Analysis of Variance ANOVA
Analysis of Variance ANOVA
Analysis of Variance ANOVA
H o : µ1 = µ 2 = µ3 = ... = µ k
H a : at least two of the means are not equal
Population
1 2 3 . . . i . . k
x11 x21 x31 . . . xi1 . . xk1
x12 x22 x32 . . . xi 2 . . xk 2
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
x1n x2n x3n . . . xin . . xkn
Total T1. T2. T3. . . . Ti. . . Tk . T..
Mean x 1. x 2. x 3. . . . x i. . . x k. x ..
k n
T..2
∑ Ti.2 T..2
SST = ∑∑ xij2 − SSC = i =1
−
i =1 j =1 nk n nk
Tablet
A B C D E
5 9 3 2 7
4 7 5 3 6
8 8 2 4 9
6 6 3 1 4
3 9 7 4 7
Total 26 39 20 14 33 132
Mean 5.2 7.8 4.0 2.8 6.6 5.28
Perform the analysis of variance, and test the hypothesis at the α = 0.05 level of significance and the
mean number of hours of relief provided by the tablets is the same for all brands.
Solution:
1. H o : µ1 = µ 2 = µ3 = µ 4 = µ5
2. H a : at least two of the means are not equal.
3. α = 0.05
4. Critical region: f > fα [k − 1, k (n − 1)] = f 0.05 [4,5(4)] = 2.87
5. Computations:
1322
SST = 52 + 42 + ... + 42 + 7 2 − = 834 − 696.96 = 137.04
(5)(5)
262 + 392 + ... + 332 1322
SSC = − = 776.4 − 696.96 = 79.44
5 25
6. Decision: Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the mean number of hours of relief provided
by the headache tablets is not the same for all 5 brands.
Exercises
1. The following data represent the number of packages of 5 popular brands of cigarettes sold by a supermarket
on 8 randomly selected days:
Brand
A B C D E
21 35 45 32 45
35 12 60 53 29
32 27 33 29 31
28 41 36 42 22
14 19 31 40 36
47 23 40 23 29
25 31 43 35 42
38 20 48 42 30
Perform an analysis of variance, at the 0.05 level of significance, and determine whether or not the 5
brands sell, on the average, the same number of cigarettes at this supermarket.
2. Three sections of the same elementary mathematics course are taught by 3 teachers. The final grades were
recorded as follows:
A 73 89 82 43 80 73 66 60 45 93 36 77
TEACHER
B 88 78 48 91 51 85 74 77 31 78 62 76 96 80 56
C 68 79 56 91 71 71 87 41 59 68 53 79 15
Is there a significant difference in the average grades given by the 3 teachers? Use a 0.05 level of
significance.
3. A participant of the DOST-DepEd-RSTC Training wishes to see if the average time (in minutes) it takes to
commute from their lodging houses to ISED is different for three groups. The data are shown below. At
α = 0.05 level of significance, can it be concluded that there is a significant difference among the means? Use
Post Hoc Tests to determine the means that are significantly different when the null hypothesis is rejected.