Strength of Material BCE II/I Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal7. Theory of Flexure 7.1 Coplanar and pure bending 7.2 Elastic curve 7.3 Angle of rotation 7.4 Radius of curvature, flexural stiffness 7.5 Small deflection theory 7.6 Bending stress 7.7 Flexural formula, differential equation of deflected shape 7.8 introduction to deflectionIntroduction: * Consider the beams loaded as shown in figure. Due to external loads beams are deflected as shown in the corresponding figures. Bending moments are developed at every cross ~ section of the beam. + Due to the action of bending moment, bending stresses are developed in the beam cross ~ section. + If the beam is subjected with varying bending moment and shear force, then it is called general case of bending as in the figure (a), (b) and (c). + In figure (c) portion AB is free from shear force and subjected to constant bending moment. + If the bending of beam takes place due to constant bending moment and it is free form shear force than this condition is called pure bending or flexure. + But theory of pure bending is accepted as being sufficiently accurate even when the BM is varying. iu | t mT i oi TEM# Neutral Axis (N. A.): + The layer which neither elongates nor contracts due to application of load is called Neutral layer. + The axis passing through the neutral layer is called Neutral axis (N. A.). + No stresses are setup in the neutral layer. + Tension stress developed below and compressive stresses are above the neutral layer. + Incase of cantilever beam opposite nature of stresses are developed. # Analysis of Beam: + Flexural problem will be treated as one dimensional problem, lateral stresses being neglected. + Stresses caused by bending moment are normal stresses and are called flexure or bending stresses, + To determine the magnitude and distribution of such stresses at the cross — section of the beam equations of equilibrium are not sufficient hence condition of deformation of the beam are necessary to use.Basic assumption in Theory of Bending: Transverse section of beam, which are plane before bending remains plane even after bending. The material in beam homogeneous and obeys Hook’s law. The moduli of elasticity for the tension and compression are equal. The beam is initially straight and have constant cross All loads act in the perpendicular direction to the longitudinal axis of the beam. section. ase eo Consider a small piece of a beam subjected to pure bending as shown in figure. Sections ab and ed, separated by the distance ‘dx’, rotate due to bending of the beam. Let ‘d0’ be the relative angle of rotation and R ~ radius of curvature. Consider some layer rs at a distance y from pq, which after bending becomes r°s’. + Curvature p’q’ =R d0 + Curvature r’s’ = (R + y) d0Basic assumption in Theory of Bending:.... Length of neutral layer = pq = p’q’ [+ No stresses] stars _ ris! pg’ 6 Pa Strain in layer (rs) €,5 = _(R+y) d0-R do ee _Rd0 +yd0-R dd yd0 - hea ese Suppose stress in layer (rs) is o, then (2) Now, equating equation (1) and (2), we get aS =m ers= i 3) Consider a transverse section of the beam. Take a strip of area dA at a distance y from the neutral axis. Let oc ~ bending compressive stresses and oy— bending tensile stresses. Stress on this area o = bry Here , E and R are constants, «+ 6 ay Stress is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, so for economy weight of material should be concentrated at the greatest distance from neutral axis. Therefore steel I — sections are used as flexural members.+ Basic assumption in Theory of Bending:.... + Force on the strip dA is = o* dA +n dFattytda + The bending moment due to external forces at a section is balanced by the moment of the internal forces acting normally about neutral axis. + Moment of this force about N.A. = (Esy+dA )#y | x dpe 1 dM’= (E+y2sdA ) + This is the resistance offered or resisting moment of the material due to the stress produced in it and is called Moment of Resistance (MOR) stance of the section (M’) = f (E+y?+dA ) == f(y2dA ) + Moment of res + = *lna, (Jy? dA is the second moment of area or moment of inertia of area about the neutral axis.} + Moment of resistance (M’) 5 leas * Resistance moment balances the applied external bending moment, soM =M°= 2 Iya woe , eee * Form equation (3) and (4) we can write ..(5) is called the bending equations.# Position of Neutral Axis: + Consider the cross ~ section of the beam as shown in figure. + Force acting on the small strip dA is + dF= PiytdA . Total force (F) = EY ysdA 1) * Above the NA there are compressive stresses and below NA tensile stresses. * Due to this compressive and tensile forces are developed in opposite direction in the material of the section. + These forces should be equal and opposite for equilibrium of the section and the equal and opposite forces from a couple, Whose moment is equal to moment of resistance of the section. * This resistive moment balances the external bending moment at the section. + Total force (F) = £3 yd =0 [For the equilibrium of section] + Here E# 0 andR #0 + SoydA =0 + ZydA is the moment of sectional area about neutral axis, Since moment ZydA. is equal zero, this is possible only if moment is taken about Centre of gravity of section. + So, the NA must pass through the Centre of Gravity of the section.# Section Modulus of Common Section Mio We know, ina y M M a ORT Umax =a Ymax Where 7 = “is called section modulus of section + Itis important in the determination of moment of resistance of a section. a) For Rectangular Section: zine Ymax co] at ba? 6Section Modulus of Common Section. a) For Circular Section 1 z= NA Ymax b) For Hollow Circular Section: zaiA Ymax xot—a4y a z Z- n(D*-d*) 32D# Radius of Curvature, Flexural Stiffness: We have, ae Way R Where, M = moment of resistance of the section Iy.a. = Moment of inertia about NA o = Bending tensile or compressive stress YY = Distance of considered layer from NA E = Modulus of elasticity of the material R = Radius of curvature of NA M _E Iva R TM G = Fey This shown that the curvature ~ = =", of the axis of the beam is proportional to the bending moment M and inversely proportional to the quantity Ely... + The quantity Elly_,, is called the flexural stiffness or flexural rigidity of the beam. + Flexural rigidity reflects both the stiffness of the material as measured by E and the proportions of the cross ~ sectional area as measured by In.a.- + Moment of inertia of a section does not depend upon its cross ~ sectional area, but depends on the dispersion of area from neutral axis. + Larger area near the neutral axis of the beam is uneconomical, that is why | — beams are more economical.# Beam of Composite Sections: Composite section may be defined as a section, made up of two or more different materials, jointed together, is such a manner that they behave like a single piece and each material bends to the same radius of curvature, Such beams are used when a beam of one material, if used alone, requires a quite large cross — sectional area, which does not suit for the space available. A material is then reinforced with some other material of higher strength, in order to reduce the cross — sectional area of the beam and to suit the space available (as done in the case of reinforced concrete). In such cases, the total moment of resistance will be equal to the sum of the moments of individual sections. + Composite beams can be constructed by different methods. + 1. Flitched beam + 2. Sandwithched beam QS Z# Beam of Composite Sections: + Plates are connected rigidly with the help of bolts, so that deformation at the boundary of two material is same and then + 1) Total resisting moment (M) at any section is the sum of resisting moments (M; and My) caused by the individual materials of the section. * M=M,+M, + 2) For each material same radius of curvature of N.A. will apply, because of same deformation at the boundary . fal [2 Material |: i= Ao Ey Re + Material 2: M8 = * If the parts are assumed to be rigidly connected together the strain at the common surfaces will be the same for both.1. A beam is loaded by a couple of 5 KN ~ m at each of its ends as shown in figure. The beam is of steel having rectangular cross — section 30mm wide by 60mm deep. Find the maximum bending stress over the depth of beam. Solution: Here, M=5 KN-m ‘We know moment of inertia (I) = o y= From flexural formula, M_o =30mm ae a> ¥ My. __Se108 May = S10 7 540000 au so= = 277.78 Nimm? __ 30%60" ~<* = 540000 mm* an 30mm,2. A beam of circular cross — section is 200 mm diameter. It is simply supported at each end and loaded by two concentrated loads of 150 KN each, applied 300 mm from each ends of the beam. Determine the maximum bending stress in the beam, Solution: Here, Maximum moment (M) = 45000 KN - mm nd* _ x + We know moment of inertia (1) = =" = 220 on 6 y= = = 100mm From flexural formula, a = 7 & FAY = on" 100 = 57.296 N/mm? 150 KN 150 KN BMD3. Two vertical forces are applied to a beam as shown in figure. Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in portion BC of the beam. Also, find the stress at point ‘P’ of the cross section, 1OKN 10 KN, Solution: Here, Maximum moment (M) = 40 KN- mm Calculation of C. G. sy — (25+10"22.5)4(3061025) _ @sei0)+(a0n0) ~ 12-9545 em = 129.545 mm Calculation of moment of inertia about centroidal axis eg = (PEE + (250 « 100 » (129.545 — 225)?} + (ergo (300 = 100 = (129.545 — 50)?} = 572821969.7 mm* Calculation of maximum stress 40-108 5728219697 = 9.046 N/mm? 20 Bey, = *129,545 400108 M, = Mey = and oe= "Ye Sraezi96597 = 15.394 N/mm? #(350— 129.545) Also stress at point ‘P”, op= Seyp = 1010" _4(199.545 — 100) 5720219607 .063 Nimm? (Tension)4. A steel cantilever beam 4m in length is subjected to a concentrated load of 3 KN acting at the free end. The beam is of rectangular cross ~ section having b = 50mm and d = 80 mm, determine the magnitude and location of the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses in the beam. If the beam is replaced by I — section as shown in figure. Determine again the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses. Solution: Here, Maximum moment (M) = 3*4 = 12 KN-m Case (1): 80mm 4m 50:60)" _ 913333333 mm* I= 40 mm Calculation of maximum stress cae 326108 100 mm My, Al ee VY ayssa3333 4 * Oma = 225 Nimm? Case (1): Due to symmetry (y) = 150 i _ ae + (100 10 + (75 - 5)?}+2 104(130) + FE" + (130+ 10 (75-75)? } = 11647500 mm* 12+106 10mm * Omox= Y= TreF7S0075 = 77.87 Nimm*5. A simply supported timber joist of Sm span has to carry a load of 5 KN/m over its whole span and a point load of 10 KN at its Centre. Find the dimensions of the joist if the maximum permissible stress is limited to 8 N/m2. Take the depth of the joist as twice of its width. Solution: Here, Maximum moment (M) =2eF as0e8 = 28.125 KN—m or (M) = (17.5*2.5) ~ (5#2.5*1.25) = 28.125 KN-m Also, d= 2b fe and 12 Calculation of maximum stress a 2 20125 +1084 = Miz oiot a 8= “Tas 2 2a 3 _ 28.125 +105+12 Ca d= 348.12 mm and (b) = 174.06 mm.6. A cantilever beam 3m in length is subjected to the load as shown in figure. Determine the maximum bending stresses in the beam. Also, determine the value of bending stress 25 mm below from the top surface of the beam. Solution: AEN Here, Maximum moment (M) = (5*3*1.5) + (20*3) 5KNim =825KN-m (50*200+25)+(50+120+110) (50+120)+(50-200) Calculation of moment of inertia about centroidal axis Calculation of C. G., (9) 3m Ugg = PAE + (200 « 50 » (56.875 — 25)?} 50mm + for (120 * 50 + (56.875 ~ 110)?} = 36377083.33 mm* 120 am Calculation of maximum stress My _ 82.5 +108 May, = sg itSti05*56.875 6875 = 128.987 N/mm? 50 hum ca Mag 82510", Or T'Ve= Zex770BIa3, 13-125 200 mm = 256.557 Nimm? Meyos= Sg3agES SFT (113.125 - 25) Also stress at point 25 mm below from the top surface, 5= = 199.86 N/mm? (Tensile)7. Abeam simply supported at the ends and having the cross ~ section as shown in figure, The beam is 6m long and permissible bending stresses are limited to 50 MN/m2 in tension and 30 MN/m2 in compression Determine the intensity of UDL that can be placed over the whole span. Also, determine actual maximum bending stresses developed. Solution: Here, (04:)permissible= 50 MN/m? = 5000 N/cm? and (6},¢)permissibie= 30 MN/m? = 3000 Nicm? (2003021.5)+15059125)#+1595%25) _ 9 5 oy (10*3)+(15+3)+(15+5) Calculation of moment of inertia about centroidal axis lee = ee + {15 «5+ (9.3-2.5)} (15) : 0003)" pees + FO + 15 +3+ 093 12.5)?} + FE + (10 «3+ (9.3 -215)} = 3624.25 + 1304.55 + 4487.7 = 9416.5 cm* Calculation bending moment aM= St = S0ro416.5 Z ve = 5062634.409 N— cm = 50626.344 N—m pert _ 3000, Also, Me= “Be = 737#9416.5 ee = 2062007.299N — cm = 20620.07 N~ m. ‘Take design moment (M) = 20620.07 N-m Calculation of C. G., (9) = For simply supported beam with UDL, Maximum moment (M) = W= eae = 4582.23 N/m = 4.582 KN/m8. A reinforced concrete channel section carrying water is 8m long. Calculate tensile and compressive bending stresses at mid — span and quarter of the span. yc = 25 KN/m®, yw = 10 KN/m?. Solution: Weight intensity due to R. C. C. = ye * V = 251 {(0.075*0.52)*2} + (1*0.12)] = 4.95 KN/m Ww = Yw"V = 108(1*0.4) = 4 KN/m 75mm —1999mm 75mm .95 KN/m — | Total weight = 4.95 +4 = Calculation of C. G. 40) mm ay = (75*520) = 39000, y, = 260 mm ag = (75*520) = 39000, Yq = 260 mm ag = (1000*120) = 120000, y3 = 60 mm <=) _ (39000+260)+(39000+260)+(120000+60) 138.79 mm] 1 () ="—ja000+390004120000 = 138.79 mm i = 2 yp = 138.79 mm and y¢ = 520 138.79 = 381.21 mm Maximum moment (M) = wo sesso 71.6KN—m Calculation of Moment of inertia (Iy3)= ee + {39000(138.79 — 260)?}+2 (420)" fem" G20" + (120000(138.79 — 60)?} = 2340726392 + 145178700 = 3792509092 mm*My = 35.8x — (8.95*x**x/2) = 35.8x — 4.475x? 8.95 KN/m When x = 1, My = 31.325 When x = 2, Mz When x = 3, M3 = 67.125 When x = When x When x = 8, Mg =0 At Mid - Span: M, 71.6 +106 mm 1000mm_ 75mm 1 ¥t= 3793509092 138.79 = = A = 2.62 N/mm? M, 71.6 « 10 = 0c= Ye = F7gg5g9gI" 520 ~ 138.79) 196 N/mm? At Quarter — Span: My _ 5374108 or T'Ve= 3792509070" 138-79 -965 N/mm? M 53.7 +108 Tye = SAHESHOOII" 520 - 138.79) 398 N/mm?9. A beam with overhanging ends loaded by three concentrated forces as shown in fig. Beam is simply supported having T — type cross — section as shown in figure. The material is gray cast iron having an allowable working stress in tension of 35 Mpa and in compression of 150 Mpa. Determine the maximum allowable value of P. Solution: My =~ P/2"1=-0.5P (P/2*3) + (P*2) = 0.5P P/2*1 =—0.5P (50150+25)+(50+130+115) _ Calculation of C. G., (¥) = = 66.785 mm (0+150)+(50"130) Calculation of moment of inertia about centroidal axis ly = PAE + (150 + 50 + (66.785 — 25)"} 113,215 mm sexcaot 130 + {2S + (130 « 50 + (66.785 - 115)?}- 38922023.82 mm* From question, 0; = 35 Mpa and 0 = 150 Mpa = 66.785 [nm 50mm At point ‘C’ S0mm Resisting moment at tension (M,) = = = Si eA 10397856.31 N -mm = 20.398 KN~ m Resisting moment at compression oo = sete J 51568286.65 N -mm = 51.568 KN-m At point ‘B’ and ‘D’ gust _ 35 38922023.82 ve 3215 = 12032600.22 N mm = Resisting moment at tension (M,) = 03 KN-m Resin moment at compression (= £2! 50638922022.02 For Design Take (M) = minimum value = 12.03 = 0.5P 24.06 KN 87.42 KN-m10. A timber beam is 14 cm wide and 30 cm deep is simply supported over a span of Sm. It carries a UDL of 3 KN/m over its whole span and three equal concentrated loads P KN each placed at mid span and quarter span points. If the stress in the timber is not to exceed 0.8 KN/cm2, find the value of P. Solution: 30m A Idem (7.5 + 1.5P) (7.5 + 1.5P) Maximum moment at point °C’, (M) = {(7.5 + 1.5P)*2.5} - (P*1.25) — (3*2.5*1.25) = (9.375 + 2.5 P) KN-m bee = 22S = 31500 cm* 12 $22 = 15cm a 252 Omax= 0.8 KN/cm? ‘We know, Moment (M) = Smet 0.8« 31500 15 (9.375 +2.5 P) *100= P=2.97KN11. A cast iron bracket subjected to bending has a cross — section of I — form with unequal flanges. The total depth of the section is 30 cm and 4 cm thickness throughout. If top flange is 20 cm and bottom flange is 12 em wide, determine the moment of resistance of the section. Take allowable tensile stress at the top flange as 20 N/mm2. Also, determine the value of compressive stress in the bottom flange. Solution: (20+4*28)+(22+4+15)+ (12+422) (20+4)+(2204)+ (12+4) Calculation of moment of inertia about centroidal axis, laz= PAS + (12 +4 + (16.926 - 2)°} Calculation of C. G., (9) = 6.926 cm + (ee {4 +22 » (16.926 - 15)?} + PES + (4+ 20 « (26.926 - 28)?} =24550.81 cm* ve _ (20+*100)+24550.81 12cm 0 Resisting moment at tension (M,) = 3755669.267 N —cm = 37.557 KN-m Mg, _ 37:557* 105 + Compressive stress in the bottom flange (0) = “#y, = [-5*(16.926) 5892.8 N/m? 5.892 N/mm?12. A flitch beam is to be made using two timber joists each 8 cm wide by 24 cm deep and a steel plate 1 cm thick by 16 cm deep. Steel plate being placed between two timbers section symmetrical and connected firmly using nuts and bolts. If the stress in timber is not to exceed 6 MN/m2, determine maximum intensity of stress in steel. Take Es/E, = 20. Also, determine the moment of resistance of the section. Soluti O; Solu . 5 24cm ‘Timber Timber + e Stress in 8cm lem 8m Stress in Steel From equation ‘Timber 2 =20 From ee triangle We know, Moment of Resistance t ast om oO : For composite section a Ha (MOR) of the section. =MOR of - 3 timber section + MOR of steel Esteet = Etimber o' = =*20 a, : et 2° Section zm +0! = 26 =0; Z, + 05' Zs o,=2*E, = 80 Nimm2 = 6 r8Or240)* 5 2 4 goxtorteo? i ; : 6 6 =o, ' ae in a = 12629333.33 N- mm From stress diagram of steel |= Gms = 12.629 KN-m13. A timber beam is simply supported over a span of 6m and carries UDL 1 KN/m. The given loading develops a maximum stress of 4.2 N/mm2 in the timer. If the beam is required to carry an additional load of 1 KN/m, by strengthening the beam using two steel plates at the outer surface as shown, determine b, d, and t of the beam, Take stress in timber as before, maximum stress in steel as 55 Nimm2, E/E, = 20. Solution: Case (1): Here, Maximum moment (M) = “2° =45KN-m or (M) = (3*3) — (1*3*1.5) =45KN-m We know, M = a; Z; 6 = 4. 2¥PsO® 4.5*106 = 4.2" A b=71.43 mm Also, when the additional load in beam 2462 Maximum moment (M) = == 9 KN —m. For composite section 2KNim Esteet = Etimber a8 6 KN] 2KN Case TD)5= 20 a 104.2 = 84 > 55 Not ok lem So assume g; = 55 Nimm2 is 30cm op = == = 2.75 Nimm2 <4.2 (OK) + From a triangle 10cm ost 1 it + 28 — ‘Timber Stress in Steel + @,/= 55 = 33 N/mm? '. = +215 + 94! = 1.65 Nimm2 + We know, Moment of Resistance (MOR) of the section = MOR of timber section + MOR of steel Section + 2a 2 +0525 @ bs300% + 9*105= 1.65 *: + b=4.94mm b¥(300)? , 554b+5002 ee + 550-33# Relation between slope, deflection, Radius of curvature and bending moment: - dy /dx? fe ee ol) [-@)] * Slope at the a point in the beam is very small quantity then (: therefore can be neglected in comparison to 1. 2 :) will be much smaller than dy/dx and ; oe eae) + From flexural equation M Ina - oo Ro Elna + New equating equation (2) and (3) + Maer...) + Integrating, . B= J M(@x)dx......(5) + Bly=f{fM(@)dx}ax .......6)2 Deflection, Slope and Curvature of a beam + When the beam carries the transverse point loads or distributed loads over its length, the beam deflects. * The deflection in the flexural elements of the structure must be with in permissible limits to avoid cracks in the structure and fear of the users due to excessive deflections. + When a load is applied on a beam, its N.A. bends into a curved line from its original position. The vertical ordinate between the curve and the initial N. A. gives the deflection of the beam at the section. PL P2 + Slope (@): A e 2 Itis the rotation of the different section of the member a te } } with respect to initial Un deformed shape {ic. slope of abeam at a point is an angle made by atangentto the = = <4 Reference axis (i. ¢, original axis) at that Point.} PraSlope: Angle between tangent line and initial length of beam, measured form initial line to tangent line. Deflection: Distance between Elastic Curve and initial line, measured form initial line to Elastic Curve. Vertical ordinate: Distance between Elastic Curve and tangent line. Elastic Curve# Slope and Deflection Computation at a Section Several methods are available to compute the slope and deflection at a beam section 1. Double integration method — suitable for single loads. 2. Macaulay’s method — suitable for several loads Moment area method — suitable for tow — three loads . Conjugate beam method - suitable for complex loads . Virtual work or unit load method — Suitable for complex loads ya Pw # Double integration method — suitable for single loads. + B= fM(@)ae......(5) + Ely=f{fM@)dx}dx .......6) * Sign convention + X—is positive when measured towards right and negative towards left from origin + Y—is negative when downwards and positive upwards from the origin + M-is negative when hogging * @—Slope is negative when the rotation is clockwise with respect to original position# Double integration method — suitable for single loads. Consider section 1 — 1 form end A Mx = (Px PL) EI “es =(Px-PL) =P(x-L) Integrating war.t. ‘x? oy . EIS= PJ(x -L)dx =P(S - Lx) +G, AL fixed end A, when x = 0, 2 “C,=0 weal) Also, integrating equation (1) Ety= J {P(E -Lx) Jax =r(2 14) +6 At fixed end A, when x = 0, y=0 2 =0 Bly=P( -14)....@ When x=L,y=Yp ai El yp =P(= -L= 3# Simply Supported beam of span (L) carrying a Point load at Mid Consider section 1 — 1 form end A My = Px/2 @y EIS = Pxi2 Integrating w.rt. ‘x? ay EID = Pf x/2 dx =PGr) +6 Bi®@=e(G-¥) a When x =0, 2-0, E10q= P(0- £) PL? _ PL? 8a ~FeET = 16ET©) (i {o P/2 =H re P/2 Also, integrating equation (1) ae Ety=f{P(G-E)}ax# Simply Supported beam of span (L) carrying a UDL load over the whole span * Consider section 1 — 1 form end A : 1 WKNim - a 2. eo py whe _ wat “a1 | Cc + Integrating w.r.t. ‘x” wL/ 1 iE, wL/2 x Also, integrating equation (1) Fwhx? = wx? wl st She 24 when x=0,y=0 #G=0 aiy= (2 = (WLCOSL)® _ w(Osk)' _ wi#0sL) Bye= (e _ Swit 8- ~ ase Swi! Ye= jean)# Singularity function (Macaulay’s method) ~ suitable for several loads: + Relationships between intensity of load, shear force and bending moments are + VQ) =—fw(@)de......0) + M(x) = JV @ddx = - f{f wX)dx}ax (2) + These equations are valid as long as the loading is a continuous function of *x’. + In case of point load, concentrated moment and in jump loading conditions, some special type of loading functions should be defined to satisfied the above equations. + These functions are discontinuity functions or singularity functions. + By using singularity functions all the loads can be defined by a single loading equation imposing different conditions on them. ‘Thus, singularity function is defined as ex ease Gas tae 1 1) For UVL load (n) = I (Unit Ramp Function) Where, <> = pointed bracket 2) For UDL load (n) = 0 Unit Step or Have - side Function) " dr= 2" forn 20 =f -" dx=-™* for negative ‘n’ [need not divide by (~ n+ 1)] 2) For negative ‘n’, the value of function is equal to zero, ie. " =0 3) For negative value of expression within pointed bracket, the value of function is equal to zero, ie "=0, for (xa) "=(x ~ a)" for(x-a)>0 5) The expression within the pointed bracket must be integrated or differentiated entirely rather than be expanded and integrated or differentiated term by term. ie. J'dx # > —ax+constant +constant # (Sign Convention for Loadin; + Wehave, V(x) = — fw(x)dx......(1) and M(x) = [V(x)dx = — f{f w@)dx}adx .......2) + In above equation (1), shear force can be obtained by integrating the negative of the load function. So, downward load is positive form left to right movement. Anticlockwise moment is positive. + «(Sign Convention for Loading): | (+), 1 (-), 6 (+)and © (—)Q.N. Write the equation of deflection curve and determine deflections at prominent points and slope for given beams using singularity functions. Solutions SKN Calculation of support reactions i) Mp =0 (Ra*5) ~ (5*4) - (1831.5) -2=0 R, = 5.3 KN ii) YM, =0 (Rp*5) + G*1) + (1343.5) -2=0 Rp =2.7KN Calculation of equation of load 2.7 Wy =-53.74 544 19-27 -1942 22 => Also, Vy=5.39- 5°-°4¢1-27 ? ? My =5.31- S1->——427l+ -29 32 2 et ant}nsa¢x-05- $14 2 _20SEL Gg=53 4-54 42.7°,.) Now Integrating equation (1), we get; Sxo0>t gens? # | i cx-2>4 Ely=5.3<% = PS sa Gy 18) Using boundary conditions constants of integration can be determined i) When x = 0, y = 0, from equation (3), Co= 0 SKN ii) When x = 5, y = 0, from equation (3) a (6-03 _ 0=5352- 5 y= 10.74 Now, substituting the value of C, and C2 in above equations, we get iy a 22 GV +040-04 C45 BTS = 5,352 get? Fp! a cx —7>* 1074 Integrating pete (2), We get Ely=53<2 20, - set sept ye = 10.74x ....(5) Tofind the slope at point A, put (x —0) in equation () E16, =~ 10.74 m? | ? ? B®=53 5 -21 10.74 ....(4) ax 2 2 Ely=53=45 Sx=7* _ 10.74% (5) To find the slope at point D, put (x = 5) in equation (4) SKN 1KN/m aif cia eos Ely =5.3* 5% _ 5x G2" _ 2) 10.74 : 2.7 To find the deflection at point B, put (x = 1) in equation (5) — 10.74 At Point C, put x = 2 ( Elyc= 5.34 =15.246 —— At Point E, put x =7 5307-08 (7-198 Ely,= 5.3429 — 52> =) - 522 — (10.74#2) 5) 6 @-2 992 2 —(10.74*7) _ 26.028 ve onSTAY HOME STAY SAFE