TOPIC 2 : THE HISTORY OF THE

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Quote the observations of the writer about the
inhabitants of the Philippine islands when the
Spaniards arrived.
 Describe the culture of the inhabitants of the
Philippine islands before the colonization.
 Criticize the way the Filipinos were described by
the writer.
 Why Philippines is
considered a unique
nation?
a. Religion
b. Political History
c. Cultural Heritage
d. Natural Resources
Why Philippines is considered
as the Melting Pot of People
and Culture?
LAND AREA OF THE PHILIPPINES

Philippines is an archipelago of
7,100 islands with a total land
area of 115,707 sq. m. or
299,681 sq.km.
LAND AREA OF THE PHILIPPINES
a. Luzon – Philippines largest island with a total land
area of 40, 814 sq. m., which is bigger than Hungary
and Portugal.
b. Mindanao – Second largest island, with total area of
38,906 sq. m., which is bigger than Austria.
c. Visayas – 3rd largest island with a total land area of
36, 087 sq. m.
NAMES GIVEN FOR PHILIPPINES
“Ma-yi” – appears in Sung Dynasty sources in 982 A.D.

Ma-i = is generally accepted to refer to the island of

Mindoro in Luzon, because of its gold and proximity to
the mainland China.
NAMES GIVEN FOR PHILIPPINES
1. “Ma-yi” – appears in Sung Dynasty sources in 982
A.D.

Ma-i = is generally accepted to refer to the island of

Mindoro in Luzon, because of its gold and proximity to
the mainland China.
NAMES GIVEN FOR PHILIPPINES
2. Minolas – name given by Claudius Ptolemy.

3. Las Islas de San Lazaro – named by Ferdinand

Magellan in 1521 when he reached the Homonhon in
the Island of Samar.

4. Las Islas Filipinas – Ruy Lopez de Villaloboz, 1543

NAMES GIVEN FOR PHILIPPINES
5. Pearl of the Orient / Pearl of the Orient Seas – Dr.
Jose Rizal

6. Philippine Island – American Colonial Regime

7. Republic of the Philippines - 1946

ORIGIN OF THE FILIPINOS
• The Friar

• Myths and Legends

• The Down Man and

Migration Theory
PRE-HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• The Negritos were early settlers but their
appearance in the Philippines has not been
reliably dated. and they were followed by
speakers of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, a
branch of the Austronesian languages, who began
to arrive in successive waves beginning about
4000 B.C.E, displacing the earlier arrivals.
PRE-HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• By 1000 B.C. the inhabitants of the Philippine
archipelago had developed into four distinct kinds of
peoples: tribal groups, such as the Aetas, Hanunoo,
Ilongots and the Mangyan who depended on hunter-
gathering and were concentrated in forests;
PRE-HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• warrior societies, such as the Isneg and Kalingas who
practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare and roamed
the plains; the petty plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera
Highlanders, who occupied the mountain ranges of Luzon;
and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that
grew along rivers and seashores while participating in trans-
island maritime trade.
PRE-HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• warrior societies, such as the Isneg and Kalingas who
practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare and roamed
the plains; the petty plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera
Highlanders, who occupied the mountain ranges of Luzon;
and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that
grew along rivers and seashores while participating in trans-
island maritime trade.
HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• The history of the Philippines is believed to have
begun with the arrival of the first humans via land
bridges at least 30,000 years ago.

• The first recorded visit from the West is the arrival

of Ferdinand Magellan on Homonhon Island,
southeast of Samar on March 16, 1521.
HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• The remainder of the settlements was
independent Barangays allied with one of the
larger nations.
HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• Spanish colonization and settlement began with the
arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition in 1565
who established the first permanent settlement of San
Miguel on the island of Cebu. The expedition continued
northward reaching the bay of Manila on the island of
Luzon in 1571, where they established a new town and
thus began an era of Spanish colonization that lasted
for more than three centuries.
HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in April
1896, but it was largely unsuccessful until it received
support from the United States, culminating two years
later with a proclamation of independence and the
establishment of the First Philippine Republic.
HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in April
1896, but it was largely unsuccessful until it received
support from the United States, culminating two years
later with a proclamation of independence and the
establishment of the First Philippine Republic.
HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• The Philippine-American War which ensued resulted in
massive casualties. Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo was
captured in 1901 and the U.S. government declared the
conflict officially over in 1902. The Filipino leaders, for the
most part, accepted that the Americans had won, but
hostilities continued and only began to decline in 1913, leaving
a total number of casualties on the Filipino side of more than
one million dead, many of them civilians.
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF
ANTONIO DE MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• “In various parts of this island of Luzon are found a number of natives
black in color. Both men and women have wooly hair, and their stature
is not very great, though they are strong and robust. These people are
barbarians, and have but little capacity. They possess no fixed house or
settlements, but wander in bands and hordes through the mountains
and rough country, changing from one site to another according to the
season. They support themselves in certain clearings, and by planting
rice, which they are very skillful and certain [217]. They live also on
honey from the mountains, and roots produced by the ground. “
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• “They are barbarous people, in whom one cannot place confidence.
They are much given killing and to attacking the settlements of the
other natives, in which they commit many depredations; and there is
nothing that can be done to stop them, or to subdue or pacify them,
although this is always attempted by fair or foul means, as opportunity
and necessity demand.’’
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• The apparel and clothing of these natives of Luzon before the entrance
of the Spaniards into the country were generally, for the men, certain
short collarless garments of cangan, sewed together in the front, and
with short sleeves, and reaching slightly below the waist, some were
blue and others black, while the chiefs had some red ones, called
chinanas. [218] They also whore a strip of colored cloth wrapped about
the waist, and passed between the legs, so that it covered the privy
parts, reaching half-way down the thigh; these are called banaques.
[219] they go with legs bare, feet unshod, and the head uncovered,
wrapping a narrow cloth, called protong [220] just below it, with which
they bind the forehead and temples.
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• About their necks they wear gold necklaces, wrought like spun wax,
[221] and with links in our fashion, some larger than others. On theie
arms they wear armlets of wrought gold, which they call calombigas,
and which are very large and made in different patterns. Some wear
strings of precious stones- cornelians and agates; and other blue and
white stones, which they esteem highly. [222] They wear around the
legs some strings of these stones, and certain cords, covered with
black pitch in many foldings, as garters. [223]”
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• These principles, and lordship were inherited in the male line and by succession of
father and son and their descendants. If these were lacking, then their brothers
and collateral relatives succeeded. Their duty was to rule and govern their subjects
and followers, and to assist them in their interests and necessities. What the chiefs
received from their followers was to be held by them in great veneration and
respect; and they were served in their wars and voyages, and in their tilling,
sowing, fishing, and the building of their houses. To these duties the natives
attended very promptly, whenever summoned by their chief. They also paid the
chiefs tribute (which they called buiz), in varying quantities, in the crops that they
gathered. The descendants of such chiefs, and their relatives, even though they did
not inherit the lordship, were held in the same respect and consideration. Such
were all regarded as nobles, and as persons exempt from the services rendered by
others, or the plebeians, who were called timaguas. [224]
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)

• The same right of nobility and Chieftainship was preserved from the
women, just as for the men. When any of these chiefs was more
courageous than others in war and upon other occasions, such a one
enjoyed more followers and men; and the others were under his
leadership, even if they were chiefs. These latter retained to
themselves the lordship and particular government of their own
following, which is called barangani among them. They had datos and
special leaders [mandadores] who attended to the interests of the
barangay.
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• The superiority of these chiefs over those of their barangani
was so great that they held the latter as subjects; they treated
these well or ill, and disposed of their persons, their children,
and their possessions; at will, without any resistance, or
rendering account to anyone. For every slight annoyance and
for slight occasions, they were wont to kill and wound them,
and to enslave them. It bating in the river, or who have raised
their eyes to look at them less respectfully and for other
similar causes. [312]
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• When some natives had suits or disputes with others over matters of
property and interest, or over personal injuries and wrongs received,
they appointed old men of the same district, to try them, the parties
being present. If they had to present proofs, they brought their
witnesses there, and the case was immediately judged according to
what was found, according to the usages of their ancestors on like
occasions; and that sentence was observed and executed without any
further objection or delay, [313]
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• The natives’ laws throughout the islands were made in the same
manner, and they followed the traditions and customs of their
ancestors, without anything being written. Some provinces had
different customs than others in some respects. However, they agreed
in most, and in all the islands generally the same usages were
followed. [314]
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• There are three conditions of persons among the natives of these
islands, and into which their government is divided: the chiefs, of
whom we have already treated; the timaguas, who are equivalent to
plebians; and slaves, those of both chiefs and timaguas.
•
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• The slaves were of several classes. Some were for all kinds of work and slavery, like
those which we ourselves hold. Such are called sagigilid; [315] they served inside
the house, as did likewise the children born of them. There are others who live by
their own houses with their families, outside the house of their lord; and come, at
the season, to aid him in his sowings and harvests, among his rowers when he
embarks, in the construction of his house when it is being built, and to serve in his
house when there are guests of distinction. These are bound to come to their lord’s
house whenever he summons them, and to serve in these offices without any pay
or stipend. These slaves are called namamahay, [316] and their children and
descendants are slaves of the same class. From these slaves- sagigilid and
namamahayan- are issue, some of whom are whole slaves, some of whom are half
slaves, and still others one-fourth slaves.
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• It happens thus; if either the father or the mother was free, and they
had only child, he was half free and half slave. If they had more than
one child, they were divided as follows: the first follows the condition
of the father, free or slave; the second that of the mother. If there were
an odd number of children, the last was half free and half slave. Those
who descended from these, if children of a free mother or father, were
only one-fourth slaves, because of being children of a free father or
mother and of a half-slave. These half slaves or one-fourth slaves,
whether sagigilid or namamahay, served their masters during every
other moon; and in this respect so is such condition slavery.
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• In the same way, it may happen in division between heirs that a slave
will fall to several, and serves each one for the time that is due him.
When the slave is not wholly slave, but half or fourth, he has the right,
because of that part that is free, to control his master to emancipate
him for a just price. This price is appraised and regulated for persons
according to the quality of their slavery, whether it be saguiguilid or
namamahay, half slave or quarter slave. But if he is wholly slave, the
master cannot be compelled to ransom or emancipate him for any
price.
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• The usual price of a saguiguilid slave among the natives is, at most,
generally ten taes of good gold, or eighty pesos, if he is namamahay.
Half of that sum. The others are in the same proportion, taking into
consideration the person and his age.
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• No fixed beginning can be assigned as the origin of these kinds of slavery
among these natives, because all the slaves are natives of the islands, and
not strangers. It is thought that they were made in their wars and quarrels.
The most certain knowledge is that the most powerful made the others
slaves, and seized them for slight cause or occasion, and many times for
loans and usurious contracts which were current among them. The interest,
capital, and debt, increased so much with delay that the barrowers became
slaves. Consequently, all these slaveries have violent and unjust beginnings;
and most if the suits among the natives are over these, and they occupy the
judges in the exterior court with them, and their confessors in that of
conscience. [317]
•
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• These slaves comprise the greatest wealth and capital of the natives of
these islands, for they are very useful to them and necessary for the
cultivation of their property. They are sold, traded, and exchanged
among them, just as any bother mercantile article, from one village to
another, from one province to another, and likewise from one island to
another. Therefore, and to avoid so many suits as would occur if these
slaveries were examined, and their origin and scurce ascertained, they
are preserved and held as they were formerly.
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• This marriage of these natives, commonly and generally were, and are:
Chiefs with women chiefs; timaguas with those of that rank; and slaves
with those of their own class. But sometimes these classes intermarry
with one another. They considered one woman, whom they married, as
the legitimate wife and the mistress of the house; and she was styled
ynasaba. [318] Those whom they kept besides hey they considered as
family. The children of the first were regarded as legitimate and whole
heirs of their parents; the children of the others were not so regarded,
and left something by assignment, but they did not inherit.
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• The dowry was furnished by the man, being given by his parents. The wife
furnished nothing for the marriage, until she had inherited it from her parents. The
solemnity of the marriage consisted in nothing more than the agreement between
the parents and relatives of the contracting parties, the payment of the dowry
agreed upon to the father of the bride, [319] and the assembling at the wife’s
parents’ house of all the relatives to eat and drink until they would fall down. At
night the man took the woman to his house and into his power, and there she
remained. These marriages were annulled and dissolved for slight cause, which
acted as mediators in the affairs. At such a time the man took the dowry (which
they call vigadicaya), [320] unless it happened that they separated through the
husband’s fault;
•
AN EXCERPT FROM THE ORIGINAL WORK OF ANTONIO DE
MORGA (CHAPTER 8)
• For when it was not returned to him, and the wife’s parents kept it. The
property that they had acquired together was divided in to halves, and
each one disposed of his own. If one made any profits in which the
other did not have a share or participate, he acquired it for himself
alone.

• The Indians were adopted one by another, in presence of the relatives.

The adopted person gave and delivered all his actual possession to the
one who adopted him. Thereupon he remained in his house and care,
and had a right to inherit with the other children. [321]
APAT NA HANGUAN NG GAHUM
HATIIANG GAMPANIN SA SINAUNANG PAMAYANAN