Analysis of Variance ANOVA

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Analysis of Variance ANOVA

ANOVA is used to test equality of several means simultaneously.

H o : µ1 = µ 2 = µ3 = ... = µ k
H a : at least two of the means are not equal

Population
1 2 3 . . . i . . k
x11 x21 x31 . . . xi1 . . xk1
x12 x22 x32 . . . xi 2 . . xk 2
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
x1n x2n x3n . . . xin . . xkn
Total T1. T2. T3. . . . Ti. . . Tk . T..
Mean x 1. x 2. x 3. . . . x i. . . x k. x ..

Analysis of Variance for the One-Way Classification


Source of Degrees of Computed
Sum of Squares Mean Square
Variation Freedom f
SSC
Column means SSC k-1 s12 =
k −1 s12
= f
s22 =
SSE s22
Error SSE k(n-1)
k (n − 1)
Total SST nk-1

k n
T..2
∑ Ti.2 T..2
SST = ∑∑ xij2 − SSC = i =1

i =1 j =1 nk n nk

SSE = SST - SSC


Example1. The data below represent the number of hours of pain relief provided by 5 different brands of
headache tablets administered to 25 subjects. The 25 subjects were randomly divided into 5 groups and each
group was treated with a different brand.

Tablet
A B C D E
5 9 3 2 7
4 7 5 3 6
8 8 2 4 9
6 6 3 1 4
3 9 7 4 7
Total 26 39 20 14 33 132
Mean 5.2 7.8 4.0 2.8 6.6 5.28

Perform the analysis of variance, and test the hypothesis at the α = 0.05 level of significance and the
mean number of hours of relief provided by the tablets is the same for all brands.

Solution:
1. H o : µ1 = µ 2 = µ3 = µ 4 = µ5
2. H a : at least two of the means are not equal.
3. α = 0.05
4. Critical region: f > fα [k − 1, k (n − 1)] = f 0.05 [4,5(4)] = 2.87
5. Computations:

1322
SST = 52 + 42 + ... + 42 + 7 2 − = 834 − 696.96 = 137.04
(5)(5)
262 + 392 + ... + 332 1322
SSC = − = 776.4 − 696.96 = 79.44
5 25

SSE = 137.04 − 79.44 = 57.6

Analysis of Variance for the One-Way Classification


Source of Degrees of Computed
Sum of Squares Mean Square
Variation Freedom f
Column means 79.44 4 19.86
6.9
Error 57.60 20 2.88
Total 137.04 24

6. Decision: Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the mean number of hours of relief provided
by the headache tablets is not the same for all 5 brands.
Exercises
1. The following data represent the number of packages of 5 popular brands of cigarettes sold by a supermarket
on 8 randomly selected days:

Brand
A B C D E
21 35 45 32 45
35 12 60 53 29
32 27 33 29 31
28 41 36 42 22
14 19 31 40 36
47 23 40 23 29
25 31 43 35 42
38 20 48 42 30

Perform an analysis of variance, at the 0.05 level of significance, and determine whether or not the 5
brands sell, on the average, the same number of cigarettes at this supermarket.

2. Three sections of the same elementary mathematics course are taught by 3 teachers. The final grades were
recorded as follows:
A 73 89 82 43 80 73 66 60 45 93 36 77
TEACHER

B 88 78 48 91 51 85 74 77 31 78 62 76 96 80 56

C 68 79 56 91 71 71 87 41 59 68 53 79 15

Is there a significant difference in the average grades given by the 3 teachers? Use a 0.05 level of
significance.

3. A participant of the DOST-DepEd-RSTC Training wishes to see if the average time (in minutes) it takes to
commute from their lodging houses to ISED is different for three groups. The data are shown below. At
α = 0.05 level of significance, can it be concluded that there is a significant difference among the means? Use
Post Hoc Tests to determine the means that are significantly different when the null hypothesis is rejected.

Students Faculty Staff


12 57 15
28 43 12
47 12 28
15 10 35
35 25 49
19 55
38 19

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