Introduction To Digital Signal Processing

ECTE301: Digital Signal Processing
Lecture 1
Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
Part A’s contents
Textbook
Lecture Topic Practice
Chapter
Lab 1
L1 Introduction to DSP 1, 2.1, 2.2
Tutorial 1
Lab 2
L2 Convolution and LTI Systems 2.3, 2.4
Tutorial 2
The z-transform: Tutorial 3
L3 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Forward Transform and Properties Lab 3
The z-transform:
L4 3.4, 3.5 Tutorial 4
Inverse Transform and Applications
2.4, 2.5,
Random signals and Tutorial 4
L5 2.6, 12.1
Cross-correlation Sequences Report
L6 Revision of Weeks 1 to 6 - -
Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 2/67

Lecture 1’s overview
 Introduction to digital signal processing (DSP).
 Advantages and disadvantages of DSP.
 DSP operations and applications.
 Sampling process from continuous to discrete-time signals.
 Types of signals, signal energy, signal power.
 Textbook reading: Chapters 1, 2.

Lecture 1’s sequence
1.1 Overview of digital signal processing
1.2 Sampling continuous-time signals
1.3 Discrete-time signals

1.1 Overview of DSP
 A signal is any variable that carries information, which can be recorded,
conveyed, displayed, or manipulated.
 Examples of signals include:

● speech,
● sound,
● music,
● images
● biomedical signals,
● radar signals,
● sonar signals.

Example signals: Speech
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Amplitude
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Time (s)
A speech signal generated by Microsoft Speech SDK: ‘Hello, World’
Example signals: Speech
Xinhua’s English AI Anchor (11/2018) - video

Example signals: EEG
 Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of the

brain’s electrical activity along the scalp.
 It is used for designing brain-computer interfaces,
detecting seizures, monitoring the effects of sedatives.
One second of EEG signal

amplitude
time (s)

Example signals: Depth image
x
meter
f(x, y)
y
SwissRanger
SR4000
depth camera
Each pixel value is the distance from a scene point to the camera.

Example signals: Thermal image
oC
Recorded by NEC InfRec R300 thermal camera

UOW Centre for Signal and Information Processing
Example signals: Thermal image
Detecting flu Analysing house heat
Sources: www.tempsensornews.com, www.saniglow.com

Digital Signal Processing
 DSP is concerned with

● the digital representation of signals,
● the synthesis, analysis, and modification of signals, and
● the extraction of information from signals.
 DSP aims to:

● remove interference or noise from signals,
● obtain and analyse the spectrum of a signal,
● transform the signal into a more suitable format.

Advantages of DSP
DSP offers many advantages over analog signal processing:
 Flexibility: Different DSP algorithms can be implemented by software

running on a computer or digital processor.
 Reliability: DSP leads to very stable processing. It requires only

additions, multiplications, and delays, which are less affected by
external factors, e.g. temperature.
 Adaptability: DSP operations can be modified in real-time, by changing

the program.
 Economy: DSP has lower cost due to VLSI technology.

Advantages of DSP
adder
× +
delay
delay
multiplier
×
An analog low-pass A digital low-pass filter consisting of

RC filter delays, adders, multipliers

Disadvantages of DSP
However, DSP has some disadvantages.
 Speed: DSP algorithms can be slow, especially for signals with high
frequencies or high bandwidths.
 Finite word length: Each number is represented using a finite number of

bits.

Key DSP operations
 Convolution
 Correlation
 Digital filtering
 Modulation
 Discrete transforms (DFT, FFT, DCT, …)

DSP Systems
 This diagram illustrates a typical DSP system.
 ADC: analog to digital converter.
 DAC: digital to analog converter.

DSP Systems

DSP Systems
Virtex-6 DSP Development Kit

UOW Centre for Information and Signal Processing Lab
DSP Applications
 DSP plays a major role in many applications.
 Image Processing
● image and video compression
Image processing applications
● machine vision
Car tracking
● pattern recognition Gender recognition
● facsimile 3-D range imaging
● satellite weather map Atomic force microscopy imaging
Robot soccer
● animation

DSP Applications
 Telecommunications
● adaptive equalization and echo cancellation
● spread spectrum
● video conferencing
● data communication
 Biomedical Engineering
● MRI, X-ray, ultrasound scanners
● EEG brain mapping
● ECG analysis

DSP Applications
 Instrumentation and Control
● spectrum analysis and noise reduction
● position and rate control
 Speech and Audio
● speech synthesis and recognition
● text to speech conversion
● digital audio
● equalization
 Military
● secure communication
● radar and sonar processing
● missile guidance
DSP apps: Lie detector by MRI brain scan
Response to a question Response to another question
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Prefrontal cortex becomes highly active

scan shows no unusual activity in (shown in hot colours).
prefrontal cortex. Source: IEEE Spectrum.
DSP apps: Ground Penetrating Radar
Using GPR to assess rail-track ballast (UOW CSIP research)

Block diagram of a ground-penetrating radar

with clay
clean
with coal
GRP signals from 3 types of underground material.

DSP apps: Image Compression (JPEG & DCT)
Uncompressed color image: 5000 × 2500 pixels

File size = 37,500,054 Bytes, Bit rate = 24 bits per pixel (bpp)

DSP Apps: Doppler radar
Human motions Radar Doppler signatures


1.2 Sampling of continuous-time signals
 Consider a continuous-time signal xa(t).
 A discrete-time signal x(n) is obtained by periodic sampling.
 If T be the sampling period, or the interval between successive samples:
 The sampling rate (or sampling frequency) is:
 The relationship between variables t and n:

Sampling of continuous-time signals
Sampling
Sampling period
 ( ) is obtained by replacing with in the formula of ( ).
 ( ) is obtained by replacing with / in the formula of ( ).

Sampling a sinusoidal signal
 Consider a signal with an analog frequency of F (Hz):
 Suppose that the signal is sampled at a rate of Fs:
 The resulting discrete-time signal is:
 f is the normalized frequency:

 Angular analog frequency Ω is defined as
 Angular normalized frequency ω is defined as
 The relationship between angular analog and normalized frequencies:

 Example 1.1: Consider an analog signal
 Analog frequency: F = 20 Hz.
 Suppose that the sampling rate is Fs = 100 Hz.
 The digital signal is
 The normalized frequency

The sampling theorem
A continuous-time signal x(t) with frequencies of no more than Fmax
can be reconstructed exactly from its samples x(n) = x(nTs) if
the sampling rate Fs is at least 2 × .
Significance:
 If the maximum signal frequency is max, the sampling rate should be
at least the Nyquist rate:
= 2 × max.
 If the sampling rate is , the maximum frequency in the signal must

not exceed the folding frequency to avoid aliasing:
Folding frequency = .
Frequency aliasing
 Example 1.2: Consider the two analog signals
 The analog frequencies are: F1 = 20 Hz, F2 = 80 Hz.
 Sampling these two signals at a rate Fs = 100 Hz gives
 In this case, x1(n) and x2(n) are two identical discrete-time signals.
 Frequency aliasing: Two different analog frequencies appear as the

same normalized frequency.
Frequency aliasing
Sampling rate: = 100 Hz
Folding frequency: 50 Hz
Sampled signal
1( ): 1 = 20 Hz 2( ): 2 = 80 Hz
Frequency aliasing occurs when: .

Frequency aliasing
and
 Because cos(. ) has a period of 2π, any normalized frequency f can be

mapped to −0.5 ≤ ≤ 0.5 by subtracting an integer.
 Discrete signal = cos 1.6 has a normalized frequency: = 0.8.
 = 0.8 is equivalent to an alias normalized frequency of:

= − 1 = 0.8 – 1 = −0.2 (or 0.2).

Frequency aliasing
 In analog domain, let 1 be any frequency in the fundamental range:
− ≤ 1 ≤
2 2
 Then, all following frequencies are an alias of 1:
± 1,
where is an arbitrary integer.


Discrete-time signals
 A signal is a function of one or more independent variables.
 A discrete-time signal is represented as a sequence of numbers:
 x(n) denotes the n-th sample of the sequence.
1
0.5
0.25 0.25
0
-2 -1 0 1 2 n
Non-listed elements are assumed to be zero.

Elementary discrete-time signals
Next, we’ll study some basic discrete-time signals.
S1 S2 S3
Unit sample Unit step Unit ramp
S4 S5 S6
Sinusoidal Exponential Complex
sequence exponential

S1) Unit sample
 The unit-sample sequence δ(n) is defined as
-2 -1 0 1 2 n
 The unit-sample sequence is sometimes called the impulse sequence.
 Property: An arbitrary sequence x(n) can be expressed as

S2) Unit step
 The unit-step sequence u(n) is defined as
-2 -1 0 1 2 n
 Relationship between u(n) and unit-sample sequence δ(n):

S3) Unit ramp
 The unit-ramp sequence r(n) is defined as
r(n)
3
2
1
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 … n

S4) Sinusoidal sequence
 A discrete-time sinusoidal signal has the form of
● A is the amplitude.
● ω is the normalized angular frequency.
● f is the normalized frequency.
● Φ is the phase.
 ω and f are related as
 A discrete-time sinusoid is periodic if its frequency f is a rational number:

Sinusoidal sequence

S5) Exponential sequence
 The discrete-time exponential signal is defined as
where α is a fixed number.

S6) Complex exponential sequence
 If α is a complex number, we can express it as
 Then, signal x(n) can be written as
 Different components of the signal:

Types of discrete-time signals
Next, we’ll study some categories

of discrete-time signals.
T1 T2 T3
Energy Power Periodic
signals signals signals
T4 T5 T6
Even Odd Conjugate
signals signals even/odd signals

T1) Energy signal
 The energy E of a discrete-time signal is defined as
 Signal x(n) is an energy signal if its energy is a finite number.
 Example 1.3: Find the energy of the sequence
Answer:

T2) Power signals
 The average power P of a discrete-time signal is defined as
 Signal x(n) is a power signal if its power is a finite number.
 Example 1.4: Find the energy of the unit-step signal u(n).
Answer:
The unit-step signal is a power signal.

T3) Periodic signals
 A signal x(n) is periodic with a period of N (where N ≠ 0) if
 A bounded periodic signal x(n) is a power signal:

T4) Even signals
 A real-valued signal x(n) is called even (symmetric) if
 Three examples of even sequences:

a)
b)
c)
-2 -1 0 1 2 … n

T5) Odd signals
 A signal x(n) is called odd (or anti-symmetric) if
 Three examples of odd sequences:
a)
b)
c)
-2 -1 0 1 2 … n

T6) Conjugate even or odd
 Let * denote complex conjugate. For example,
 A complex-valued signal x(n) is called conjugate

even (or Hermitian symmetric) if
 A complex-valued signal x(n) is called conjugate

odd (or Hermitian anti-symmetric) if
Charles Hermite (1822-1901)
French mathematician
Lecture 1’s summary
Key aspects of this lecture:
 Overview of DSP and applications.
 The sampling process: the relationship between xa(t) and x(n).
 Definitions of normalized frequency f, sampling frequency Fs, folding

frequency, Nyquist rate, and Nyquist frequency.
 Common discrete-time signals: unit-sample, unit-step, unit-ramp,

sinusoidal, and exponential.
 Periodic, even, and odd signals, signal energy, signal power.
 Practice: Tutorial 1, Labs 1 and 2.

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ECTE301: Digital Signal Processing

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 2/67

 Introduction to digital signal processing (DSP).

 Advantages and disadvantages of DSP.

 DSP operations and applications.

 Sampling process from continuous to discrete-time signals.

 Types of signals, signal energy, signal power.

 Textbook reading: Chapters 1, 2.

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 3/67

1.1 Overview of digital signal processing

1.2 Sampling continuous-time signals

1.3 Discrete-time signals

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 4/67

 Examples of signals include:

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 5/67

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Xinhua’s English AI Anchor (11/2018) - video

 Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of the

One second of EEG signal

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 8/67

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 9/67

Recorded by NEC InfRec R300 thermal camera

Detecting flu Analysing house heat

Sources: www.tempsensornews.com, www.saniglow.com

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 11/67

 DSP is concerned with

 DSP aims to:

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 12/67

 Flexibility: Different DSP algorithms can be implemented by software

 Reliability: DSP leads to very stable processing. It requires only

 Adaptability: DSP operations can be modified in real-time, by changing

 Economy: DSP has lower cost due to VLSI technology.

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 13/67

An analog low-pass A digital low-pass filter consisting of

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 14/67

However, DSP has some disadvantages.

 Finite word length: Each number is represented using a finite number of

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 15/67

 Discrete transforms (DFT, FFT, DCT, …)

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 16/67

 This diagram illustrates a typical DSP system.

 ADC: analog to digital converter.

 DAC: digital to analog converter.

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 17/67

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 18/67

Virtex-6 DSP Development Kit

 DSP plays a major role in many applications.

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 20/67

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 21/67

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Prefrontal cortex becomes highly active

Using GPR to assess rail-track ballast (UOW CSIP research)

Block diagram of a ground-penetrating radar

GRP signals from 3 types of underground material.

Uncompressed color image: 5000 × 2500 pixels

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 34/67

Digital Signal Processing S. L. Phung & A. Bouzerdoum 38/67

1.1 Overview of digital signal processing

1.2 Sampling continuous-time signals

1.3 Discrete-time signals