Senior High School

Philippine Politics
and Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Political Ideologies
Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Political Ideologies
First Edition, 2020

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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V
Ronelo Al K. Firmo, PhD, CESO V
Librada M. Rubio, PhD

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Rochelle G. Tuliao
Christian C. Linsangan
Anna Maria G. Mejia
Content Editors: Angelica M. Burayag, PhD
Erwin C. Pagtalunan
Reviewers: Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD
Sergio B. Gonzales
Language Editor: Ann Christian A. Francisco
Illustration/ Layout Editor: Bryan Balintec
Illustrator: Richard V. Gonzales
Layout Artist: Ric Jayson M. Santos
Management Team: Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V
Librada M. Rubio, PhD
Angelica M. Burayag, PhD
Ma. Editha R. Caparas, EdD
Nestor P. Nuesca, EdD
Marie Ann C. Ligsay, PhD
Jayne M. Garcia, EdD
Beverly T. Mangulabnan, PhD
Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Region III

Office Address: Matalino St., D.M. Government Center, Maimpis, City of San Fernando
Telefax: (045) 598-8580 to 89
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 Senior High School

Philippine Politics
and Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Political Ideologies
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance –

Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Political Ideologies!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed

and reviewed by educators both from public and
private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards
set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Political Ideologies!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

iii
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

The scope of this module will help you

understand the meaning of ideology and political
ideologies. The basic tenets or doctrines of
different political ideologies will be presented on
this lesson. The functions of political ideologies
will be enumerated and explained. The political
ideologies will be compared to the different
perspectives on the state. At the end of the
module, you will be able to relate the concepts that
you have learned with your everyday life by recognizing how political ideologies bring about
social change and impact on the social and political life of Filipinos.

The module has one lesson, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Political Ideologies

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism,
conservatism, socialism);
2. differentiate the political ; and
3. analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political life of
Filipino.

1
 What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It refers to a system of belief about how society should function, behave,
and operate.
a. Ideology
b. Philosophy
c. Psychology
d. Theology

2. Which of the following is NOT a function of political ideology?

a. It creates laws in order to achieve a perfect society.
b. It offers an account of existing order by examining what works and what
does not work.
c. It outlines how political change or the desired social order can be
achieved.
d. It provides a model of a desired social order, a vision of Good Society

3. It is the set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights and liberties.

a. Conservatism
b. Liberalism
c. Socialism
d. None of the above

4. What set of political beliefs emphasizes preservation of customs and

traditions that define the character of a society?
a. Conservatism
b. Liberalism
c. Socialism
d. None of the above

5. Which of the following describes a set of political beliefs emphasizing

community and social equality?
a. Conservatism
b. Liberalism
c. Socialism
d. None of the above

6. Which of the following is NOT a key idea of Liberalism?

a. Fraternity
b. Freedom
c. Individualism
d. Reason

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7. It is the core principle of Liberalism.
a. Fraternity
b. Freedom
c. Individualism
d. Reason

8. What key idea of Liberalism is being described in the statement below?

It is a desire to ensure that each person is able to act as he or she pleases or
chooses.
a. Fraternity
b. Freedom
c. Individualism
d. Reason

9. Which is true about the key ideas of Conservatism?

a. Authority, Consent, Human imperfection, Pragmatism, Tradition
b. Authority, Equality ,Human imperfection, Pragmatism, Tradition
c. Authority, Human imperfection, Pragmatism , Property, Tradition
d. Consent, Human imperfection, Pragmatism, Tradition, Toleration

10. What belief states that action should be shaped by practical circumstances
and practical goals, or simply by “what works”?
a. Authority
b. Freedom
c. Individualism
d. Pragmatism

11. The key idea of Socialism that emphasizes on nurture over nature.
a. Community
b. Fraternity
c. Social Class
d. Social Equality

12. The key idea of Conservatism that reflects the accumulated wisdom of the
past, institutions and practices that have been ‘tested by time’, and
advocates that it should be preserved.
a. Laws
b. Norms
c. Religion
d. Tradition

13. Which is NOT a key idea of liberalism on reason?

a. Belief in progress and the capacity of human beings to resolve their
differences through debate and argument
b. Belief in the supreme importance of the human
c. Faith in the ability of individuals to make wise judgments
d. Individuals as the best judges of their own interests

3
14. It is the central value of Socialism.
a. Fraternity
b. Freedom
c. Individualism
d. Social Equality

15. A political ideology that prefers cooperation over competition and favors
collectivism over individualism.
a. Communism
b. Conservatism
c. Liberalism
d. Socialism

4
 Lesson

1 Political Ideologies

In order to understand the different issues in politics and governance, it is important

to recognize the various frameworks, theories and political ideologies involved.

What’s In

Find the words that are related to political science. Write as many words as you
can. Answer should be written on a separate sheet of paper.

R T C H A R T E R R O S E A L L E G I A N C E
U D O N T E O R S B A L L O T Q N H U I S Y U
J I N D E P E N D E N C E G C I T I Z E N S D
G I M E D I C T A T O R F F G F R E E D O M C
J I O B N E R T A U T O N O M Y F H S D F K D
K G U E X I L E G H J K I O P F G D M H J S S
L E X E C U T I V E D U I L P O L L G X C S D
O D F G H J C O N Y I D P R E S I D E N T P A
A R I S T O C R A C Y B A L A N C E N U I O P
S L I B E R T Y Y U I K L E G I S L A T U R E

Notes to the Teacher

Now that you have understood the concepts of
politics and governance, you may now proceed to the
next lesson.

5
 What’s New

Have you heard the song “Tatsulok” sang by Bamboo? What message do you think
the song wants to imply about the political and social issues in the Philippines? Here
is the song. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Tatsulok
by Bamboo

Totoy bilisan mo,bilisan ang takbo

Ilagan ang bombang nakatutuksa ulo mo
Totoy tumalon ka, dumapa kung kailangan
At baka tamaan pa ng mga baling ligaw
Totoy making ka, wag kang magpagabi
Baka mapagkamalan ka’t humundusay dyan sa tabi
Totoy alam mob a kung anong puno’t dulo
Ng di matapos tapos na kaguluhang ito
Hindi pula’t dilaw tunayna magkalaban
Ang kulay at tatak ay di syang dahilan
Hanggat marami ang lugmok sa kahirapan
At ang hustisya ay para lang sa mayaman
Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok
Di matatapos itong gulo
Iligtas ang hininga ng kay raming mga tao
At ang dating munting bukid, ngayoy sementeryo
Totoy kumilos ka, baliktarin ang tatsulok
Tulad ng dukha, nailagay mosa tuktok
Hindi pula’t dilaw tunayna magkalaban
Ang kulay at tatak ay di syang dahilan
Hanggat marami ang lugmok sa kahirapan
At ang hustisya ay para lang sa mayaman
Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok
Di matatapos itong gulo
Iligtas ang hininga ng kay raming mga tao
At ang dating munting bukid, ngayoy sementeryo
Totoy kumilos ka, baliktarin ang tatsulok
Tulad ng dukha, nailagay mo sa tuktok

Di matatapos itong gulo

6
Political and Social Issues:

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What is It

Meaning of Ideology
Ideology refers to a system of beliefs about how
society should function, behave, and operate. From a
social-scientific viewpoint, an ideology is a more or
less coherent set of ideas that provides a basis for
organized political action, whether this is intended to
preserve, modify or overthrow the existing system of
power relationships.

Functions of Political Ideology

(1) It offers an account of the existing order by examining what works and what does
not work, as well as other various issues and problems that the state and the broader
society are confronted with.

(2) It provides a model of a desired social order, a vision of the Good Society.

(3) It outlines how political change or the desired social order can be achieved.

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Major Political Ideologies
Liberalism
Liberalism pertains to set of political beliefs
emphasizing individual rights and liberties. Its key
ideas are the following:

Key Ideas of Liberalism

1. Individualism: It is the core principle of

liberal ideology. Individualism is further
explained as:

❖ belief in the supreme importance of the human

❖ human beings are seen with equal moral worth; they possess separate
and unique identities
❖ the liberal goal is to construct a society within which individuals can
flourish and develop

2. Freedom: Individual freedom or liberty is the core value of liberalism.

Under freedom are the following features:

❖ desire to ensure that each person is able to act as he or she pleases or

chooses

❖ advocate ‘freedom under the law’, as they recognize that one person’s
liberty may be a threat to the liberty of others

3. Reason: Liberals believe that the world has a rational structure, and that
this can be uncovered through the exercise of human reason and by critical
enquiry. Furthermore, the key idea of reason favors the following:

❖ faith in the ability of individuals to make wise judgments;

❖ individuals as the best judges of their own interests;

❖ belief in progress and the capacity of human beings to resolve their

differences through debate and argument, rather than bloodshed and
war.

4. Equality: This refers to the belief that individuals

are ‘born equal’, at least in terms of moral worth.
Liberalism has strong commitment to equal rights
namely:

❖ legal equality (‘equality before the law’);

❖ political equality (‘one person, one vote; one vote,
one value’).

8
 5. Toleration: It means willingness to allow others to think, speak and act in
ways which they disapprove. This promotes debate and intellectual
progress.

6. Consent: It will advocate that authority and social relationships should

always be based on consent or willing agreement. Under this idea, the
government must therefore be based on the ‘consent of the governed’.
Authority is always grounded in legitimacy.

Conservatism

Conservatism refers to set of political beliefs

based on preservation of customs and
traditions that define the character of a
society. Here are the key ideas of conservatism:

Key Ideas of Conservatism

1. Tradition: It is the central theme of

conservative thought or ‘the desire to conserve’. It respects established
customs and institutions that have endured through time. Tradition
reflects the accumulated wisdom of the past, and institutions and
practices that have been ‘tested by time’, and it should be preserved for the
benefit of the living and for generations yet to come.

2. Pragmatism: It is the belief that action should be shaped by practical

circumstances and practical goals, that is, by ‘what works’.

3. Human imperfection: In this view, human beings are limited, dependent,

and security-seeking creatures, drawn to the familiar and the tried and
tested. Human beings are needing to live in stable and orderly
communities. The maintenance of order requires a strong state, the
enforcement of strict laws, and stiff penalties.

4. Authority: Conservatives hold that, to some degree,

authority is always exercised ‘from above’, providing
leadership, guidance and support for those who lack the
knowledge, experience or education to act wisely in their
own interests. Authority and leadership are seen as
resulting from experience and training.

5. Property: Conservatives see property ownership as being vital because it

gives people security and a measure of independence from government,
and it encourages them to respect the law and the property of others.

Socialism

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Socialism is defined as set of political beliefs emphasizing community and social
equality that adheres to the following ideas:

Key Ideas of Socialism

1. Community: The core of socialism is the

vision of human beings as social creatures
linked by the existence of a common
humanity. It highlights the importance of
community, and the degree to which
individual identity is fashioned by social
interaction and membership of social groups and collective bodies.
Socialists are inclined to emphasize nurture over nature, and to explain
individual behavior mainly in terms of social factors, rather than innate
qualities.

2. Fraternity: It is sharing a common humanity. Humans are bound together

by a sense of comradeship or fraternity (literally meaning ‘brotherhood’,
but broadened in this context to embrace all humans). Socialism prefers
cooperation over competition and favors collectivism over individualism.
Cooperation enables people to harness their collective
energies/strengthens the bonds of community.

3. Social equality is the central value of socialism:

It emphasizes equality of outcome as opposed to
equality of opportunity. The measure of social
equality is looked upon as guarantee of social
stability and cohesion.

4. Need is of primary importance in Socialism: It is the belief that material

benefits should be distributed on the basis of need, rather than simply on
the basis of merit or work: ‘From each according to his ability, to each
according to his need’. The satisfaction of basic needs (hunger, thirst,
shelter, health, personal security and so on) is a prerequisite for a
worthwhile human existence and participation in social life.

5. Social class: Socialism has traditionally been associated with the interests
of an oppressed and exploited working class - regarded the working class
as an agent of social change. The socialist goal is the eradication of
economic and social inequalities, or their substantial reduction.

6. Common ownership: The socialist case for common ownership is that it

is a means of harnessing material resources to the common good, with
private property being seen to promote selfishness, acquisitiveness and
social division.

Different Ideologies and their Perspectives on the State

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 Political Ideologies Perspective on the state

Socialism • Regards the state as an embodiment of the common

good and thus approve the intervention of the
government in implementing laws with regard to the
welfare of the citizens.
• Cooperation is more important than competition
Liberalism • Views the state as instrument of social order
• Acknowledge the state in providing equal opportunities
to all citizens.
Conservatism • Links the state in the need to provide authority and
discipline and to protect society from chaos and social
disorder.

What’s More

ACTIVITY 1
Understanding the Political Ideologies
A. Fill in the table with the needed information. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

Political
Major Features Strengths Weaknesses
Ideologies

11
B. Based from your answers on the table above, which do you think is the best
ideology that fits in the Philippines? Explain your answer concisely. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

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What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Based on your understanding, explain the word ideology.

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2. Why is it important to have a certain ideology in the society?

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3. How do ideologies bring about social change?

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What I Can Do

If you were given a chance to be part of the government, what kind of political
ideologies would you prefer? Tell us about it briefly. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

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Note: You will be graded using these rubrics for all the essay questions.
5 4 3 2 1
CATEGORY EXCELLENT VERY AVERAGE NEEDS UNACCEPTABLE
GOOD IMPROVEMENT

Ideas This paper is This paper is The writer is Topic is not well- Yet, the paper has
clear and mostly beginning to defined and/or no clear sense of
focused. It focused and define the there are too purpose or central
holds the has some topic, even many topics. theme. To extract
reader's good details though meaning from the
attention. and quotes. development is text, the reader
Relevant still basic or must make
details and general. inferences based
quotes enrich on sketchy or
the central missing details.
theme.

13
Organization The Paper (and The Sentences within The writing lacks a
organization paragraphs) organizational paragraphs make clear sense of
enhances and are mostly structure is sense, but the direction. Ideas,
showcases the organized, in strong enough order of details, or events
central idea or order, and to move the paragraphs does seem strung
theme. The makes sense reader through not. together in a loose
order, to the reader. the text without or random fashion;
structure of too much there is no
information is confusion. identifiable internal
compelling and structure.
moves the
reader through
the text.

Sentence The writing The writing The text hums The text seems The reader has to
Fluency has an easy mostly flows, along with a choppy and is not practice quite a bit
flow, rhythm, and usually steady beat, easy to read in order to give this
and cadence. invites oral but tends to be orally. paper a fair
Sentences are reading. more interpretive
well built, with businesslike reading.
strong and than musical,
varied more
structure that mechanical
invites than fluid.
expressive oral
reading.

Conventions The writer The write The writer The writer seems Errors in spelling,
demonstrates understands shows to have made little punctuation,
a good grasp of good writing reasonable effort to use capitalization,
standard conventions control over a conventions: usage, and
writing and usually limited range of spelling, grammar and/or
conventions uses them standard punctuation, paragraphing
(e.g., spelling, correctly. writing capitalization, repeatedly distract
punctuation, Paper is conventions. usage, grammar the reader and
capitalization, easily read, Conventions and/or make the text
grammar, and errors are sometimes paragraphing difficult to read.
usage, are rare; handled well have multiple
paragraphing) minor touch- and enhance errors.
and uses ups would get readability; at
conventions this piece other times,
effectively to ready to errors are
enhance publish. distracting and
readability. impair
readability.

Presentation The form and The format The writer's The writer's The reader receives
presentation of only has a message is message is only a garbled message
the text few mistakes understandable understandable due to problems
enhances the and is in this format. occasionally, and relating to the
ability for the generally easy paper is messily presentation of the
reader to to read and written. text and is not
understand pleasing to typed.
and connect the eye.
with the
message. It is
pleasing to the
eye.

Source: https://www.uen.org/rubric/previewRubric.html?id=20123 Retrieved on

August 06, 2020

14
 Assessment

TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise.
Write your answer on a separate sheet.

1. Ideology refers to a system or beliefs about how society should function, behave,
and operate.

2. One of the functions of political ideology is to provide a model of a desired social

order, a vision of the Good Society.

3. Liberalism pertains to set of political beliefs emphasizing community and social

equality.

4. Freedom is one of the key ideas of Conservatism.

5. Liberals believe that the world has a rational structure

6. Individualism is the core principle of Liberal ideology.

7. Freedom is the core value of liberalism.

8. Authority is one of the key ideas of Socialism.

9. Socialist regarded the working class as an agent of social change.

10. Tradition, toleration, and human imperfection are key ideas of Conservatism.

11. Social equality is the central value of socialism.

12. Socialism prefers cooperation over competition.

13. Individualism is a belief in the supreme importance of the human.

14. Common ownership, fraternity and social class are key ideas of liberalism.

15. Tradition is the central theme of Socialism.

15
 Additional Activities

Draw or make a sketch of your dream society. Consider at least one of the Political
Ideologies. Put your drawing on a long bond paper.
CRITERIA FOR THE DRAWING
Relevance to the theme------------------------------------ 25%
Creativity and originality---------------------------------- 25%
Neatness and organization-------------------------------- 25%
Overall impression of the drawing----------------------- 25%
____________
100%

Theme: “My Dream Society”

16
 17
What I Know Assessment
1. A 1. True
2. A 2. True
3. B 3. False
4. A 4. False
5. C 5. True
6. D 6. True
7. C 7. True
8. B 8. False
9. C 9. True
10. D 10. False
11. A 11. True
12. D 12. True
13. B 13. True
14. D 14. False
15. D 15. False
Answer Key
References
Heywood, Andrew 2013. Politics. 4th Edition
Pawilen, R.A. et.al., 2017. Philippine Politics and Governance. 1st Edition.
Tatsulok by Bamboo. Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/document/428416962/TATSULOK-docx,
(date accessed July 23, 2020
Retrieved from https://www.uen.org/rubric/previewRubric.html?id=20123
Retrieved on August 6, 2020
n.d. Retrieved from https://images.app.goo.gl/t8xeYWM96GsAprn48
Retrieved from https://images.app.goo.gl/F4kk5DtTPHtC1QC9
Retrieved on August 7, 2020
Retrieved from https://images.app.goo.gl/6Ugcxq9ssZHX2aoQA
Retrieved on August 7, 2020
Retrieved from https://images.app.goo.gl/jvdwArRBLhDbsdFi7
Retrieved on August 7, 2020
Retrieved from https://images.app.goo.gl/h4Pr7ayGczj9yrFS8
Retrieved on August 7, 2020
Retrieved from https://images.app.goo.gl/cagivQWynrL64hkp7
Retrieved on August 7, 2020
Retrieved from https://www.shuttersshock.com/image 461881579
Retrieved on August 7, 2020
n.d. Retrieved from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/506303183109364039/

18
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education Region III- Learning Resources

Management Section (DepEd Region III-LRMS)
Office Address: Diosdado Macapagal Government Center
Maimpis, City of San Fernando (P)