Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity Magnetism
• Electric charges generate • Electric currents generate
an electric field. a magnetic field.
• The electric field exerts a force • The magnetic field exerts force
on other electric charges. on other electric currents.

+ + I1 I2 I1 I2
F21 F12
q q2
1
F21 F12 F21 F12 F21 F12
+
Sources of Electric and Magnetic Fields

Capacitor Solenoid

The parallel-plate capacitor generates a The solenoid (a tightly wound cylindrical

near uniform electric field provided the lin- coil) generates a near uniform magnetic
ear dimensions of the plates are large com- field provided the length of the coil is large
pared to the distance between them. compared to its radius.
Right-Hand Rule
Electric and Magnetic Forces on Point Charge

Electric Force Magnetic Force

• ~F = q~E • ~F = q~v × ~B, F = qvB sin φ
• electric force is parallel • magnetic force is perpendicular
to electric field to magnetic field
• SI unit of E: 1N/C=1V/m • SI unit of B: 1Ns/Cm=1T (Tesla)
• 1T=104 G (Gauss)

F
E q B
q+ +
F v sin φ φ
v
Magnetic Force on Current-Carrying Conductor
Consider drift of Na+ and Cl− ions in a plastic pipe filled with salt water.

• v1x > 0, v2x < 0: drift velocities; q1 > 0, q2 < 0: charge on ions
• n1 , n2 : number of charge carriers per unit volume

F2 z
F1 y
v1
v2 Cl −
A Na+ − B x
+ E q2
q1

L
• Electric current through A: I = A(n1 q1 v1x + n2 q2 v2x )
• Force on Na+ : ~F1 = q1~v1 × ~B ⇒ F1z = q1 v1x By
• Force on Cl− : ~F2 = q2~v2 × ~B ⇒ F2z = q2 v2x By
• Force on current-carrying pipe: Fz = (n1 q1 v1x + n2 q2 v2x )ALBy = ILBy
• Vector relation: ~F = I~L × ~B
Direction of Magnetic Force (1)

~F = I~L × ~B
Direction of Magnetic Force (2)

~F = I~L × ~B
Magnetic Force Application (1)

A wire of length L = 62cm and mass m = 13g is suspended by a pair of flexible leads in a uniform magnetic
field B = 0.440T pointing in to the plane.

• What are the magnitude and direction of the current required to remove the tension in the supporting
leads?

g
B

L
Magnetic Force Application (2)

A metal wire of mass m = 1.5kg slides without friction on two horizontal rails spaced a distance d = 3m apart.

The track lies in a vertical uniform magnetic field of magnitude B = 24mT pointing out of the plane.

A constant current I = 12A flows from a battery along one rail, across the wire, and back down the other rail.
The wire starts moving from rest at t = 0.

• Find the direction and magnitude of the velocity of the wire at time t = 5s.

m
B
d
I
Magnetic Force on Semicircular Current (1)

Fancy solution:

• Uniform magnetic field ~B points out of the plane.

• Magnetic force on segment ds: dF = IBds = IBRdθ.
• Integrate dFx = dF sin θ and dFy = dF cos θ along semicircle.
Z π Z π
• Fx = IBR sin θdθ = 2IBR, Fy = IBR cos θdθ = 0.
0 0

y
ds dF
x
R B
dF sinθ
dθ
θ I
Magnetic Force on Semicircular Current (2)

Clever solution:

• Replace the semicircle by symmetric staircase of tiny wire segments.

• Half the vertical segments experience a force to the left, the other half a force to the right. The resultant
horizontal force is zero.
• All horizontal segments experience a downward force. The total length is 2R.
The total downward force is 2IBR.
• Making the segments infinitesimally small does not change the result.

x
dF
R B
I
Magnetic Force Application (5)
Inside the cube there is a magnetic field ~B directed vertically up.

Find the direction of the magnetic force experienced by a proton entering the cube

(a) from the left,

(b) from the front,
+
(c) from the right,
(d) from the top.

B +
+

+
Charged Particle Moving in Uniform Electric Field

• Electric field ~E is directed up.

• Electric force: ~F = q~E (constant)
~F q
• Acceleration: ~a = = ~E = const.
m m
• Horizontal motion: ax = 0 ⇒ vx (t) = v0 ⇒ x(t) = v0 t
q 1
• Vertical motion: ay = E ⇒ vy (t) = ay t ⇒ y(t) = ay t2
m 2
!
qE
• The path is parabolic: y = x2
2mv20
F v
• ~F changes direction and magnitude of ~v.
+
F
+ E
m,q v0
Charged Particle Moving in Uniform Magnetic Field

• Magnetic field ~B is directed into plane.

• Magnetic force: ~F = q~v × ~B (not constant)
~ ~
• F ⊥ ~v ⇒ F changes direction of ~v only ⇒ v = v0 .
• ~F is the centripetal force of motion along circular path.
mv2 mv
• Radius: = qvB ⇒ r =
r qB
v qB
• Angular velocity: ω = =
r m
2π 2πm
• Period: T =
ω
=
qB
F v
+
F
+
m,q v0 B
Velocity Selector
A charged particle is moving horizontally into a region with “crossed” uniform fields:
• an electric field ~E pointing down,
• a magnetic field ~B pointing into the plane.

Forces experienced by particle:

• electric force F = qE pointing down,

• magnetic force B = qvB pointing up.

Forces in balance: qE = qvB.

E
Selected velocity: v = .
B

Trajectories of particles
with selected velocity
are not bent.
Measurement of e/m for Electron
First experiment by J. J. Thomson (1897)
Method used here: velocity selector
E
Equilibrium of forces: eE = evB ⇒ v=
B
r
1 2 2eV
Work-energy relation: eV = mv ⇒ v=
2 m
e E2
Eliminate v: = ' 1.76 × 1011 C/kg
m 2VB2
Measurement of e and m for Electron
First experiment by R. Millikan (1913)
Method used here: balancing weight and electric force on oil drop
Radius of oil drop: r = 1.64µm
Mass density of oil: ρ = 0.851g/cm3
Electric field: E = 1.92 × 105 N/C
4π 3
Mass of oil drop: m = r ρ = 1.57 × 10−14 kg
3
Equilibrium of forces: neE = mg
Number of excess elementary charges (integer): n = 5
mg
Elementary charge: e = ' 1.6 × 10−19 C
nE
Mass of electron: m ' 9.1 × 10−31 kg
Mass Spectrometer
Purpose: measuring masses of ions.

• Charged particle is accelerated by moving through potential difference |∆V |.

• Trajectory is then bent into semicircle of radius r by magnetic field ~B.
1
• Kinetic energy: mv2 = q|∆V |.
2
mv
• Radius of trajectory: r = .
qB
• Charge: q = e
eB2 r2
• Mass: m = .
2|∆V |
Cyclotron

Purpose: accelerate charged particles to high energy.

• Low-energy protons are injected at S.

• Path is bent by magnetic field ~B.
• Proton is energized by alternating voltage ∆V
between Dee1 and Dee2 .
• Proton picks up energy ∆K = e∆V
during each half cycle.
• Path spirals out as velocity of particle increases:
mv
Radial distance is proportional to velocity: r = .
eB
• Duration of cycle stays is independent of r or v:
2πm
cyclotron period: T = .
eB
• Cyclotron period is synchronized with alternation of accelerating voltage.
• High-energy protons exit at perimeter of ~B-field region.
Magnetic Bottles

Moving charged particle Van Allen belt:

confined by trapped protons and electrons
inhomogeneous magnetic field. in Earth’s magnetic field.
Loudspeaker

Conversion of electric signal

into mechanical vibration.
Intermediate Exam II: Problem #4 (Spring ’05)
Consider a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field as shown. The velocity is in y-direction and the
magnetic field in the yz-plane at 30◦ from the y-direction.

(a) Find the direction of the magnetic force acting on the particle.
(b) Find the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the particle.

z
B = 4mT

30 o v = 3m/s
+
q = 5nC
y

x
Intermediate Exam II: Problem #4 (Spring ’05)
Consider a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field as shown. The velocity is in y-direction and the
magnetic field in the yz-plane at 30◦ from the y-direction.

(a) Find the direction of the magnetic force acting on the particle.
(b) Find the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the particle.

z
B = 4mT

30 o v = 3m/s
+
q = 5nC
y

x
Solution:

(a) Use the right-hand rule: positive x-direction (front, out of page).
Intermediate Exam II: Problem #4 (Spring ’05)
Consider a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field as shown. The velocity is in y-direction and the
magnetic field in the yz-plane at 30◦ from the y-direction.

(a) Find the direction of the magnetic force acting on the particle.
(b) Find the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the particle.

z
B = 4mT

30 o v = 3m/s
+
q = 5nC
y

x
Solution:

(a) Use the right-hand rule: positive x-direction (front, out of page).
(b) F = qvB sin 30◦ = (5 × 10−9 C)(3m/s)(4 × 10−3 T)(0.5) = 3 × 10−11 N.
Intermediate Exam II: Problem #4 (Spring ’06)

A current loop in the form of a right triangle is placed in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude B = 30mT as
shown. The current in the loop is I = 0.4A in the direction indicated.

(a) Find magnitude and direction

of the force ~F1 on side 1 of the triangle.
(b) Find magnitude and direction
B
of the force ~F2 on side 2 of the triangle.
3 1 20cm
2

20cm
Intermediate Exam II: Problem #4 (Spring ’06)

A current loop in the form of a right triangle is placed in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude B = 30mT as
shown. The current in the loop is I = 0.4A in the direction indicated.

(a) Find magnitude and direction

of the force ~F1 on side 1 of the triangle.
(b) Find magnitude and direction
B
of the force ~F2 on side 2 of the triangle.
3 1 20cm
2

20cm
Solution:

(a) ~F1 = I~L × ~B = 0 (angle between ~L and ~B is 180◦ ).

Intermediate Exam II: Problem #4 (Spring ’06)

A current loop in the form of a right triangle is placed in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude B = 30mT as
shown. The current in the loop is I = 0.4A in the direction indicated.

(a) Find magnitude and direction

of the force ~F1 on side 1 of the triangle.
(b) Find magnitude and direction
B
of the force ~F2 on side 2 of the triangle.
3 1 20cm
2

20cm
Solution:

(a) ~F1 = I~L × ~B = 0 (angle between ~L and ~B is 180◦ ).

(b) F2 = ILB = (0.4A)(0.2m)(30 × 10−3 T) = 2.4 × 10−3 N.
Direction of ~F2 : ⊗ (into plane).
Magnetic Force Application (3)
The dashed rectangle marks a region of uniform magnetic field ~B pointing out of the plane.

• Find the direction of the magnetic force acting on each loop with a ccw current I.

4
I
2 I

1 I 3 I
B

N
NW NE
W E
SW SE
S
Dot Product Between Vectors

Consider two vectors ~A = Ax î + Ay ĵ + Az k̂ and ~B = Bx î + By ĵ + Bz k̂.

• ~A · ~B = AB cos φ = ABA = BAB .

• ~A · ~B = ~B · ~A.
• ~A · ~B = AB if ~A k ~B.
• ~A · ~B = 0 if ~A ⊥ ~B.
• ~A · ~B = (Ax î + Ay ĵ + Az k̂) · (Bx î + By ĵ + Bz k̂)
= Ax Bx (î · î) + Ax By (î · ĵ) + Ax Bz (î · k̂)
+Ay Bx (ĵ · î) + Ay By (ĵ · ĵ) + Ay Bz (ĵ · k̂)
+Az Bx (k̂ · î) + Az By (k̂ · ĵ) + Az Bz (k̂ · k̂).
• Use î · î = ĵ · ĵ = k̂ · k̂ = 1,
î · ĵ = ĵ · k̂ = k̂ · î = 0.
• ⇒ ~A · ~B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz .

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Cross Product Between Vectors

Consider two vectors ~A = Ax î + Ay ĵ + Az k̂ and ~B = Bx î + By ĵ + Bz k̂.

• ~A × ~B = AB sin φ n̂.
• ~A × ~B = −~B × ~A.
• ~A × ~A = 0.
• ~A × ~B = AB n̂ if ~A ⊥ ~B.
• ~A × ~B = 0 if ~A k ~B.
• ~A × ~B = (Ax î + Ay ĵ + Az k̂) × (Bx î + By ĵ + Bz k̂)
= Ax Bx (î × î) + Ax By (î × ĵ) + Ax Bz (î × k̂)
+Ay Bx (ĵ × î) + Ay By (ĵ × ĵ) + Ay Bz (ĵ × k̂)
+Az Bx (k̂ × î) + Az By (k̂ × ĵ) + Az Bz (k̂ × k̂).
• Use î × î = ĵ × ĵ = k̂ × k̂ = 0,
î × ĵ = k̂, ĵ × k̂ = î, k̂ × î = ĵ.
• ⇒ ~A × ~B = (Ay Bz − Az By )î + (Az Bx − Ax Bz )ĵ + (Ax By − Ay Bx )k̂.

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Magnetic Dipole Moment of Current Loop
N: number of turns
I: current through wire
A: area of loop
n̂: unit vector perpendicular to plane of loop
~µ = NIAn̂: magnetic dipole moment

~B: magnetic field

~τ = ~µ × ~B: torque acting on current loop

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Torque on Current Loop

• magnetic field: ~B (horizontal)

• area of loop: A = ab
• unit vector ⊥ to plane of loop: n̂
• right-hand rule: n̂ points up.
• forces on sides a: F = IaB (vertical)
• forces on sides b: F = IbB (horizontal, not
shown)
• torque: τ = Fb sin θ = IAB sin θ
• magnetic moment: ~µ = IAn̂
• torque (vector): ~τ = ~µ × ~B

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Magnetic Moment of a Rotating Disk

Consider a nonconducting disk of radius R with a uniform surface charge density σ. The disk rotates with
angular velocity ω
~.

Calculation of the magnetic moment ~µ:

• Total charge on disk: Q = σ(πR2 ).

• Divide the disk into concentric rings of width dr.
2π
• Period of rotation: T = .
ω
dQ ω
• Current within ring: dI = = σ(2πrdr) = σωrdr.
T 2π
• Magnetic moment of ring: dµ = dI (πr2 ) = πσωr3 dr.
Z R
π 4
• Magnetic moment of disk: µ = πσωr3 dr = σR ω.
0 4
π 4 1
• Vector relation: ~µ = ~ = QR2 ω
σR ω ~.
4 4

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Direct-Current Motor

tsl408
Galvanometer

Measuring direct currents.

• magnetic moment ~µ (along needle)

• magnetic field ~B (toward right)
• torque ~τ = ~µ × ~B (into plane)

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Magnetic Dipole in Uniform Magnetic Field

• Magnetic dipole moment: ~µ = IAn̂

• Torque exerted by magnetic field: ~τ = ~µ × ~B
• Potential energy: U = −~µ · ~B
Z θ Z θ
U (θ ) = − τ (θ )dθ = µB sin θdθ = −µB cos θ
π/2 π/2
Note: τ (θ ) and dθ have opposite sign.

µ = IAn^
B
^n
I µ
θ
τ

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Electric Dipole in Uniform Electric Field

• Electric dipole moment: ~p = q~L

• Torque exerted by electric field: ~τ = ~p × ~E
• Potential energy: U = −~p · ~E
Z θ Z θ
U (θ ) = − τ (θ )dθ = pE sin θdθ = −pE cos θ
π/2 π/2
Note: τ (θ ) and dθ have opposite sign.

E
+q
L
−q p = qL θ
τ p

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Magnetic Force Application (11)

Assignment 4
If the magnetic moment of the current loop (1) is µ1 = 1Am2 , what are the magnetic moments µ2 , µ3 , µ4 of the
current loops (2), (3), (4), respectively?

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

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Unit Exam III: Problem #1 (Spring ’12)
In a region of uniform magnetic field B = 5mTî, a proton (m = 1.67 × 10−27 kg, q = 1.60 × 10−19 C) is launched
with velocity v0 = 4000m/sk̂.
(a) Calculate the magnitude F of the magnetic force that keeps the proton on a circular path.
(b) Calculate the radius r of the circular path.
(c) Calculate the time T it takes the proton to go around that circle once.
(d) Sketch the circular path of the proton in the graph. z

v0

m, q

B
x

tsl435
Unit Exam III: Problem #1 (Spring ’12)
In a region of uniform magnetic field B = 5mTî, a proton (m = 1.67 × 10−27 kg, q = 1.60 × 10−19 C) is launched
with velocity v0 = 4000m/sk̂.
(a) Calculate the magnitude F of the magnetic force that keeps the proton on a circular path.
(b) Calculate the radius r of the circular path.
(c) Calculate the time T it takes the proton to go around that circle once.
(d) Sketch the circular path of the proton in the graph. z

v0

Solution: m, q

(a) F = qv0 B = 3.2 × 10−18 N. y

B
x

tsl435
Unit Exam III: Problem #1 (Spring ’12)
In a region of uniform magnetic field B = 5mTî, a proton (m = 1.67 × 10−27 kg, q = 1.60 × 10−19 C) is launched
with velocity v0 = 4000m/sk̂.
(a) Calculate the magnitude F of the magnetic force that keeps the proton on a circular path.
(b) Calculate the radius r of the circular path.
(c) Calculate the time T it takes the proton to go around that circle once.
(d) Sketch the circular path of the proton in the graph. z

v0

Solution: m, q

(a) F = qv0 B = 3.2 × 10−18 N. y

mv20 mv0
(b) = qv0 B ⇒ r = = 8.35mm.
r qB B
x

tsl435
Unit Exam III: Problem #1 (Spring ’12)
In a region of uniform magnetic field B = 5mTî, a proton (m = 1.67 × 10−27 kg, q = 1.60 × 10−19 C) is launched
with velocity v0 = 4000m/sk̂.
(a) Calculate the magnitude F of the magnetic force that keeps the proton on a circular path.
(b) Calculate the radius r of the circular path.
(c) Calculate the time T it takes the proton to go around that circle once.
(d) Sketch the circular path of the proton in the graph. z

v0

Solution: m, q

(a) F = qv0 B = 3.2 × 10−18 N. y

mv20 mv0
(b) = qv0 B ⇒ r = = 8.35mm.
r qB B
2πr 2πm
x
(c) T = = = 13.1µs.
v0 qB

tsl435
Unit Exam III: Problem #1 (Spring ’12)
In a region of uniform magnetic field B = 5mTî, a proton (m = 1.67 × 10−27 kg, q = 1.60 × 10−19 C) is launched
with velocity v0 = 4000m/sk̂.
(a) Calculate the magnitude F of the magnetic force that keeps the proton on a circular path.
(b) Calculate the radius r of the circular path.
(c) Calculate the time T it takes the proton to go around that circle once.
(d) Sketch the circular path of the proton in the graph. z

v0

Solution: m, q

(a) F = qv0 B = 3.2 × 10−18 N. y

mv20 mv0
(b) = qv0 B ⇒ r = = 8.35mm.
r qB B
2πr 2πm
x
(c) T = = = 13.1µs.
v0 qB
(d) Center of circle to the right of proton’s initial position (cw motion).

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Magnetic Force Application (6)

An electric current flows through each of the letter-shaped wires in a region of uniform magnetic field
pointing into the plane.

• Find the direction of the resultant magnetic force on each letter.

N
NW NE
B
W E
SW SE
S
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Magnetic Force Application (7)
The rectangular 20-turn loop of wire is 10cm high and 5cm wide.
It carries a current I = 0.1A and is hinged along one long side.
It is mounted with its plane at an angle of 30◦ to the direction of a uniform magnetic field of magnitude
B = 0.50T.

• Calculate the magnetic moment µ of the loop.

• Calculate the torque τ acting on the loop about the hinge line.

30 o
Assignment 5
a = 10cm

B
I

b = 5cm
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Hall Effect
Method for dermining whether charge carriers are positively or negatively charged.

• Magnetic field ~B pulls charge carriers to one side of conducting strip.

• Accumulation of charge carriers on that side and depletion on opposite side produce transverse electric
field ~E.
• Transverse forces on charge carrier: FE = qE and FB = qvd B.
• In steady state forces are balanced: ~FE = −~FB .
• Hall voltage in steady state: VH = Ew = vd Bw.

positive charge carriers negative charge carriers

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