m m a d A k ba r 3020210107
M o h a m m a d S u r e s h S ho l a hu d i n 3020210170

U N I V E R S I T AS P A N C AS I L A
JAKART A
2021
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k e t id a k m a m p u a n s e s e o r a ng u nt u k m e m e n u h i k e b u t u h a n d a s a r
s e p e r t i m a k a n a n, p a k a i a n , t e m p a t b e r l i n d u ng , p e nd i d i k a n, d a n
k e s e h a t a n. Ke m i s k i n a n d a p a t d i s e b a bk a n o l e h k e l a n g k a a n a l a t
p e m e n u h k e bu t u ha n d a s a r , a t a u p u n s u l it n ya a k s e s t e r ha d a p
p e nd i d i k a n dan p e k e r j a a n. M e nu r u t ba p p e n a s ( 2 0 0 4 )
m e n d e f i n i s i k a n K e m i s k i n a n a d a l a h s i t u a s i s e r b a k e k u r a ng a n
k a r e n a k e a d a a n y a n g t id a k d a p a t d i h i n d a r i o l e h s e s e o r a n g
d e ng a n k e k u a t a n ya n g d i m i l i k i n ya . S e b a g i a n o r a ng m e m a h a m i
i s t i l a h i n i s e c a r a s u b ye k t i f d a n k o m p a r a t i f , s e m e nt a r a ya n g
l a i n n ya m e l i h a t n ya d a r i s e g i mo r a l d a n e v a l u a t i f, d a n ya n g
l a i n n ya l a g i m e m a h a m i n ya d a r i s u d u t i l m i a h ya n g t e l a h m a p a n ,
da n la in- la in.
Ke misk ina n dap at dipa ha mi da la m berbagai cara.
P e m a h a m a n u t a m a n ya m e n c a k u p :
G a m b a r a n k e k u r a n g a n m a t e r i , ya n g b i a s a n ya m e n c a k u p
k e bu t u ha n p a n g a n s e h a r i - ha r i , s a n d a ng , p e r u m a h a n, d a n
p e l a ya n a n k e s e h a t a n. Ke m i s k i n a n d a l a m a r t i i n i d i p a h a m i
s e b a g a i s it u a s i k e l a n g k a a n ba r a ng - b a r a ng d a n p e l a ya n a n d a s a r .
Ga mba ra n t e nt a n g k e bu t u h a n so sia l, t er masu k
k e t e r k u c i l a n s o s i a l , k e t e r g a nt u n g a n, d a n k e t id a k m a m p u a n u nt u k
b e r p a r t i s i p a s i d a l a m m a s ya r a k a t . H a l i n i t e r m a s u k p e nd i d i k a n
d a n i n fo r m a s i . Ke t e r k u c i l a n s o s i a l b i a s a n ya d i b e d a k a n d a r i
k e m i s k i n a n , k a r e n a h a l i n i m e n c a k u p m a s a l a h - m a s a l a h p o l it i k
d a n mo r a l , d a n t id a k d i b a t a s i p a d a b i d a ng e k o no m i . G a m b a r a n
ke misk ina n je n is in i le b ih mud a h d iat asi d ar ip ada dua ga mbar a n
ya n g l a i n n ya .
G a m b a r a n t e nt a ng k u r a ng n ya p e ng h a s i l a n d a n k e k a ya a n
ya n g m e m a d a i . M a k n a " m e m a d a i " d i s i n i s a ng a t be r b e d a - b e d a
m e l i nt a s i ba g i a n - b a g i a n p o l it i k d a n e k o no m i d i s e l u r u h d u n i a .
G a m b a r a n t e nt a n g i n i d a p a t d i a t a s i d e n g a n m e n c a r i o b j e k
p e ng h a s i l a n d i l u a r p r o f e s i s e c a r a h a l a l. P e r k e c u a l i a n a p a b i l a
i n s t i t u s i t e m p a t n ya be k e r j a m e l a r a ng .
D a m p a k C o v i d - 1 9 t a m p a k n ya s u d a h m u l a i t e r l i h a t p a d a
p o t r et a ng k a k e m i s k i n a n b u l a n M a r e t 2 0 2 0 ya n g d ir i l i s B a d a n
Pusat St at ist ik (BPS) p ada 1 5 Ju li la lu. Angk a ke misk ina n Mar et
2 0 2 0 m e lo n j a k k e l e v e l 9 , 7 8 % . A ng k a i n i m e n i n g k a t s e b e s a r
0 , 5 6 p e r s e n p o i n d a r i k o nd i s i S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 9 d a n 0 , 3 7 p e r s e n
po in dar i ko nd is i Mar et 2019. Da n ju mla h pe ndud uk misk in
p e r k o t a a n p a d a S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 9 m e n c a p a i 9 , 8 6 j u t a o r a ng , a ng k a
i n i m e n i n g k a t m e n j a d i 1 1 , 1 6 j u t a o r a ng p a d a M a r e t 2 0 2 0 s e b a g a i
a k i b a t p a nd e m i C o v i d - 1 9 . P e n i n g k a t a n i n i j a u h l e b i h b e s a r
d iba nd ingk a n pe na mba ha n ju mla h pe nduduk misk in d i d aer a h
p e r d e s a a n ya n g s e b e s a r 2 , 2 p e r s e n. F a k t a i n i m e n u n j u k k a n
b a hw a p e n d u d u k d i p e r k o t a a n be r p o t e ns i l e b i h be s a r t e r k e n a
d a m p a k C o v i d - 1 9 d i b a n d i n g k a n d e ng a n p e r d e s a a n.
P a nd e m i C o v i d - 1 9 bu k a n h a n ya m e m b u a t p e nd u d u k r e nt a n
j a t u h m i s k i n , t e t a p i j u g a m e m b u a t ya n g m a s i h m i s k i n s e m a k i n
d a l a m d a n p a r a h t i ng k a t k e m i s k i n a n n ya . D i n a m i k a a n g k a
ke misk ina n pa da Maret 2020 mer up a k a n ind ik a si aw a l ad a nya
d a m p a k p a n d e m i C o v i d - 1 9 p a d a t i n g k a t k e s e j a ht e r a a n p e n d u d u k
d i I nd o ne s i a . H a r a p a n n ya a d a l a h k o nd i s i i n i t i d a k s e m a k i n
m e m b u r u k d a l a m b e b e r a p a bu l a n k e d e p a n.
M a k a d e n g a n ha l i n i , k e m i s k i n a n m e r u p a k a n m a s a l a h
u t a ma d a n p a l i n g m e n d a s a r ya n g s e t i a p h a r i n ya m e n j a d i
p e r ha t i a n u t a m a ba g i p e m e r i nt a h. A p a l a g i d i I n d o n e s i a m a s i h
m e m i l i k i m a s a l a h ya n g c u k u p p e l i k d a l a m p e m b e r a nt a s a n
ke misk ina n. Ke misk ina n a ka n me n imb u lka n per ma sa la ha n p ad a
s e t i a p n e g a r a d a n d a m p a k ya n g a k a n t i m b u l d i m a s ya r a k a t .
D a m p a k k e m i s k i n a n ya it u k r i m i n a l it a s p a d a s u a t u ne g a r a a k a n
m e n i n g k a t , d e ng a n m e n i n g k a t n ya k e m i s k i n a n p a d a s u a t u n e g a r a
m a k a a ng k a k r i m i n a l i t a s a k a n m e n i ng k a t d i s e b a bk a n o l e h
t u nt u t a n u nt u k m e m e n u h i k e bu t u ha n h i d u p . Ke m i s k i n a n j u g a
d a p a t me m p e n g a r u h i p e r t u m b u ha n e k o no m i, j i k a t i n g k a t
k e m i s k i n a n p a d a s u a t u ne g a r a m e n g a l a m i g r a f i k m e n i n g k a t
m a k a d a ya b e l i m a s ya r a k a t a k a n b e r k u r a ng . A k i b a t n y a
p e r u s a h a a n a t a u p r o d u s e n t i d a k b i s a m e r a u p k e u nt u ng a n ya n g
l e b i h b a n ya k t e r ha d a p k o n s u m e n d a l a m m e n j u a l b a r a ng d a n
j a s a n ya . M a k a d a r i it u , s e m a k i n t i n g g i t i n g k a t k e m i s k i n a n s u a t u
n e g a r a a t a u w i l a ya h , m a k a s e m a k i n r e nd a h p u l a t i n g k a t
p e r t u m b u ha n e k o no m i n e g a r a a t a u w i l a ya h t e r s e bu t . S e ba l i k n ya ,
j i k a s u a t u ne g a r a a t a u w i l a ya h m e m i l i k i t i n g k a t k e m i s k i n a n
ya n g r e n d a h, m a k a p e r t u m b u ha n e k o n o m i n e g a r a a t a u w i l a ya h
t e r s e bu t s e m a k i n b a g u s . Ke m i s k i n a n j u g a m e m i l k i d a m p a k
t e r ha d a p a ng k a k e m a t i a n s u a t u ne g a r a a t a u w i l a ya h . D a m p a k
k e m i s k i n a n i n i t e r j a d i i d i s e b a bk a n o l e h m a s ya r a k a t ya n g
m e m i l i k i t i n g k a t p e r e k o no m i a n ya n g r e nd a h t i d a k m e n d a p a t k a n
a k s e s k e s e h a t a n ya n g c u k u p ba i k .
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1945 me wa jibk a n p e m e r i nt a h u nt u k me nc ega h da n
me na nggu la ng i k e m i s k i n a n. S e ju mla h peraturan t e la h
d i k e l u a r k a n be r k a it a n d e ng a n h a l i n i . P a d a t a hu n 1 9 7 4 , ba r u
t e r be nt u k U U ya ng m e n g a t u r s e c a r a k hu s u s m e ng e na i
k e s e j a ht e r a a n s o s i a l ( U U N o . 6 T a hu n 1 9 7 4 t e nt a n g
K e t e nt u a nk e t e nt u a n P o k o k Ke s e j a ht e r a a n S o s i a l ) . D a l a m P a s a l
2 a ya t ( 1 ) U U i n i d i s e bu t k a n b a h w a k e s e j a ht e r a a n s o s i a l i a l a h :
“ s u a t u t a t a k e h i d u p a n d a n p e ng h i d u p a n s o s i a l m a t e r i i l m a u p u n
s p i r it u a l ya n g d i l i p u t i o l e h r a s a k e s e l a m a t a n, k e s u s i l a a n , d a n
k e t e nt e r a m a n l a h i r ba t h i n , ya ng m e m u n g k i n k a n b a g i s e t i a p
W a r g a n e g a r a u nt u k m e n g a d a k a n u s a h a p e m e n u h a n k e b u t u h a n -
k e bu t u ha n j a s m a n i a h, r o h a n i a h d a n s o s i a l ya n g s e ba i k - ba i k n y a
b a g i d i r i , k e l u a r g a s e r t a m a s ya r a k a t d e ng a n m e n j u n j u n g t i n g g i
h a k - h a k a z a s i s e r t a k e w a j i b a n m a nu s i a s e s u a i d e ng a n
P a nc a s i l a . ”
D e ng a n d e m i k i a n u p a ya d a n o p t i m i s m e p e m e r i nt a h
d it a m b a h d e n g a n k e s a d a r a n m a s ya r a k a t u nt u k b e r s i n e r g i
b e r s a m a - s a m a m e m u l i h k a n k o nd i s i e k o no m i t a m p a k n ya b u k a n
h a n ya s e k e d a r r e t o r ik a be l a k a d i m a s a p a n d e m i C o v i d - 1 9 .
P e m e r i nt a h I nd o ne s i a m e n g a m b i l b e be r a p a l a n g k a h u nt u k
m e n a n g g u l a n g i k e m i s k i n a n . B e be r a p a d i a nt a r a n ya a d a l a h
me la lu i p e mba ngu na n Program N a s io n a l P e m b e r d a ya a n
M a s ya r a k a t ( P N P M ) , b e r s a m a d u k u n g a n d a r i P N P M S u p p o r t
F a c i l it y. P N P M a d a l a h p r o g r a m na s io n a l ya n g d a l a m k e b i j a k a n
d a s a r n ya u nt u k m e n c e g a h k e m i s k i n a n ya n g d i l a k u k a n d e ng a n
p e m b e r d a ya a n k e lo m p o k - k e lo m p o k m a s ya r a k a t m i s k i n s e c a r a
s o s i a l d a n e k o no m i s s e h i n g g a m e r e k a d a p a t le b i h m a n d i r i d a l a m
m e m e n u h i k e b u t u h a n d a s a r h i d u p me r e k a . P e m b e r d a ya a n
m a s ya r a k a t s e nd ir i M e n u r u t ( S u m a r ya d i , 2 0 0 5 : 1 1 ) “u p a y a
m e m p e r s i a p k a n m a s ya r a k a t s e i r i n g d e n g a n l a n g k a h m e m p e r k u a t
k e l e m b a g a a n m a s ya r a k a t a g a r m e r e k a m a m p u m e w u j u d k a n
k e m a j u a n, k e m a n d i r i a n , d a n k e s e j a ht e r a a n d a l a m s u a s a n a
k e a d i l a n s o s i a l ya n g be r k e l a n j u t a n” . D a r i p e nd a p a t t e r s e bu t
ma ka p e m b e r d a ya a n m a s ya r a k a t ada la h u p a ya u nt u k
m e n i n g k a t k a n ha r k a t d a n m a r t a b a t l a p i s a n m a s ya r a k a t ya n g
d a l a m k o nd i s i t id a k m a m p u m e l e p a s k a n d i r i d a r i p e r a n g k a p
k e m i s k i n a n d a n k e t e r be l a k a n g a n.
P N M P B e r d i r i p a d a t a ng g a l 3 0 A p r i l 2 0 0 7 ya n g t e l a h
d i l u nc u r k a n o l e h P r e s i d e n S u s i lo B a m b a ng Y u d ho yo no d i Ko t a
P a l u , S u l a w e s i T e ng a h ya n g d i l a k s a n a k a n h i n g g a t a h u n 2 0 1 5 d a n
se ja la n d e ng a n target pencap a ia n MDGs (Mille nn iu m
D e ve lo p m e nt G o a l s ) . P N P M D i h a r a p k a n, d a l a m r e nt a ng w a k t u
2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 5 , k e m a nd i r i a n d a n k e be r d a ya a n m a s ya r a k a t t e l a h
t e r be nt u k s e h i n g g a k e b e r l a n j u t a n p r o g r a m d a p a t t e r w u ju d ya n g
m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u u p a ya P e m e r i n t a h d a l a m m e m p e r c e p a t
p e na n g g u l a n g a n k e m i s k i n a n d a n m e m p e r l u a s k e s e m p a t a n k e r j a
m e l a l u i k o n s o l i d a s i p r o g r a m p e m b e r d a ya a n m a s ya r a k a t d i
b e r ba g a i k e m e nt e r i a n / l e m b a g a .
 T u ju a n P N P M s e nd i r i a d a l a h u p a ya m e n i n g k a t k a n
k e s e j a ht e r a a n d a n k e s e m p a t a n k e r j a m a s ya r a k a t m i s k i n m e m a l u i
m e m b e r d a ya a n b a i k p e r i n d i v i d u m a u p u n p e r k e lo m p o k d a l a m
m e m a n f a a t k a n p o t e n s i ya n g m e r e k a m i l i k i m e l a l u i p r o s e s
p e m b a n g u n a n s e c a r a m a n d i r i s e h i n g g a m e n i n g k a t k a n k u a l it a s
h i d u p , k e m a n d i r i a n d a n k e s e j a ht e r a a n m a s ya r a k a t m i s k i n . M a k a
p r o g r a m i n i m e m e r l u k a n k e t e r l i b a t a n ya n g b e s a r d a r i
p e m e r i nt a h d a e r a h d a n d a r i b e r ba g a i p i h a k u nt u k m e m b e r i k a n
k e s e m p a t a n d a n m e n j a m i n k e b e r l a n j u t a n be r b a g a i h a s i l ya n g
d i c a p a i . m u l a i d a r i t a ha p p e r e nc a na a n, p e l a k s a n a a n, h i n g g a
p e m a nt a u a n d a n e v a l u a s i. P r o g r a m i n i m e n ya l u r a n d a n a
o p e r a s io n a l s e c a r a l a n g s u n g k e m a s ya r a k a t t id a k m e l a l u i
P e m e r i nt a h D a e r a h. M e k a n i s m e m e l a l u i r e m b u k d e s a d e ng a n
F a s i l i t a t o r P N P M m e n g a n g k a t k e g i a t a n k e bu t u ha n u nt u k
m e n g u r a ng i b e ba n - b e b a n p e n g e l u a r a n, me n ingk at ka n
p e nd a p a t a n d a n m e n d o r o ng p e n i n g k a t a n t a bu n g a n m a s ya r a k a t .
S e j a k t a hu n 2 0 0 7 p r o g r a m i n i s u d a h s a ng a t be r k e m b a n g ,
d e ng a n k o mp o ne n t e r b e s a r n ya ya it u P N P M M a nd i r i P e r d e s a a n ,
p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 8 d e ng a n n a m a P r o g r a m P e ng e m b a n g a n
K e c a m a t a n, d a n P N P M P e r k o t a a n t a hu n 1 9 9 9 d e n g a n n a m a
P r o g r a m P e na n g g u l a n g a n K e m i s k i n a n P e r k o t a a n. P N P M t e l a h
m e m p e r o l e h k e b e r ha s i l m e m b a nt u l e b i h d a r i 1 2 . 0 0 0 m a s ya r a k a t
misk in d e ng a n m e m p e k e r j a k a n n ya sepert i me nd apat ka n
k e t e r a m p i l a n ba r u , a k s e s i n fo r m a s i , a k s e s l a ya n a n, m e m b a n g u n
k e p e r c a ya a n serta me nc ipt ak a n p e l u a ng ba r u u nt u k
b e r p a r t i s i p a s i d a l a m k e h i d u p a n m a s ya r a k a t s e c a r a l u a s . s e h i n g g a
m e r e k a b i s a l e b i h m a n d i r i d a n b e r m a r t a ba t d a l a m m e n i k m a t i
k u a l it a s h i d u p ya n g l e b i h b e s a r . P r o g r a m i n i d a p a t m e m p e r k u a t
k a p a s it a s O r g a n i s a s i M a s ya r a k a t S i p i l ( O M S ) I nd o n e s i a a g a r
l e b i h m a m p u d a l a m m e n j a l a n i p e r ba i k a n k o nd i s i s o c i a l - e k o no m i
m e r e k a . D a l a m s e g a l a e v a l u a s i ya n g d i d a p a t k a n p a d a k e g i a t a n
P N P M i n i m a s ya r a k a t m i s k i n s e m a k i n t e r ba nt u u nt u k
m e n d a p a t k a n p a n g a n , m e ng i k u t i j e n j a n g P e n d i d i k a n l e b i h l a m a ,
m e n d a p a t k a n p e k e r j a a n d a n m e m b u k a u s a ha , m e n e r i m a
p e r a w a t a n k e s e h a t a n, d a n u nt u k be r p a r t i s i p a s i d a l a m fo r u m
p o l it i k lo k a l .
K e m i s k i n a n a d a l a h k e j a h a t a n s o s i a l, k it a j u g a d a p a t
b e r k o nt r i b u s i u nt u k m e n g e nd a l i k a n n ya . B aga ima na pu n,
pe mba ngu na n haru s me ne mp at ka n ma nu sia se bag a i pu sat
p e r ha t i a n a t a u s e ba g a i s u b j e k ya ng b e r p e r a n a k t i f , s e d a ng k a n
p r o s e s p e m b a n g u n a n n ya h a r u s m e n g u nt u ng k a n s e m u a p i h a k .
D a l a m k o nt e k s i n i , m a s a l a h k e m i s k i n a n, k e l o m p o k r e nt a n, d a n
s e m a k i n m e n i n g k a t n ya p e ng a ng g u r a n p e r l u m e n d a p a t p e r h a t ia n
u t a ma . J i k a m a u j u j u r , m a s a l a h - m a s a l a h t e r s e b u t d a p a t be r u b a h
m e n j a d i p e n ye b a b i n s t a b i l it a s ya n g s a ng a t me m b a h a ya k a n
p e l a k s a na a n p e m b a n g u n a n. P er ma sa la ha n t e r s e bu t jug a
m e m b a w a p e n g a r u h ne g a t i f , s e p e r t i s e m a k i n m e l o ng g a r n y a
i k a t a n - i k a t a n s o s i a l d a n m e l e m a h n ya n i l a i - n i l a i, s e r t a h u bu n g a n
a nt a r m a nu s i a . m a k a d e n g a n a d a n ya P N P M i n i s a n g a t m e m b a nt u
s e k a l i k e l o m p o k m a s ya r a k a t m i s k i n d a l a m h a l m e n s e j a ht e r a k a n
hid up mer ek a me nja d i le b ih ba ik d a la m me n ja la ni st at us so sia l
d i d a l a m m a s ya r a k a t .
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Masruroh, S. & Dea, A. ( 2 0 1 4 ) . Ke m i s k i n a n d a la m

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ht t p s : / / n a s i o na l . t e m p o . c o / r e a d / 1 4 8 4 0 3 6 / p e n d u d u k -
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me nurut -bps/ fu ll&v ie w =o k

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Masyarakat (PNPM) Peduli yang dilaksanakan secara nasi onal :
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Agustus 2021,dar i
ht t p s : / / w w w . w o r l d ba n k . o r g / i n / r e s u lt s / 2 0 1 3 / 0 4 / 0 4 / i n d o n e
s i a - a - na t io nw i d e - c o m m u n it y - p r o g r a m - p n p m - p e d u l i -
c a r i n g - fo r - t he - i n v i s i b l e

B P - U P K. ( 2 0 1 8 ) . A p a i t u P N P M ? . D i a k s e s p a d a 2 5 Ag u s t u s
2021,dari
ht t p s : / / bp u p k r g j . w o r d p r e s s . c o m / a p a - it u - p np m /