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Electronics Lab II Mini Project

This document describes the design, simulation, and implementation of a voltage level indicator circuit using an operational amplifier. Key points: 1) The circuit uses a potentiometer and resistor voltage divider to create a threshold voltage. An LED indicates if the input voltage is above or below this threshold. 2) LTSpice simulation was used to test the circuit design. The simulation varied the potentiometer resistance to change the threshold voltage. 3) For a potentiometer resistance of 6kΩ, the threshold voltage was 8.459V. The output voltage was 13.671V, turning the LED on, when the input exceeded this threshold.

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Sulaiman Shehu
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65 views8 pages

Electronics Lab II Mini Project

This document describes the design, simulation, and implementation of a voltage level indicator circuit using an operational amplifier. Key points: 1) The circuit uses a potentiometer and resistor voltage divider to create a threshold voltage. An LED indicates if the input voltage is above or below this threshold. 2) LTSpice simulation was used to test the circuit design. The simulation varied the potentiometer resistance to change the threshold voltage. 3) For a potentiometer resistance of 6kΩ, the threshold voltage was 8.459V. The output voltage was 13.671V, turning the LED on, when the input exceeded this threshold.

Uploaded by

Sulaiman Shehu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronics Lab II Mini Project

On
Voltage Level Indicator using an
Operational Amplifier.

Sulaiman Rajab Shehu


151204013
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
CONTENT
1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….4

2.0 Design and Simulation…………………………………………………………………5


2.1 Components ………………………………………………………………………5
2.2 Equipment ………………………………………………………………………5
2.3 Circuit Design………………………………………………………..……………6
2.4 Theoretical Calculation………………………………………....……………6
2.5 Simulation…………………………………………………………………………

3.0 Implementation

4.0 Conclusion

3
1.0 Introduction
A voltage level indicator is a circuit which shows if the input
voltage supplied to a circuit is greater than a certain threshold voltage
(depending on the components). There is an indicating component e.g.
LED, which is placed at the output to give a response if the voltage is
sufficient enough to overcome the threshold.
This project is solely based on the design, simulation and
implementation of a voltage level indicator with the use of an
operational amplifier. There will be and LED at the output so detect the
response.

Figure 1.1: An example of a voltage regulator using an OP-AMP

4
2.0 Design and Simulation
The voltage level indicator is designed to be flexible. This is
implemented with the use of a resistor and a potentiometer connected
to the inverting input as a voltage divider for the various resistances of
the potentiometer.
At the output Vo, there is a “light emitting diode” (LED) to indicate the
voltage level at the output. The LED used has a breakdown voltage Vd,
therefore if the output voltage is greater than Vd the LED will be turned
on and vice versa.

2.1 Components
 A 5kΩ resistor.
 A 300Ω resistor.
 A 1MΩ variable resistor.
 Light emitting diode (LED) LXHL-BW02.
 Lm741 OP-AMP.
 Voltage source.

2.2 Equipments
 Vero board.
 Soldering Iron.
 Bread board.
 Multimeter (DMM).
 Jumper cables.
 Probes.

5
2.3 Circuit Design

Figure 2.1: Design of specified voltage regulator using OP-AMP

As shown in Figure 2.1 these are the conditions on which the LED
response depends on as Vin varies.
V 1∗Rx
Vx= Rx+ R 1

Vp=Vin and Vn=Vx


Vo= A*(Vp – Vn) _______ Eqn 2.1
When Vin>Vx Vo=Vcc LED is on (saturation).
When Vin<Vx Vo= -Vcc LED is off (saturation).

6
Figure 2.2 : Design of specified voltage regulator using OP-AMP

15∗6 k
Vx= 6 k +5.1 k = 8.10V

Vp=10 and Vn=8.10V


Vo= A*(10 – 8.10) _______Eqn 2.2
When Vin>Vx Vo=Vcc LED is on (saturation).
When Vin<Vx Vo= -Vcc LED is off (saturation).

Eqn 2.2 shows the condition of the output response of the LED. Rx is
selected at 6kΩ, therefore Vx is 8.10V. The output voltage Vo is the gain
of the Op-Amp A multiplied by the difference between the non-
inverting input Vp and the inverting input Vn . The gain

7
2.4 Simulation
The Simulation was carried out with the use of a circuit simulation
software called LT SPICE. As seen in Figure 2.1, Rx is a potentiometer
(variable resistor). The potentiometer (Rx) has a maximum resistance of
10kΩ and a minimum value of 1Ω with increments of 1kΩ during
simulation.
At different resistances, the inverting input Vx can be controlled. Vx is
the voltage across Rx. Figure 2.3 shows the various values of Vx at the
range of resistances of Rx.

Figure 2.3: Voltage (Vx) at increments of Rx.

Figure 2.4: Voltage (Vx) when Rx= 6kΩ

8
Figure 2.5: Voltage (Vo) when Rx=6kΩ

Figure 2.6: Current across LED when Rx=6kΩ

When simulated at Rx = 6kΩ, Vx is 8.459V and Vo is 13.671V as shown


in Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.5 respectively and the current across the LED
is 12.9mA as shown in Figure 2.6.

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