APP 002 NOTES

DAY 1- September 14, 2020

As a Senior High School student, you are exposed to different academic texts that are related to your
subjects. These materials have to be read with understanding. You may even have to memorize and grasp
the needed information.
But, do not worry, because reading academic texts can be fun as well. And, remember, the more you read,
the more intelligent you become.

The more you read, the more you gain knowledge.

DAY 2- September 21, 2020
1. Cause and Effect- sometimes, authors want to explain how one event causes something else
to happen.
In the GIVEN EXAMPLE:
The dodo bird used to roam in large flocks across America. Interestingly, the dodo wasn’t startled by
gunshot. Because of this, frontiersmen would kill entire flocks in one sitting. Unable to sustain these
attacks, the dodo was hunted to extinction.
Can you determine what is the CAUSE & the EFFECT in the example given?
CAUSE: the dodo wasn’t startled by gunshot
EFFECT: Because of this, frontiersmen would kill entire flocks in one sitting.
Note: you can identify the EFFECT in this sentence because it uses
Sand castles do not last long on an ocean beach. The water levels change with the tide. When the tide
is low, the waves don’t come all the way up the beach. When the tide “comes in”, at high tide, the
water comes farther up the beach. As a result, sand castles get destroyed by the strong waves.
What is your answer?
CAUSE: When the tide “comes in”, at high tide, the water comes farther up the beach.
EFFECT: sand castles get destroyed by the strong waves.
Cause and effect sometimes, one cause can have multiple effects.
EXAMPLE:
When a building is abandoned, nature takes over. Animals such as mice, snakes, and bats move in.
Vines grow on the outside. Snow and rain cause wood to rot and beams to break. When the roof
finally collapses, trees and weeds can grow inside the building.
CAUSE: a building is abandoned
EFFECTS: Animals such as mice, snakes, and bats move in. Vines grow on the outside. Snow and
rain cause wood to rot and beams to break. When the roof finally collapses, trees and weeds can grow
inside the building.
As you have noticed that, in this paragraph, one cause leads to many effects!
2. Chronological- These texts organize events in the order they happened. Information in the
passage is organized based on time.
In the GIVEN EXAMPLE:
Jack and Jill ran up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown and Jill came
tumbling after.
It uses AFTER as a time.
3. Compare and Contrast- this structure helps a reader to understand similarities and differences.
In the GIVEN EXAMPLE:
Linux and Windows are both operating systems. Computers use them to run programs. Linux is
totally free and open source, so users can improve or otherwise modify the source code. Windows is
proprietary, so it costs money to use and users are prohibited from altering the source code.
QUESTION: Which words help the reader to see the similarities and differences?
ANSWER: both, so
Another EXAMPLE:
The two backyard pools were very different. Yes, they both held water. And both could be refreshing
on a hot day. But the small inflatable pool was only six inches deep. The rectangular pool was much
deeper. It was a better place for floating and relaxing.
QUESTION: Which words help the reader to see the similarities and differences?
ANSWER: both, but, better

4. Order of Importance- information can be structured from most important to least important or
least important to most important
In the GIVEN EXAMPLE:
Here are the three worst things that you can do on a date. First, you could tell jokes that aren’t funny
and laugh really hard to yourself. This will make you look bad. Worse though, you could offend
your date. One bad “joke” may cause your date to lash out at you, hence ruining the engagement.
But the worst thing that you can do is to appear untidy. By not showering and properly grooming,
you may be rejected by your date, and this is the worst thing that you can do.
LEAST IMPORTANT: tell jokes that aren’t funny and laugh really hard to yourself
MOST IMPORTANT: to appear untidy, by not showering and properly grooming
 5. Problem and Solution- A problem is described and a response or solution is proposed or
explained.
In the GIVEN EXAMPLE:
Thousands of people die each year in car accidents involving drugs or alcohol. Lives could be saved
if our town adopts a free public taxi service. By providing such a service, we could prevent
intoxicated drivers from endangering themselves or others.
PROBLEM: Thousands of people die each year in car accidents involving drugs or alcohol
SOLUTION: adopts a free public taxi service
Another EXAMPLE:
In northern areas, the weather is too cold to grow crops all year long. But some farmers have found a
way to grow food all year. A greenhouse is a special building that stays warm in the winter. Crops
like lettuce and basil can grow well in the greenhouse, even when the weather is cold!
PROBLEM: the weather is too cold to grow crops all year long
SOLUTION: A greenhouse is a special building that stays warm in the winter

6. Sequence/ Process Writing- tells events in order. Authors show us that a text is written in sequence
by using words like first, next, then, later, or finally
In the GIVEN EXAMPLE:
Eating cereal is easy. First, get your cereal from the shelf. Next, pour it in the bowl, add milk, and
stir. Enjoy eating!
QUESTION: What words does the author use to connect the ideas?
ANSWER: First, Next
7. Spatial / Descriptive Writing- Information is organized in order of space (top to bottom, left to
right).
In the GIVEN EXAMPLE:
When you walk into my bedroom, there is a window facing you. To the right of that is a dresser and
television, and on the other side of the window is my bed.

Lesson title: Summarizing and Paraphrasing Academic Texts

Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. Identify the best summary and paraphrase for an academic text; 2. Paraphrase an academic text;
2. Summarize an academic text.
SUMMARY is a shortened passage, which retains the essential information of the original. It is a fairly
brief restatement --- in your own words ---of the contents of a passage.
Note: you simply report back what the writer has said, without making value judgments
-Summarizing is a powerful reading strategy. It increases comprehension and retention of information.
-When you summarize, you restate the most important information of a text, using your own words.
Instead of having this: It is better to prevent something unpleasant from happening than try to put it right
afterwards.
You can paraphrase into this: Prevention is better than cure
Yes, you're right! The answer is PREVETION IS BETTER THAN CURE
PASSAGE: People used to play football bareheaded. After many injuries, players began to use plain,
leather caps. Plastic helmets and masks appeared later. Still, many players were getting hurt. To make
helmets better, designers studied --- woodpeckers! Their tough, spongy skulls became the model for
modern football helmets.
Here is an example of a summary for the passage you read:
During football’s early days, many injuries occurred due to little or no head protection. Improved football
helmets were designed using woodpecker skulls as a helmet.
NOTE that our summary and paraphrase will not be exactly the same as the example shown. However, it
should include the following important details

 Football was originally played with little or no head protection

 Injuries occurred
 Improved helmets/head protection were modelled after woodpecker skulls
There are many ways to do the summary. You can paraphrase the sentences or you can do an outline
form.
DAY 4
Thesis statements
-It is a sentence or two that tell/s the reader your topic and what you say about it

 e.g. Biological need, social environment, and psychological satisfaction are three reasons why
people take risks.
 The main idea of an essay. It is often a point you want to argue or support in an essay. The thesis
statement explains to a reader the main idea of the essay, and the writer’s opinion on that idea.
 Is usually one sentence. It is often placed in the introductory paragraph of an essay. A thesis
statement is a claim that could be argued. The essay will contain evidence and opinions that
support the argument.
Avoid the following:
– The first person (I believe, in my opinion, etc.)
– Unclear language (It seems, etc.)
– Attempting two topics at once (even if they seem related).
Textual evidence
– It is an evidence from a text that you can use to illustrate your ideas and support your arguments.
All textual evidence should:

 Support a specific point

 Be cited with a page number at the end of the sentence
 Be followed by a “connection” that explains the relationship of the evidence to your main point.
What is Text Evidence?
• Information you find in the selection that helps support your answer
• Taken WORD FOR WORD exactly as it is written
• Place QUOTATON MARKS “…” around the evidence
How do you find text evidence?
P ---- PAGE/PARAGRAPH/PASSAGE
R ---- REFERENCE the specific location
O ---- OFFERS support
V ---- VIEW of author
E ---- EYE can see it
I --- INFERENCES
2
https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fhowtobecomesb.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads
%2F2014%2F11%2Fdetective_custom-%3Ffbclid
%3DIwAR31annejxqEoMEGiEJM75IhB5uOpESOPbGSAAzIqf_cLD0c6JaShWEhDA0&h=AT2wW1R
A1ogl7eX4DwRryUYZkig65uywtO20FoxFLXc_zFnBBLpOk9uvc25xJ6ZYjOnj144PPJzGeKZFFZWgb
gxl-URRRr-ngbWaJUlGlRJJ7Nq-vcyFkc6xa_MA0JN8oCV0
ANSWER:
b. For instance, Russian men are likely to die 13 years earlier than Russian women, for instance, partly
because they drink and smoke more heavily

Because again it supports the main topic, other choices, medjo layo2 sa topic ug dli ma gets unsa gyud
ang main point.
ang topic is about man sa lifespan. SO dali ragyud ma identify basta kay focus lang ka sa given topic
The thesis statement is where you make a claim that will guide you through your entire paper. If you find
yourself struggling to make sense of your paper or your topic, then it's likely due to a weak thesis
statement. Dapat saimong thesis statement palang masabtan na sa reader imong main point. Sa thesis
statement man gud it always goes at the beginning of the paper. So dli applicable dra na mag hatag kag
asa na page nmo basahon na nga reference.
Lesson title: Forming Opinions Based on Facts
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. Formulate/compose opinions based on facts;
2. Differentiate facts from opinions.

Fact – Facts are useful to inform or make an argument.

A fact is a statement that is true and can be verified objectively, or proven. In other words, a fact is true
and correct no matter what.
Examples:
 The United States was established in 1776.
 The pH levels in acids are lower than pH levels in alkalines.
 Beethoven had a reputation as a virtuoso pianist.

Opinion – Opinions are useful to persuade, but careful readers and listeners will notice and demand
evidence to back them up.
An opinion, however, is a statement that holds an element of belief; it tells how someone feels. An
opinion is not always true and cannot be proven. In education, children as young as kindergarten engage
in conversation about fact and opinion
Examples:
 That was a good movie.
 Strawberries taste better blueberries.
 George Clooney is the sexiest actor alive.
 The death penalty is wrong.
 Beethoven’s reputation as a virtuoso pianist is overrated.