SEAT NUMBER (IN NUMBERS) 167049

SEAT NUMBER (IN WORDS) One Lakh sixty-seven thousand forty-

nine
SEMESTER VIII
NAME OF THE COURSE FORENSIC SCIENCE

Answer 1(2)
FACTS
Upon searching the crime scene, a very faint blood spatter was found in the hotel
lobby. Few dry blood stains were located at the suite, also few very faint red drops
were located in the washroom of the suite. Also, upon further search a dry blood pool
was found beneath the carpet of the suite and also few red drops were also located in
the garden area of the hotel.
PRIMARY EVIDENCE
The primary evidence to be collected on the basis of the given facts and
circumstances is blood. A variety of blood stains were found:
1. Blood Spatter- Hotel Lobby
2. Dry Blood Stains- Suite
3. Drops of blood- Washroom and garden area of the hotel
4. Dry blood pool- Beneath the Carpet
NATURE (COMPOSITION OF BLOOD)
Blood comprises of 7% or 1/13th of the body weight. It consists of 6 things:
1. Plasma:
- Liquid Fluid/ Blood Base
- 55% of blood volume
- Doesn’t have any cell
- Consists of Antibodies, water, salt, enzymes, complex protein structures
- Pale yellow colour

2. Haemoglobin
- Has iron and is the reason behind the red colour of the blood.
- Smokers have high HB level.

3. RBC
- Most abundant
- Contribute to 44% of blood volume
- Have enzymes other than HB
- Per micro-litre- 5 million RBC
- 4.7-6.1 million is normal range
- Destruction is also high i.e., every second.
- Doesn’t contain nuclei, cell hence no extraction of DNA

4. Platelets:
- Scientific name is Thrombocytes or Discs
 - Causes blood to clot
- When there is an open wound, the platelets prepare a shield (Coagulation)
inside wound by way of clotting and protect the wound
- Small colourless pigments
- Prevents bleeding

5. White Blood Cells

- Scientific name is Leukocytes
- They fight infection
- If a person is hurt, WBC’s start forming more and fight the infection.
- They contain nucleus.
- Used for DNA extraction

6. Serum
- Liquid left after the clotting of blood.
FUNCTION OF BLOOD
1. Transportation: Carrier of oxygen and other nutrients
2. Regulation: Helps in maintaining body temperature
3. Carrier of food and medicine, hormones etc.
4. Maintains PH level
5. Fights against foreign invaders in the body i.e., infection.
INVESTIGATION
Investigation will take place in 7 steps:
1. Planning
- Crime scene is a place where we assume that crime has taken place and there
must be some evidences related to the crime.
- Formulation of team:
1. Police officer: Investigating Officer (I.O.)
2. Medical Examiner: 1 (Female if the victim is female)
3. Photographer: 1
4. Forensic Expert: 2-3 (Has to collect the evidence)
5. Sketchers

2. Organization and Coordination

- Securing:
The area of crime scene is secured with tape to bar the entry. - There is also
multilevel security.
- Allocation:
Duties are given to different people who were made a part of the team to
conduct investigation according to their roles.
- Equipment Required:
Since we need to collect and secure the blood, therefore we need to carry a
blood testing and collection kit.
- Preserving (In case the case is transferred to someone or somewhere else)
1. Photograph: 4+4+2 -
2. 4 photos of general view
3. 4 photos of corpus delicti
 4. 2 photos each of every evidence
- Scaling of evidence

3. Sketching
- A sketching technique will be used to draw the status and area of the crime
scene. Coordinate method or Base Line method can be used for investigation.

4. Searching Technique
- Zonal Technique of searching can be used to search the area of the hotel. Each
quadrant/zone is searched one by one. Every quadrant is searched
independently by each member of the team. If it is a high-profile case then
each quadrant is searched parallelly. All quadrants are marked individually.

5. CSM Documentation
- It will be done to ensure that all the documents have been marked correctly and
sent for forensic analysis carefully.
ANALYSIS AT CRIME SCENE
1. Condition
- Condition in which blood spatter is found
- After 15 minutes if losing blood, it starts to clot- age of victim can be estimated.
- Condition of blood stain- sticky/dried.

2. Blood stain pattern analysis

- After generic observations, Angle of Impact is estimated
- If blood falls at 90-degree angle, then it would form of perfect round droplet.
- The more acute the angle is, the move is elongated.
- Around 30 degrees, the blood drop develops a perfect tail
- If there is a big blood spatter and around it there are smaller stains then, the
primary blood stain is the parent stain and the small blood droplets are satellite
stains.
COLLECTION OF BLOOD STAIN
1. Liquid Blood
- If the blood is in a wet state that is collection from a pool of blood then 3 vials
of 5 ml each are taken. In 2 vials, we add preservatives that is either oxalates
or Sodium Fluorite. 1 vial is kept in its original form for immediate testing.
These vials after sealing are kept in crushed ice. One sample is collected from
blood pool in a cotton rag. One portion of cotton rag is dipped in blood stain,
dried and preserved in a zipped bag.
- A controlled neat sample is also required. That’s why entire cotton rag is not
dipped in blood stain. The portion not dipped acts as a controlled sample in
order to give negative results. If not done so, it can be challenged that red dye
is used.

2. Wet Stains
- Take a filter paper or a cotton rag according to the size and shape of the blood
stain and press on the blood stain, left it, dry it and preserve it. If the stain is
drying then wet the paper and press it, it will absorb the blood and air dry it.
 - Dry patch is also taken to show that colour is not taken, the the evidence is
blood only.

3. Dry Stains
- Take filter paper/cotton rag, moisten it with saline water and press on blood
stain, left it and preserve it.
- Blood from hair is taken by keeping a sheet of paper under it and then combing
the hair very fast. Blood from grass is lifted by cutting the grass and taking the
sample in.
SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
1. Visual Examination
- Visual examination is useful to determine whether the given stain is of blood or
not. Ordinarily, there is no difficulty in fresh stains but old stains may not be
identifiable.

2. Presumptive Screening
- Before analysis, colour tests are the first series of tests employed after the
location of the stain. If a questioned stain gives positive colour reactions in any
two-colour tests, the stain is possibly a bloodstain. If it fails to give colour
reactions, in all probability it is not a bloodstain.

- Benzedine Test
Benzedine (0.1 gm) + Dry Sodium Perborate (0.3 gm) in 65% acetic acid.
The reagent is a solution of benzidine (0.1g.) and dry sodium perborate (0.2 g.)
dissolved in glacial acetic acid (10 ml). It is sprayed over the stain. Appearance
of deep blue colour indicates blood.

- Phenolphthalein Test:
Phenolpthalein (1g) + acetic acid (100 ml) + sodium perborate (1.4g)
The reagent is reduced phenolphthalein (1 g) and sodium perborate dissolved in
acetic acid (100 ml.). On application to the stain pink colour formation indicates
blood.

- Luminol Test
Combines in spray bottles. Crime scene is made dark and there is no presence
of light. It is sprayed with luminol and then the area is observed with UV Light
done zone wise. Luminol is chemical test that reacts with iron contained in
blood. After spraying, area having blood stains reflects the blue fluorescent
colour. This light remains for 7 minutes and within 7 minutes the entire area in
which luminol is sprayed is photographed.
All colour reactions, excluding luminol, are likely to make the bloodstains unfit
for other confirmatory tests. Therefore, a small amount of bloodstain is taken
up by pressing a wet filter paper to the stained area. The picked-up stain is
tested for blood. Alternatively, a small amount of stain is scraped on to a watch
glass and tested.

- Fluorescence Test
 - It’s the exact same as the above test except presence of blood stain is reflected
in a whitish green colour. Both tests destroy the blood stain upon repeated
attempts of spraying.

3. Confirmatory Test
- Teichmann Test
Potassium iodide/bromide/chloride (0.1g) + glacial acetic acid (100 ml)
A dry crust or smear of blood is taken on a slide, treated with a drop of a
solution of potassium iodide, bromide or chloride (0.1 g) in glacial acetic acid
(100 ml). It is covered with a cover slip. On warming, it gives out bubbles if it is
blood. Typical haemin crystals are observed under the microscope. Heating may
have to be repeated a number of times.

- Takayama Test
Glucose solution (10%) + potassium hydroxide solution (10%) + pyridine +
water
The Takayama (Hemochromogen) test uses Takayama reagent which is a
solution of the following:
1. One volume (say 10 ml) of glucose solution (10%),
2. One volume of potassium hydroxide solution (10%),
3. One volume of pyridine, and
4. Two volumes of deionised Water On warming, the dry blood-crust with the
reagent gives characteristic crystals. Takayama test is specific for
haemoglobin. The reagent forms insoluble, pink, needle-shaped crystals of
hemochromogen.
The main reactions involved are:
1. Sodium hydroxide releases the heme from the globin through alkaline
hydrolysis.
2. Glucose reduces the heme iron, and
3. Pyridine combines with it to form the product, pyridine ferroprotoporphyrin.
CONCLUSION
So, all the types of blood stains or evidences that were collected from the crime scene
they are analysed above.
Therefore, once it is confirmed that the sample is blood, then Species Origin test is
carried out to see whether the sample is human blood or animal blood. Blood contains
antigens and antibodies. If there are some antigens only same kind of antibodies can
co-exist. This is the reason why only some blood groups are transferred into human
bodies. Human blood is injected in a rabbit. A Serum is prepared in Rabbit’s body due
to antigens and antibodies. The serum is then mixed with human blood. If clotting
happens, it is confirmed that it is human blood sample.